Deck 9: Homeostasis and Motivation

Question 1

Animals that rely on external factors to maintain their core temperature,such as basking in the sunlight,are known as​ 

A)endotherms. 
B)ectotherms. 
C)mesotherms 
D)warm-blooded animals.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Jessica's weight of 123 pounds doesn't vary much regardless of what she eats from day to day.It is likely that 123 pounds is Jessica's​ 

A)ideal weight. 
B)set point. 
C)homeostasis. 
D)drive state.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Animals in cold climates have _________ surface area,thereby _________ heat loss.​ 

A)less; minimizing 
B)less; maximizing 
C)greater; minimizing 
D)greater; maximizing

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Based on surface-to-volume ratios,which of the following animals would require the most energy to maintain core temperature?​ 

A)a mouse 
B)a dog 
C)a human 
D)an elephant

Question 5

Warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals attempt to maintain 

A)approximately the same internal temperatures, but do so through different methods. 
B)approximately the same internal temperatures, using the same methods. 
C)very different internal temperatures, with the warm-blooded animals having internal temperatures about 10 degrees F higher than cold-blooded animals. 
D)very different internal temperatures, but use the same methods to maintain their respective set points.

Question 6

Michael is determined to lose 50 pounds.In addition to looking and feeling great,what else should Michael expect?​ 

A)His reactions to hot and cold weather will not change due to his weight loss. 
B)He will feel warmer than before in hot weather. 
C)He will feel warmer than before in cold weather. 
D)He will feel cooler than he did before in both warm and cold weather.

Question 7

An animal's surface-to-volume ratio predicts​ 

A)that it is an ectoderm. 
B)that it is an endoderm. 
C)how much heat the animal can generate. 
D)how much energy the animal requires to maintain core temperature.

Question 8

Animals often respond to very cold temperatures by​ 

A)curling up to reduce exposed surface area, maximizing heat loss. 
B)curling up to reduce exposed surface area, minimizing heat loss. 
C)stretching out to expose surface area, maximizing heat loss. 
D)stretching out to expose surface area, minimizing heat loss.

Question 9

More heat loss occurs in animals with​ 

A)large body volumes. 
B)small body volumes. 
C)large surface areas. 
D)small surface areas.

Question 10

A particular value defended by a regulatory system,such as body weight or core temperature,is known as​ 

A)motivation. 
B)a set point. 
C)homeostasis. 
D)drive.

Question 11

If you set your home's thermostat to 68 degrees F,this setting is analogous to your body's​ 

A)motivation. 
B)homeostasis. 
C)set point. 
D)drive state.

Question 12

Which of the following occur in response to physiological deficits and disappear when needs are met?​ 

A)set points 
B)drive states 
C)thermostats 
D)states of equilibrium

Question 13

Shivering and blood vessel constriction​ 

A)dissipate heat in ectotherms. 
B)dissipate heat in endotherms. 
C)generate and conserve heat in ectotherms. 
D)generate and conserve heat in endotherms.

Question 14

A physiological state of equilibrium or balance is called​ 

A)motivation. 
B)a set point. 
C)homeostasis. 
D)drive.

Question 15

Animals that maintain their core temperature through internal metabolic activity are known as​ 

A)endotherms. 
B)ectotherms. 
C)mesotherms. 
D)cold-blooded animals.

Question 16

The process of activating and directing behavior designed toward a specific goal is known as​ 

A)motivation. 
B)homeostasis. 
C)drive. 
D)tension

Question 17

As ________,snakes help to maintain their body temperature by ________.​ 

A)ectotherms; shivering and moving to a warm spot if it is too cold 
B)endotherms; shivering and trying to find a warm spot if it is too cold 
C)ectotherms; moving to a shady spot if it is too hot 
D)endotherms; moving to a shady spot if it is too hot

Question 18

A biologist is studying an animal with an elongated body and very long legs,ears,and tail.It is likely that this animal lives in a _________ climate.​ 

A)cold 
B)moderate 
C)hot 
D)dry

Question 19

Animals with large body volumes generate _________ animals with small body volumes.​ 

A)more heat than 
B)less heat than 
C)the same amount of heat as 
D)more heat than some animals with small body volumes and less heat than other

Question 20

Human body temperature of 98.6 degrees F is an example of​ 

A)a set point. 
B)a drive state. 
C)homeostasis. 
D)motivation.

Question 21

Fevers due to illness​ 

A)have no benefit and should be reduced immediately through the use of medication. 
B)represent a failure of the body's temperature control system. 
C)result from a resetting of the body's temperature set point. 
D)occur when the body's set point is exceeded.

Question 22

In response to hot temperatures,animals​ 

A)perspire or pant and dilate blood vessels. 
B)perspire or pant and constrict blood vessels. 
C)increase thyroid activity and reduce brown fat cell numbers. 
D)stimulate brown fat activity and increase white fat cell numbers.

Question 23

In comparison with white fat cells,brown fat cells appear​ 

A)larger. 
B)different due to their higher levels of mitochondria. 
C)the same and can be identified only by their location. 
D)different due to their lower levels of mitochondria.

Question 24

Temperature regulation is managed by a​ 

A)single system in the hypothalamus. 
B)single system in the spinal cord. 
C)hierarchy of systems extending from the spinal cord to the hypothalamus. 
D)hierarchy of systems extending from the medulla to the spinal cord.

Question 25

Risk for hyperthermia is increased when a​ 

A)person has immune system problems. 
B)woman is approaching menopause. 
C)person has a low thyroid condition. 
D)person is using antibiotics.

Question 26

The preoptic area (POA)contains​ 

A)no temperature-responsive neurons. 
B)neurons that respond to any change in core temperature. 
C)two types of neurons that respond to either increases or decreases in core temperature. 
D)three types of neurons that respond to increases in temperature, decreases in temperature, or are temperature-insensitive.

Question 27

Heat stroke frequently occurs due to​ 

A)wearing heavy clothing and engaging in strenuous activity. 
B)pyrogens released by disease-causing organisms. 
C)genetic predispositions to problems regulating temperature. 
D)drinking large quantities of fluid.

Question 28

People with spinal cord damage​ 

A)do not have any problems with temperature regulation, because the spinal cord is the most sensitive part of the temperature regulation system. 
B)have problems regulating core temperature in cold, but not hot conditions. 
C)have problems regulating core temperature in hot, but not cold conditions. 
D)have difficulty regulating temperature, because the spinal cord temperature regulating systems are less precise than brainstem or hypothalamic systems.

Question 29

In response to cold temperatures,the _________ nervous system stimulates _________fat activity.​ 

A)parasympathetic; white 
B)parasympathetic; brown 
C)sympathetic; white 
D)sympathetic; brown

Question 30

Hypothermia occurs when a person's core body temperature​ 

A)increases to 102 degrees F. 
B)increases to 104 degrees F. 
C)decreases below 98 degrees F. 
D)decreases below 95 degrees F.

Question 31

You have been hiking,and as night falls and the temperature drops,the first part of your temperature regulation system to be activated is probably your ________,which will trigger your _________ to make you shiver.​ 

A)spinal cord; skin receptors 
B)skin receptors; hypothalamus 
C)brainstem; hypothalamus 
D)hypothalamus; skin receptors

Question 32

Deficits in thyroid functions often produce 

A)fever. 
B)higher than normal body temperatures. 
C)lower than normal body temperatures. 
D)inappropriate constriction of blood vessels.

Question 33

Sensitivity to changes in temperature is​ 

A)equally precise in all structures related to temperature regulation. 
B)more precise in the brainstem than in the spinal cord or hypothalamus. 
C)more precise in the spinal cord than in the hypothalamus. 
D)more precise in the hypothalamus than in the spinal cord.

Question 34

Temperature-insensitive neurons in the posterior hypothalamus​ 

A)play no role in the maintenance of core temperature. 
B)increase their firing rate when temperature reaches a set point. 
C)maintain a fairly steady firing rate. 
D)increase their firing rate when core temperature increases.

Question 35

If for some reason your hypothalamus doesn't raise your core temperature when you are exposed to very cold temperatures,​ 

A)you will die of hypothermia. 
B)you will die of hyperthermia. 
C)your brainstem and spinal cord will attempt to raise your core temperature. 
D)your temporal lobe will tell you to move to a warmer environment which will take care of the problem.

Question 36

Raynaud's disease involves an inappropriate response to​ 

A)low thyroid. 
B)fever. 
C)warm temperatures. 
D)cold temperatures.

Question 37

Ashley has been diagnosed with a low thyroid condition.She frequently experiences​ 

A)lower-than-normal core body temperatures. 
B)unexplained fevers. 
C)hyperthermia requiring hospitalization. 
D)usually high activity in her brown fat cells.

Question 38

Following open heart surgery or cardiac arrest,it has become common for physicians to​ 

A)artificially produce a state of mild hyperthermia in a patient. 
B)artificially produce a state of mild hypothermia in a patient. 
C)increase the levels of pyrogens in the brain. 
D)artificially produce a state of fever.

Question 39

Core temperatures in humans​ 

A)should be maintained within a range of 10 degrees in order for us to feel well. 
B)are not as important as they are in animals that are ectoderms. 
C)can vary quite a bit from person to person, but must be maintained within a range of 10 degrees in order for us to feel well. 
D)must be maintained within a very few degrees or life-threatening conditions can occur.

Question 40

The hot flashes associated with menopause in women probably involve _________levels of _________.

A)increased; pyrogens 
B)reduced; estrogens 
C)increased; thyroid hormone 
D)reduced; thyroid hormone.

Question 41

Osmotic thirst results from​ 

A)injuries leading to loss of blood. 
B)reductions in blood pressure. 
C)cellular dehydration. 
D)decreases in the concentration of extracellular sodium.

Question 42

The "rule" that says humans should drink 8 cups of plain water per day is​ 

A)a good one, because that is about the right amount of fluids everybody needs. 
B)not so good, because we need about twice that much fluid for good health and skin. 
C)unnecessary, because we take in all the fluids we need from our foods. 
D)unnecessary, because we take in about half the fluid we need from our foods.

Question 43

The human blood supply makes up about _________ percent of the body's total fluids.​ 

A)2 
B)7 
C)13 
D)26

Question 44

Electrolytes are​ 

A)solutes containing ions. 
B)solutes that do not carry an electrical charge. 
C)positively charged solutes. 
D)negatively charged solutes.

Question 45

Which of the following factors contributes the least to feelings of thirst?​ 

A)feelings of a dry mouth 
B)a reduction in intracellular fluid levels 
C)a reduction in extracellular fluid levels 
D)an increase in the concentration of extracellular solutes

Question 46

An emergency room staff has been alerted by an ambulance of the imminent arrival of a patient who nearly drowned at a nearby beach.The ER staff should expect that the patient will have inhaled a large amount of water,and consequently will need to treat the patient for the effects of highly:​ 

A)hypotonic extracellular fluid, including possible cell rupture. 
B)hypotonic extracellular fluid, including possible cell dehydration. 
C)hypertonic extracellular fluid, including possible cell dehydration. 
D)hypertonic intracellular fluid, including possible cell rupture.

Question 47

Most excess sodium and water in the body are excreted by​ 

A)the intestines. 
B)the kidneys. 
C)perspiring. 
D)respiration.

Question 48

Hypovolemic thirst results from​ 

A)increases in blood pressure. 
B)decreases in blood volume. 
C)feelings of a dry mouth. 
D)decreases in intracellular fluid levels.

Question 49

Pyrogens influence fever by which of the following mechanisms of action?​ 

A)inhibiting the activity of temperature-insensitive neurons 
B)increasing the activity of cold-sensitive neurons 
C)reducing the activity of warm-sensitive neurons 
D)increasing the activity of warm-sensitive neurons.

Question 50

As core temperature increases​ 

A)all temperature-sensitive neurons in the preoptic area increase their firing rates. 
B)all temperature-sensitive neurons in the preoptic area decrease their firing rates. 
C)warm-sensitive neurons increase their firing rates, while cold-sensitive and temperature-insensitive neurons maintain a steady rate of firing. 
D)warm-sensitive neurons inhibit cold-sensitive neurons, while temperatureinsensitive neurons do not change.

Question 51

Solutions that are lower in concentration of solutes than a reference solution are known as​ 

A)hypotonic. 
B)isotonic. 
C)hypertonic. 
D)osmotic.

Question 52

Isotonic fluids have​ 

A)a higher concentration of solutes than normal body fluids. 
B)a lower concentration of solutes than normal body fluids. 
C)an equal concentration of solutes as normal body fluids. 
D)the same solutes in the same concentrations as normal body fluids.

Question 53

Compared with normal drinking water,commercial sports drinks are relatively​ 

A)hypotonic. 
B)hypertonic. 
C)isotonic. 
D)osmotic.

Question 54

Humans need to ingest​ 

A)no fluids in addition to those contained in food. 
B)about 0.3 liters (about .10 gallons) of fluid per day. 
C)about 1 liter (about .27 gallons) of fluid per day. 
D)about 2.5 liters (about .55 gallons) of fluid per day.

Question 55

Extracellular fluid includes​ 

A)fluid contained within body cells. 
B)the blood supply, cerebrospinal fluid, and interstitial fluid. 
C)cerebrospinal fluid and the fluid contained within body cells. 
D)interstitial fluid and the fluid contained within body cells.

Question 56

Stuart was in a serious automobile accident and in addition to breaking several bones,he suffered a deep cut that was bleeding badly.As he waited for help to arrive,it is likely that Stuart was experiencing​ 

A)hyponatremia. 
B)strong osmotic thirst. 
C)strong hypovolemic thirst. 
D)both osmotic and hypovolemic thirst.

Question 57

Intracellular fluid makes up about _________ of the body's total fluids.​ 

A)one-tenth 
B)one-third 
C)two-thirds 
D)three-quarters

Question 58

According to separate research studies conducted by Corbit and Satinoff,which of the following outcomes will result if temperature information from skin receptors conflicts with temperature information in the hypothalamus?​ 

A)Information from the skin receptors will have more impact on behavior than information from the hypothalamus. 
B)Information from the hypothalamus will have more impact on behavior than information from the skin receptors. 
C)The behavioral outcomes will reflect an averaging of input from the skin receptors and hypothalamus. 
D)Conflicting input will be ignored, and behavior from before a period of conflict will be maintained until further information is available.

Question 59

In osmosis​ 

A)solutes move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. 
B)solutes move from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration. 
C)water moves from areas of low concentration of solutes to areas of high concentration of solutes. 
D)water moves from areas of high concentration of solutes to areas of low concentration of solutes.

Question 60

(see Figure 9.6)

The structure labeled "1" in this illustration is the​ 

A)posterior hypothalamus 
B)thalamus 
C)pituitary gland 
D)preoptic area of the hypothalamus

Question 61

Drinking is initiated when​ 

A)aldosterone reaches the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT). 
B)aldosterone reaches the subfornical organ. 
C)angiotensin II reaches the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT). 
D)angiotensin II reaches the subfornical organ.

Question 62

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)is released in response to 

A)osmotic thirst only. 
B)hypovolemic thirst only. 
C)either osmotic or hypovolemic thirst. 
D)release of renin.

Question 63

The function of angiotensin II is to​ 

A)constrict blood vessels and trigger the release of aldosterone. 
B)constrict blood vessels and trigger the release of renin. 
C)dilate blood vessels and trigger the release of aldosterone. 
D)dilate blood vessels and trigger the release of renin.

Question 64

Monica had a serious case of the flu,with lots of vomiting and diarrhea.When she called the Health Center for advice,a nurse told her to​ 

A)drink as much plain water as possible. 
B)drink sports drinks containing sodium instead of plain water. 
C)avoid drinking anything until the vomiting and diarrhea stopped completely. 
D)drink clear sugary soda pop instead of plain water.

Question 65

(see Figure 9.12)​

The numbered structures in this image regulate which of the following phenomena?​ 

A)Hunger 
B)Temperature 
C)Thirst 
D)Sex

Question 66

The function of renin is to​ 

A)trigger the release of ADH. 
B)trigger the release of aldosterone. 
C)convert angiotensinogen into angiotensin II. 
D)convert aldosterone into angiotensin II.

Question 67

Medications used to treat high blood pressure include _________ because they _________ blood volume.​ 

A)antidiuretics; increase 
B)antidiuretics; reduce 
C)diuretics; increase 
D)diuretics; reduce

Question 68

Vomiting and diarrhea may be life threatening when _________ sodium levels lead to_________ blood pressure.​ 

A)reduced; low 
B)reduced; high 
C)increased; low 
D)increased; high

Question 69

Extreme thirst may occur in cases of diabetes mellitus due to​ 

A)low blood volume. 
B)low concentrations of solutes in the blood. 
C)high concentrations of solutes in the blood. 
D)high blood volume.

Question 70

Eating a salty meal produces​ 

A)osmotic thirst due to loss of intracellular fluid. 
B)osmotic thirst due to loss of extracellular fluid. 
C)hypovolemic thirst due to loss of intracellular fluid. 
D)hypovolemic thirst due to loss of extracellular fluid.

Question 71

When hypovolemia is experimentally induced in research animals,they usually show​ 

A)avoidance of sodium. 
B)a specific hunger for sodium. 
C)lack of thirst. 
D)a specific hunger for glucose.

Question 72

Kyle's father loves to add salt to his food,but given the family's history of high blood pressure and stroke,he is trying to avoid this practice.Why is eating less salt important in controlling blood pressure?​ 

A)Excess salt damages the kidneys, resulting in a buildup of fluids leading to high blood pressure. 
B)The kidneys get accustomed to higher levels of salt, interfering with their ability to monitor fluid levels properly. 
C)High levels of salt in the blood causes water to leave the cells and the higher blood volume increases blood pressure. 
D)Higher levels of salt intake stimulate overdrinking and the resulting higher blood volume leads to high blood pressure.

Question 73

Renin is released by the 

A)pituitary glands in response to ADH. 
B)kidneys in response to ADH. 
C)pituitary glands in response to angiotensin II. 
D)kidneys in response to angiotensin II.

Question 74

Baroreceptors are located in the​ 

A)organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT). 
B)heart and kidneys. 
C)medulla. 
D)stomach and digestive tract.

Question 75

Osmoreceptors appear to 

A)increase their rate of firing when placed in a hypertonic solution, and decrease their rate of firing when placed in a hypotonic solution. 
B)increase their rate of firing when placed in a hypotonic solution, and decrease their rate of firing when placed in a hypertonic solution. 
C)increase their rate of firing when blood pressure drops. 
D)decrease their rate of firing when blood pressure drops.

Question 76

Aldosterone signals the kidneys to​ 

A)retain sodium. 
B)excrete sodium. 
C)increase urine production. 
D)decrease urine production.

Question 77

The subfornical organ communicates directly with the 

A)posterior pituitary. 
B)lateral hypothalamus. 
C)median preoptic nucleus. 
D)zona incerta.

Question 78

What do baroreceptors measure?​ 

A)blood pressure 
B)intracellular fluid volume 
C)sodium levels 
D)interstitial fluid volume

Question 79

Aldosterone is released by the​ 

A)kidneys. 
B)anterior pituitary gland. 
C)posterior pituitary gland. 
D)adrenal glands.

Question 80

Researchers have identified the _________ as the most likely location of osmoreceptors.

A)preoptic area of the hypothalamus 
B)posterior hypothalamus 
C)lateral hypothalamus 
D)organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)