Deck 10: Sexual Behavior

Question 1

Whether a typical infant has male or female genetic sex is determined by the contribution of​ 

A)an X or Y chromosome by the mother. 
B)an X or Y chromosome by the father. 
C)X or Y chromosomes by the mother and by the father. 
D)all 46 chromosomes received from both parents.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

How many pairs of chromosomes do human males and females have in common?​ 

A)20 
B)22 
C)25 
D)27

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Andre was found to have an extra Y chromosome.Because of this,you can expect that Andre is likely to be​ 

A)convicted of a violent crime. 
B)cognitively challenged. 
C)indistinguishable from a man with an XY genotype. 
D)infertile.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Compared with the general male population,the population of men with the 47,XYY genotype are more likely to show​ 

A)higher rates of violent crime. 
B)lower rates of violent crime. 
C)higher rates of property crime. 
D)lower rates of property crime.

Question 5

Many women with Turner syndrome experience​ 

A)unusually good verbal abilities. 
B)deficits in verbal abilities. 
C)unusually good spatial relations. 
D)deficits in the processing of spatial relations.

Question 6

Which of the following genetic conditions related to sex chromosomes is the most common?​ 

A)5-alpha-reductase deficiency 
B)XYY 
C)Turner syndrome 
D)Klinefelter syndrome

Question 7

Men with Klinefelter syndrome are more likely to be​ 

A)physically aggressive. 
B)shorter than their parents and siblings. 
C)left-handed. 
D)colorblind.

Question 8

Individuals with Klinefelter syndrome are 

A)phenotypically male. 
B)phenotypically female. 
C)raised as females, but may switch to male identity at puberty. 
D)raised as males, but may switch to female identity at puberty.

Question 9

An individual with an XO genotype has​ 

A)Turner syndrome. 
B)a typical female genotype. 
C)Klinefelter syndrome. 
D)Down syndrome.

Question 10

Most cases of Turner syndrome result in​ 

A)normal fertility. 
B)a high likelihood that the condition will be passed on to offspring. 
C)infertility. 
D)increased fertility.

Question 11

Jason has spent most of his adolescence in juvenile facilities because of his constant, severe physical aggression and violent crime.Based on this history,it is most likely that Jason has​ 

A)a normal genotype. 
B)a47,XYY genotype. 
C)androgen insensitivity syndrome. 
D)has Klinefelter syndrome.

Question 12

Physically,most men with a 47,XYY genotype are​ 

A)unusually muscular. 
B)lacking in male secondary sex characteristics. 
C)shorter than normal. 
D)unusually tall and lean and typically have severe acne.

Question 13

The case of David Reimer,who was raised as a girl but later took on a male identity, reminded researchers that​ 

A)biology plays a significant role in gender identity. 
B)biology appears to play little if any role in gender identity. 
C)biology plays a significant role in the gender identity of males, but not females. 
D)socialization does not have any effects on gender identity.

Question 14

Most men with a 47,XYY genotype are​ 

A)infertile. 
B)unusually fertile. 
C)normally fertile, but slightly more likely to produce abnormal sperm. 
D)normally fertile, with a high probability of producing normal sperm.

Question 15

Ryan is unusually tall for his age,has a lot of trouble with acne,and finds school a lot more difficult than his older siblings.Through thorough testing,his physicians are most likely to have discovered that Ryan has which of the following conditions?​ 

A)a 47,XYY genotype 
B)5-alpha-reductase deficiency 
C)androgen insensitivity syndrome 
D)congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Question 16

Many individuals with Klinefelter syndrome experience​ 

A)unusually good verbal abilities. 
B)deficits in verbal skills. 
C)unusually good spatial relations. 
D)deficits in the processing of spatial relations.

Question 17

Kimberly,a genetics counselor,was working with a young couple whose unborn child has been diagnosed with a sex chromosome abnormality.Kimberly is likely to inform the couple that their child​ 

A)has a significant risk of a mental disorder. 
B)will experience severe physical disability. 
C)is very likely to be mentally retarded. 
D)may have fertility problems, but is unlikely to have other serious mental or physical problems.

Question 18

Klinefelter syndrome results from which of the following genotypes? 

A)XO 
B)XYY 
C)XXY 
D)YO

Question 19

Compared with the population of people who have typical sex chromosomes,Nielsen and Wohlert (1991)found that populations with sex chromosome abnormalities were associated with​ 

A)no increases in criminal activity, mental disorders, or physical disorders. 
B)significant increases in mental retardation. 
C)significant increases in physical abnormalities. 
D)significant increases in mental disorders.

Question 20

Jennifer has a genetic condition that resulted in her being shorter than her parents and siblings,and she has increased skin folds at her neck.She performs well in school,but has some difficulty with figure rotation tasks.Which of the following is likely to be Jennifer's diagnosis?​ 

A)Klinefelter syndrome 
B)Androgen insensitivity syndrome 
C)5-alpha-reductase deficiency 
D)Turner syndrome

Question 21

In adult humans​ 

A)males retain remnants of the Müllerian system and females retain remnants of the Wolffian system. 
B)females retain remnants of the Müllerian system and males retain remnants of the Wolffian system. 
C)females maintain remnants of the Wolffian system, but the Müllerian system completely degenerates in males. 
D)males maintain remnants of the Müllerian system, but the Wolffian system completely degenerates in females.

Question 22

The Wolffian system will develop into the​ 

A)uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper portion of the vagina. 
B)seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and the prostate. 
C)penis and scrotum. 
D)labia, clitoris, and outer portion of the vagina.

Question 23

About three months after conception,anti- Müllerian hormone​ 

A)promotes the development of the Wolffian system. 
B)initiates the degeneration of the Wolffian system. 
C)promotes the development of the Müllerian system. 
D)initiates the degeneration of the Müllerian system.

Question 24

In cases of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS),the testes release​ 

A)testosterone, but not anti-Müllerian hormone. 
B)anti-Müllerian hormone, but not testosterone. 
C)both anti-Müllerian hormone and testosterone. 
D)neither anti-Müllerian hormone nor testosterone.

Question 25

If the SRY gene is inserted in chromosomally female mice,they will develop​ 

A)neither ovaries nor testes. 
B)both ovaries and testes. 
C)testes. 
D)ovaries.

Question 26

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)results from​ 

A)an abnormal copy of the SRY gene. 
B)failure to release testis-determining factor. 
C)failure of the testes to produce testosterone. 
D)abnormal androgen receptors.

Question 27

Intersex refers to situations in which​ 

A)an individual decides to undergo a sex change. 
B)both male and female elements occur in the same fetus. 
C)an individual has a homosexual orientation. 
D)an individual has a heterosexual orientation.

Question 28

The Müllerian system will develop into the​ 

A)uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper portion of the vagina. 
B)seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and the prostate. 
C)penis and scrotum. 
D)labia, clitoris, and outer portion of the vagina.

Question 29

The male fetus's testes begin to release​ 

A)testis-determining factor. 
B)SRY. 
C)both testosterone and testis-determining factor. 
D)both testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone.

Question 30

Testis-determining factor​ 

A)activates the Wolffian system. 
B)inhibits the Müllerian system. 
C)develops the primordial gonads into testes. 
D)prevents the development of ovaries.

Question 31

The female gonads are known as​ 

A)the Müllerian system. 
B)the Wolffian system. 
C)ovaries. 
D)testes.

Question 32

(see Figure 10.4)​

In this illustration of the 6-week-old embryo,the structure identified by the number 3 will develop fully in​ 

A)both males and females. 
B)males and remnants will remain in females. 
C)males, but degenerate in females. 
D)females, but degenerate in males.

Question 33

Chromosomally male mice that are genetically engineered to lack the SRY gene will develop​ 

A)neither ovaries nor testes. 
B)both ovaries and testes. 
C)testes. 
D)ovaries.

Question 34

Up until about the third month after conception,​ 

A)male fetuses possess a Wolffian system, and female fetuses possess a Müllerian system. 
B)male fetuses possess a Müllerian system, and female fetuses possess a Wolffian system. 
C)male fetuses possess both a Müllerian system and a Wolffian system, and female fetuses possess a Müllerian system only. 
D)male and female fetuses possess both a Müllerian system and a Wolffian system.

Question 35

About three months after conception,testosterone​ 

A)promotes the development of the Wolffian system. 
B)initiates the degeneration of the Wolffian system. 
C)promotes the development of the Müllerian system. 
D)initiates the degeneration of the Müllerian system.

Question 36

In female fetuses,the​ 

A)ovaries release hormones that develop the Müllerian system. 
B)ovaries release hormones that initiate the degeneration of the Müllerian system. 
C)ovaries release hormones that initiate the degeneration of the Wolffian system. 
D)Müllerian system will develop in the absence of androgens.

Question 37

The SRY gene encodes the protein​ 

A)estrogen. 
B)testis-determining factor. 
C)testosterone. 
D)ovaries-determining factor.

Question 38

The SRY gene is expressed about _________ weeks postconception.​ 

A)6 
B)10 
C)12 
D)16

Question 39

Fetuses with androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)have an​ 

A)XY genotype and normal, descended testes. 
B)XY genotype and abnormal undescended testes. 
C)XX genotype and normal (yet undescended) testes. 
D)XYY genotype and normal, descended testes.

Question 40

The SRY gene is located on​ 

A)chromosome 21. 
B)both the X and Y chromosomes. 
C)the X chromosome only. 
D)the Y chromosome only.

Question 41

Normal development of female external genitalia​ 

A)requires the release of estrogens by the ovary. 
B)requires the release of 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone by the ovary. 
C)requires the release of anti-Müllerian hormone by the ovary. 
D)will occur in the absence of androgens without further action by the ovaries.

Question 42

Secondary sex characteristics in humans develop​ 

A)about six weeks after conception. 
B)about three months after conception. 
C)at birth. 
D)at puberty.

Question 43

Luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone are released in​ 

A)males only. 
B)females only. 
C)in both males and females. 
D)males and in a small percentage of females.

Question 44

Individuals with androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)have​ 

A)masculinized external genitalia. 
B)shallow vaginas and no ovaries or uterus. 
C)normal female internal organs and external genitalia. 
D)normal male internal organs and external genitalia.

Question 45

Male external genitalia include the​ 

A)uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper portion of the vagina. 
B)seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and the prostate. 
C)penis and scrotum. 
D)labia, clitoris, and outer portion of the vagina.

Question 46

Individuals with androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)have​ 

A)male chromosomal sex but female appearance and gender identity. 
B)female chromosomal sex but male appearance and gender identity. 
C)male chromosomal sex and appearance but female gender identity. 
D)female chromosomal sex and appearance but male gender identity.

Question 47

Factors that might influence recent changes in the age at which puberty begins include​ 

A)exposure to cultural factors such as television. 
B)obesity and exposure to artificial hormones. 
C)a cultural tendency to marry later. 
D)reduced access to good health care.

Question 48

At the onset of puberty,the hypothalamus releases​ 

A)gonadotropin-releasing hormone. 
B)luteinizing hormone. 
C)follicle stimulating hormone. 
D)estradiol.

Question 49

Females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)​ 

A)show no behavioral effects. 
B)behave in more feminine ways than typical females. 
C)are more likely to engage in bisexual and lesbian behavior than typical females. 
D)are less likely to refer to themselves as tomboys than typical females.

Question 50

Female external genitalia include the​ 

A)uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper portion of the vagina. 
B)seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and the prostate. 
C)penis and scrotum. 
D)labia, clitoris, and outer portion of the vagina.

Question 51

Compared with normal male fetuses,females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)are exposed to about _________ amount of androgens.​ 

A)twice the 
B)half the 
C)the same 
D)five times the

Question 52

Puberty may be triggered by​ 

A)the accumulation of body fat. 
B)the expression of testis-determining factor. 
C)the SRY gene. 
D)anti-Müllerian hormone.

Question 53

Males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)​ 

A)show few physical or behavioral effects. 
B)experience abnormalities in their internal organs. 
C)have underdeveloped external genitalia. 
D)have overdeveloped external genitalia.

Question 54

Sue has stated that she has a strong female gender identity.From this statement,we know that​ 

A)she must be heterosexual. 
B)she feels like a woman. 
C)she is genetically female. 
D)her internal and external genitalia are female.

Question 55

Normal development of male external genitalia requires the direct action of​ 

A)5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone. 
B)testosterone. 
C)anti-Müllerian hormone. 
D)testis-determining factor.

Question 56

Over the past 150 years in the United States,the average age at which puberty begins has​ 

A)remained stable. 
B)risen. 
C)decreased. 
D)decreased for males but not for females.

Question 57

At puberty,FSH and LH​ 

A)stimulate the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. 
B)stimulate the release of additional testosterone by the testes and the release of estrogens by the ovaries. 
C)inhibit the release of estrogens by the testes and testosterone by the ovaries. 
D)inhibit the release of androgens by the testes and estrogens by the ovaries.

Question 58

Exposure of female fetuses to androgens will​ 

A)have no effect. 
B)masculinize the internal organs. 
C)masculinize the external genitalia. 
D)masculinize both the internal organs and external genitalia.

Question 59

In cases of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)​ 

A)the Müllerian system develops normally, but the Wolffian system does not. 
B)the Wolffian system develops normally, but the Müllerian system does not. 
C)both the Wolffian and Müllerian systems develop. 
D)neither the Wolffian nor the Müllerian systems develop.

Question 60

Amber is a very typical looking young teen whose parents took her to a physician when she failed to menstruate by the age of 15 years.The physician explained that Amber had androgen insensitivity syndrome,and that she​ 

A)would need to adopt children if she wished to become a parent. 
B)was more likely to be homosexual than heterosexual. 
C)was likely to adopt a masculine gender identity as she approached the age of 20 years. 
D)would develop typical female fertility with the proper hormone medications.

Question 61

Possible indicators for prenatal exposure to androgens in humans include​ 

A)height. 
B)sexual frequency. 
C)otoacoustic emissions and finger length. 
D)symmetry.

Question 62

Sex hormones are​ 

A)proteins. 
B)steroids, because they are synthesized from proteins. 
C)amino acids. 
D)steroids, because they are synthesized from cholesterol.

Question 63

Lauren was excited to go shopping for new clothes before starting middle school,but she was surprised to find out that she suddenly needed to shop in the juniors section instead of the children's section.The most likely explanation for this change is that​ 

A)Lauren is going through puberty, and her increased estradiol levels are changing the amount and distribution of fat on her body. 
B)Lauren spent too much time over the summer eating fatty snacks in front of the television. 
C)Lauren has been exposed to high levels of synthetic hormones, and she is beginning to go through puberty at an abnormally early age. 
D)Lauren is going through puberty, and her increased levels of 5-alpha reductase are changing the amount and distribution of fat on her body.

Question 64

The process of aromatization transforms​ 

A)estradiol into testosterone. 
B)testosterone into estradiol. 
C)testosterone into 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone. 
D)5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone into testosterone.

Question 65

In the absence of sufficient quantities of 5-alpha-reductase​ 

A)5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone is not converted into testosterone, and external genitalia are not masculinized in the fetus. 
B)testosterone is not converted into 5-alpha-dihydrotesterone, and external genitalia are not masculinized in the fetus. 
C)5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone is not converted into testosterone, and internal organs are not masculinized in the fetus. 
D)testosterone is not converted into 5-alpha-dihydrotesterone, and internal organs are not masculinized in the fetus.

Question 66

In cases of 5-alpha-reductase deficiency,_________ external genitalia at birth become _________ at puberty.​ 

A)ambiguous; masculinized 
B)ambiguous; feminized 
C)masculine; feminized 
D)feminine; masculinized

Question 67

In cases of 5-alpha-reductase deficiency,internal organs​ 

A)fail to develop in either the male or female pattern. 
B)develop in the normal female pattern. 
C)develop in the normal male pattern. 
D)develop both the normal female and male patterns.

Question 68

The quantity of androgens produced by females is about _________ percent of the quantity produced by males.​ 

A)10 
B)25 
C)33 
D)50

Question 69

Skeletal growth is slowed by​ 

A)testosterone in males and estradiol in females. 
B)estradiol in males and testosterone in females. 
C)testosterone in both males and females. 
D)estradiol in both males and females.

Question 70

Children with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency are usually​ 

A)raised as girls and they retain female identity at puberty. 
B)raised as boys, but they take on female identity at puberty. 
C)raised as girls, but they take on male identity at puberty. 
D)raised as boys and they retain male identity at puberty.

Question 71

The toy preferences observed in male and female children support the idea that​ 

A)gender differences in toy selection are primarily the result of socialization, not biology. 
B)gender differences in toy selection are at least partly determined by biology. 
C)there are no gender differences in toy selection until children are the age of 18-24 months. 
D)gender differences in toy selection appear early in development, but then decrease as children enter elementary school.

Question 72

Estrogens are produced by​ 

A)females only. 
B)males only. 
C)males and females in about the same amounts. 
D)males and females in different amounts.

Question 73

Male and female rats show differences in the​ 

A)hippocampus. 
B)SDN-POA. 
C)INAH-3. 
D)INAH-3 and SNB.

Question 74

What is "2D:4D?" 

A)The ratio of one's index finger length (2nd digit) to their ring finger length (4th digit). 
B)The ratio at which dopamine receptors fire in the 2nd cerebral lobe to the 4th cerebral lobe. 
C)The ratio of sexual dimorphism in twins (2) to that of quadruplets (4) 
D)The rate of androgen release in the second trimester of pregnancy (2) to the first "trimester" of life after birth (4).

Question 75

The performance of women on spatial tasks is​ 

A)constant across the menstrual cycle. 
B)best when estrogen levels are high. 
C)best when progesterone levels are high. 
D)best when testosterone levels are high.

Question 76

When Anita was 10 years old,she was the tallest girl in her fourth grade class.She also began to menstruate when she was 10 years old.Given what we know about the effects of estradiol,we can expect that at age 17,Anita will be​ 

A)one of the tallest girls in her class, because she started growing so early. 
B)quite obese, because estradiol tends to make women fat. 
C)not much taller than she was at 10 years old. 
D)very popular among her female peers, because she matured so early.

Question 77

In males at puberty,sperm production is regulated by​ 

A)estradiol. 
B)FSH. 
C)LH. 
D)LH, FSH, and testosterone.

Question 78

Masculine play behavior and toy selection among young girls is correlated with​ 

A)paternal androgen levels. 
B)maternal androgen levels. 
C)paternal estradiol levels. 
D)maternal estradiol levels.

Question 79

During his freshman year at a college far from home,James wrote home frequently asking for more money for clothes,as he was continuing to grow taller.His father thought James was just responding to peer pressure,but his mother,a physician,pointed out that it was likely that James was really still growing because he had​ 

A)gone through puberty somewhat later than most of his peers. 
B)Turner syndrome. 
C)congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). 
D)gone through puberty somewhat earlier than most of his peers.

Question 80

Male and female human brains​ 

A)show no sexual dimorphism. 
B)are sexually dimorphic in the SDN-POA, with males having the larger version. 
C)are sexually dimorphic in the INAH-3, with females having the larger version. 
D)are sexually dimorphic in the amount of white matter in the brain.