Deck 17: International Political Economy, transnational Politics, and Looking Ahead

Question 1

If two countries had completely free trade with each other,why might a multinational corporation still be created such that it holds factories in both countries?

A)The multinational corporation wants to gain access to markets to which it would not otherwise have access.
B)The multinational corporation does not trust that the drop in protectionist policies will be permanent.
C)Protections against input goods make the costs of production too high.
D)The multinational corporation wants access to cheaper labor in one of the countries.
E)The other country prevents the export of particular,key input goods.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Enforcement of international law is typically up to:

A)international organizations.
B)transnational advocacy networks.
C)nongovernmental organizations.
D)multinational corporations.
E)other states in the system.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

How are the financial crises of the 1990s and the 2000s similar?

A)The crises were primarily started in lesser-developed countries.
B)The crises were precipitated by runaway monetary policy when the governments continually devalued their currencies.
C)The major originators of the financial crises had borrowed beyond what became sustainable for their capacities.
D)Developed countries were the primary cause of both sets of crises.
E)Countries were able to overcome the collective action problem and collectively default on their loans.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

How are countries that pursued import-substituting industrialization (ISI)linked to financial crises?

A)Financial crises in other countries limited how much an ISI country could import.
B)Countries that pursued ISI were more likely to experience a financial crisis,as they privatized too much of their domestic economies.
C)Countries that pursued ISI were more likely to experience a financial crisis,as they liberalized trade and were exposed to market fluctuations.
D)Countries that pursued ISI were more likely to experience a financial crisis,as they went deep into debt funding state expenditures.
E)Countries that pursued ISI were generally immune to financial crises,unlike those countries that were already developed.

Question 5

The Heckscher-Ohlin model provides for the mobility of several factors in the international system.What kind of migration is NOT expected from the model?

A)International organizations migration.
B)Labor immigration.
C)Capital migration.
D)Labor emigration.
E)Multinational corporation migration.

Question 6

Which is NOT an example of institutions changing a nation's trade policy?

A)A country's recent change to democracy allows for the formation of a coherent agricultural lobby.
B)A country's recent adoption of a parliamentary system allows consumer voices to be heard and encourage liberalization.
C)Due to bad weather during planting season,a country creates protections for its agricultural markets to artificially increase prices for farmers.
D)A country agrees to join the World Trade Organization (WTO)and is compelled to liberalize industries it previously protected due to World Trade Organization rules.
E)A country joins the European Union and liberalizes parts of its agriculture sector to adhere to the Common Agricultural Policy.

Question 7

What kind of monetary policy do consumers in a society tend to prefer?

A)A weak exchange rate.
B)A currency with an artificially low value.
C)A strong exchange rate.
D)Consumers are indifferent to exchange rates.
E)A currency pegged to a precious metal.

Question 8

International monetary policy creates Prisoner Dilemma-like scenarios because:

A)there are incentives to devalue a currency,whether or not other countries devalue their currencies.
B)there are incentives to appreciate a currency,whether or not other countries appreciate their currencies.
C)the only time a country wants to devalue its currency is when other countries appreciate their currencies.
D)the only time a country wants to appreciate its currency is when other countries devalue their currencies.
E)the only time a country wants to appreciate its currency is when other countries appreciate their currencies.

Question 9

How is monetary policy similar to the bargaining model of war?

A)If the right policy is chosen,then everyone within a society tends to benefit from that decision.
B)The costs and benefits of a decision are likely to be distributed unequally across domestic actors.
C)The military bureaucracy has powerful interests in both types of decision making.
D)Decisions about either really need to be made by only one powerful state in the international system.
E)Decision making is easier when there are more states involved in the process.

Question 10

Which state is most likely to face a currency crisis?

A)A state that imports more than it exports.
B)A country that devalues its currency often in response to inflation.
C)A country that maintains a fixed exchange rate in relation to gold.
D)A country that has a floating exchange rate.
E)A country that has a modest amount of debt.

Question 11

Why is it UNLIKELY that foreign aid will help countries develop in the long run?

A)The amount of foreign aid given by developed countries is small.
B)Foreign aid is generally used to prevent countries from developing in the first place.
C)Foreign aid mostly goes to countries that are already developed.
D)The amount of foreign aid given is too large for developing countries to know what to do with.
E)Developed countries have stopped giving out foreign aid.

Question 12

Which group of countries has the largest share of control over the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?

A)China and other East Asian countries.
B)Developed countries.
C)Less developed countries.
D)Eastern European countries.
E)African and South American countries.

Question 13

If immigration were unregulated by countries,to which countries would we expect people to generally move?

A)Capital-scarce countries.
B)Capital-abundant countries.
C)Labor-scarce countries.
D)Labor-abundant countries.
E)Land-abundant countries.

Question 14

Why does the International Monetary Fund (IMF)encourage liberalization in the face of a financial crisis?

A)The IMF would not have the authority to loan money if it did not encourage liberalization.
B)Liberalization can only occur in conjunction with a financial crisis of sufficient size.
C)Liberalization will help reduce deficits by making the cost of goods go down domestically.
D)Liberalization will help the country generate more revenue by increasing taxes on imports.
E)Countries normally have protections against IMF goods and the IMF wants a level playing field.

Question 15

What is true of economic globalization?

A)Economic globalization has been increasing for the whole of human history.
B)It is no longer possible for economic globalization to recede internationally.
C)Economic globalization faced reverses during the interwar period.
D)Economic globalization prevents war from occurring between the major powers.
E)When countries embrace economic globalization,they tend to liberalize all goods within their economies.

Question 16

How would the World Trade Organization (WTO)evaluate import substituting industrialization in the present period?

A)The WTO would be for such policies,as they encourage development.
B)The WTO would be neutral about such policies,as they have no effect on the WTO's issue domain.
C)The WTO would be for such policies,as the WTO is in favor of liberalization.
D)The WTO would be opposed to such policies,as the WTO is opposed to protectionism.
E)The WTO would be opposed to such policies,as they discourage liberalization.

Question 17

Artificially devalued currencies have what effect on national economies?

A)The number of imports into that country increases.
B)The number of exports from that country increases.
C)The value of savings generally increases for people in the society.
D)Foreign competitors gain an unfair advantage versus domestic firms.
E)The growth of the economy tends to slow down.

Question 18

Why is it harder for countries with lucrative natural resources to develop economically and politically?

A)Their wealth prevents invasion and nation building.
B)Other countries are envious of their wealth and will not help them develop.
C)Large amounts of wealth tend to drive up the inflation of goods domestically.
D)Countries can only really develop when they no longer have a strong natural resource market.
E)Easy access to wealth gives a country less reason to build up other political and economic infrastructure.

Question 19

Trade bargaining can resemble a Prisoner's Dilemma for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A)two trading countries will be better off if they trade with one another.
B)each country fears the other will impose tariffs or nontariff barriers.
C)there is no way to guarantee that other states will comply with a trade agreement.
D)repeated trade interactions can reduce the likelihood that the other will cheat.
E)countries can become trapped in free-trade agreements they cannot leave.

Question 20

Why is international finance desirable to borrowing countries?

A)International finance allows capital-abundant societies to fetch higher rates of return on the provision of capital.
B)International finance allows capital-starved societies to achieve better bargains than what is available domestically.
C)International finance can force borrowing countries to privatize their industries.
D)International finance can encourage borrowing countries to liberalize trade,despite domestic pressure.
E)International finance is subject to market trends and ebbs and flows with market cycles.

Question 21

Why was the collective action problem of ozone depletion easier to overcome than the collective action problem of global warming?

A)The reward to defect on global warming is higher.
B)Global warming is caused by individual activity,while ozone depletion is generally caused by states.
C)There were a fewer number of actors involved in dealing with ozone depletion.
D)The fight to stop global warming occurred within a privileged group.
E)TANs have failed to rally for global warming.

Question 22

Universal jurisdiction tends to undermine what institution?

A)The United Nations.
B)The International Criminal Court.
C)The World Trade Organization.
D)State sovereignty.
E)Political representation.

Question 23

When do sovereignty and international law compete?

A)When a state's interest is in line with international law.
B)When a state is opposed to an international law but does actively violate it.
C)When a state is opposed to an international law and actively violates it,but the law is not enforced.
D)When a state is opposed to an international law,actively violates it,and other actors punish the state for its behavior.
E)When a state is offered positive inducements for obeying an international law.

Question 24

Why are less developed countries LESS willing to adopt environmental regulations than are developed countries?

A)Less developed countries do not understand the dangers of environmental degradation.
B)Protecting the environment will likely slow down economic development.
C)More developed countries make protection by less developed countries more costly.
D)Less developed countries would have to violate human rights to protect the environment.
E)Most less developed countries are autocracies that tend not to care about the environment.

Question 25

Which type of state is most likely to follow an international treaty protecting human rights?

A)A strong autocracy.
B)A weak autocracy.
C)An oligarchy.
D)A weak democracy.
E)A strong democracy.

Question 26

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty is best described as a(n):

A)international law.
B)international norm.
C)international organization.
D)transnational advocacy network.
E)public good.

Question 27

Common goods are different from public goods in that they are:

A)rival.
B)nonrival.
C)excludable.
D)nonexcludable.
E)scarce.

Question 28

If the threatened use of nuclear weapons in war is credible,what effect does this have for the bargaining model of war in a conflict between two nuclear states?

A)It increases the potential benefits for a nuclear state.
B)It increases the potential costs asymmetrically for the two states.
C)Third parties should be more likely to intervene to prevent the conflict.
D)War will be more likely,as states will want to make sure they attack first.
E)It expands the acceptable bargain range for both parties.

Question 29

How are the protection of human rights and the protection of the environment related?

A)They are both most likely to be protected when the state has complete sovereignty.
B)They both came to the forefront of international politics during the nineteenth century.
C)Protecting either is likely to encourage rapid economic growth.
D)They tend to have little to do with security,and as a result,states ignore their existence.
E)Protecting both incurs costs and encourages states to free ride on the efforts of others.

Question 30

What set of circumstances will make a transition from U.S.dominance to Chinese global leadership peaceful?

A)If China guarantees that it will not demand concessions from the United States if it becomes more powerful.
B)If the United States preemptively invades China.
C)If the United States erects tariffs on Chinese goods to slow down its economic growth.
D)If China and the United States perceive their interests in global institutions to be similar.
E)If a third party surpasses China in the short term.

Question 31

If the United States wants to prevent the rise of China,what policy should it take economically?

A)Erect tariffs against Chinese imports.
B)Liberalize all trade with China.
C)Encourage further investment into China's economy.
D)Encourage China to liberalize its markets,so it can import more American goods.
E)Encourage Europe to form a regional trade block.

Question 32

Which of the following is a primary role transnational advocacy networks (TANs)play in encouraging states to protect human rights?

A)Spreading information and creating public outcry about an issue.
B)Creating new international organizations to deal with human rights.
C)Taking over the mechanisms of states when states fail.
D)Funding antistate activity.
E)Discovering norm entrepreneurs to take over the work of TANs on human rights issues.

Question 33

At the end of World War II,why was the United States willing to use nuclear weapons on Japan?

A)Neither Japan,nor any other state,could threaten nuclear retaliation.
B)The League of Nations gave the United States approval.
C)The two countries did not trade enough to deter the United States.
D)The United States needed to send a signal to Germany to prevent reunification.
E)The United States wanted the other Axis powers to surrender unconditionally.

Question 34

If the threatened use of nuclear weapons in war is credible,what effect does this have for the bargaining model of war in a conflict between a nuclear state and a non-nuclear state?

A)It increases the potential benefits for a nuclear state.
B)It increases the potential benefits for a non-nuclear state.
C)It increases the potential costs for a nuclear state.
D)It increases the potential costs for a non-nuclear state.
E)It expands the bargaining range for both parties.

Question 35

Hard international law is typified by:

A)high obligation,precise rules,and significant delegation.
B)high obligation,imprecise rules,and significant delegation.
C)high obligation,imprecise rules,and little delegation.
D)low obligation,imprecise rules,and significant delegation.
E)low obligation,precise rules,and significant delegation.

Question 36

Which of the following is an example of an environmental issue that has reached the third stage of a norms cycle?

A)Norms entrepreneurs are actively convincing other actors about the importance of the environment.
B)The issues dealing with the environment are being favorably covered by major media sources.
C)The proper steps to be taken in order to address environmental concern are being discussed in international organizations.
D)Some states sanction other states for not protecting the environment.
E)Enforcement of environmental protection is not needed,as states protect the environment on their own.

Question 37

How are human rights related to development?

A)Firms are less concerned about their property rights when human rights protections exist.
B)The existence of human rights tends to make labor costs cheaper for domestic firms.
C)The existence of human rights tends to make labor costs cheaper for multinational corporations.
D)Repressing human rights can encourage individuals to save for the long term and help grow the economy.
E)Human rights are likely not related to economic development at all.

Question 38

How would we know if an international norm on pollution existed?

A)If an international body exists to prevent international pollution.
B)If a president of a democratic country is voted out of office for polluting the environment.
C)If a country faces international repercussions for polluting the environment.
D)If there exists an international law detailing how states are not supposed to pollute.
E)If a few states in the international system refuse to pollute the environment.

Question 39

Why might sanctions be INEFFECTIVE at promoting a change in a state's behavior?

A)Domestic groups tend to undermine the application of sanctions.
B)States cannot really prevent their own firms from violating sanctions.
C)Sanctions often hurt the people that outside states are trying to protect.
D)The WTO often declares sanctions to be illegal and antitrade.
E)Sanctions do not impose enough costs to meaningfully affect anyone.

Question 40

Why are terrorists UNLIKELY to be deterred from using nuclear weapons by states with nuclear weapons?

A)They are irrational.
B)They do not pay costs as an actor.
C)States cannot find members of terrorist groups.
D)They are less likely to face costs,as they lack fixed territory.
E)Terrorists can easily absorb the costs of nuclear war in ways states cannot.

Question 41

Marine biologists recently warned that the stock of the Atlantic bluefin tuna has collapsed on the American side of the Atlantic and is declining rapidly on the European side due to greed all around and overfishing in international waters.The Atlantic bluefin tuna in international waters is a typical ________ because it is ________ and ________.

A)public good;rival;nonexcludable
B)common pool resource;rival;excludable
C)public good;nonrival;nonexcludable
D)common pool resource;rival;nonexcludable
E)club good;nonrival;excludable

Question 42

Which of the following is true of transnational advocacy networks (TANS)?

A)They are able to achieve results only when able to directly apply significant economic pressure to states.
B)They challenge a state's monopoly over the use of force within its territory.
C)They always serve purposes that are widely agreed to be normatively "good," such as protecting human rights or the environment.
D)They tend to have a clear hierarchical structure,with members taking clear direction from a strong central leadership.
E)They are characterized by back-and-forth reciprocal interaction in which members voluntarily share information and political strategies.

Question 43

In the bargaining model,what problem arises out of a country rapidly gaining power?

A)Prisoner's Dilemma.
B)Information problem.
C)Cooperation problem.
D)Commitment problem.
E)Audience costs.

Question 44

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A)employment and equal pay for equal work.
B)rest and leisure.
C)an adequate standard of living.
D)marriage and procreation.
E)Internet access.

Question 45

"Naming and shaming" is a tactic primarily employed by:

A)states.
B)international organizations.
C)state leaders.
D)multinational corporations.
E)transnational advocacy networks.

Question 46

Why did countries support China's ascension into the WTO,despite its centrally planned economy?

A)They believe China would change the rules of the WTO to be more in favor of developing countries.
B)China would be more likely to care about trade disputes than it had previously.
C)China would be less willing to challenge the existing economic system if and when it became powerful.
D)China has promised to limit its abuse of human rights if it could join.
E)It was thought likely that China was going to democratize in the short term if it joined the WTO.

Question 47

Globalization has increased the amount of wealth available in the world;why is this a problem for some actors?

A)The increase in wealth is not going to the people who have earned the wealth.
B)The wealth generated is in fiat currency,which means it is not actually real wealth that is being generated.
C)The increase in wealth is accompanied by an increase in inequality.
D)The increase in wealth has made states more effective at abusing the rights of their citizens.
E)The increase in wealth has been accompanied by rising prices that match the wealth;therefore,impoverished people are no better off than they were 20 years ago.

Question 48

What happens during the norms life cycle?

A)Norms start out widely accepted and then fade until they are not followed,leading to a boomerang where actors once again begin to believe in them.
B)Norm entrepreneurs frame issues to convince others to share their beliefs,eventually leading to a norm cascade as more actors accept them.
C)Norms become widely accepted quite easily but are never effective in altering behavior unless some sort of enforcement is present.
D)Norms tend to begin to reach prominence in the Global South before ultimately transitioning to the Global North as well.
E)Norms are ignored and then briefly accepted globally before becoming ignored again.

Question 49

States are more likely to promote human rights when:

A)governments face violent domestic political dissent.
B)national security is under threat.
C)human rights provisions help protect domestic special interests.
D)governments are weak and lack capabilities.
E)governments fear that individuals or groups are to be allied with foreign powers.

Question 50

The primary culprit(s)in ozone depletion was/were:

A)carbon dioxide.
B)methane.
C)water vapor.
D)nongovernmental organizations.
E)chlorofluorocarbons.

Question 51

What event would be most likely to reverse economic globalization?

A)A natural disaster.
B)A major global war.
C)A significant rise in international terrorism.
D)America's decline in power.
E)More permanent members being added to the UN Security Council.

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT true of human rights in recent decades?

A)States that have ratified human rights treaties have a mixed record on respecting those rights.
B)There can exist a tension between the desire to take international action to stop human rights abuses and the principle of state sovereignty.
C)Western Europe has had consistently high human rights performance,while South Asia has done poorly.
D)Major human rights accords include the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 and the International Covenant on Economic,Social,and Cultural Rights in 1976.
E)Ratification of human rights treaties is associated with clearly better human rights records in those states.

Question 53

What objection do less developed countries have to the voting processes of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?

A)It is weighted by population and based on contributions.
B)It is weighted by region and not by the population of a country.
C)It is weighted by wealth and not by demographics.
D)It is autocratic and entirely controlled by the United States.
E)It is part of the European Union,and developing countries are excluded from participation.

Question 54

Why is the People's Republic of China NOT bound to the carbon dioxide reductions required in Kyoto,even though it has ratified the treaty?

A)It is too powerful to be constrained by a treaty.
B)It has negotiated a bilateral exception to the treaty.
C)It has "un-ratified the treaty."
D)It is a developing country,and it is excluded from carbon dioxide reductions.
E)It has already met its 1990 carbon reduction limits.

Question 55

Which event is most likely to lead to international cooperation?

A)Human rights abuses in a state.
B)Increasing pollution concentrated across two states borders.
C)Uneven development in the global north and the global south.
D)The rise of China as the world's foremost economic power.
E)The decline of the United States as the world's foremost military power.

Question 56

In the present period,which factor of production is most likely to mobilize against globalization,due to its loss from liberalization and inability to move?

A)Capital.
B)The environment.
C)Labor.
D)The communication industry.
E)Land.

Question 57

How might globalization help encourage the protection of human rights in countries?

A)The cheaper costs of communication means that information can be spread more effectively and can mobilize opposition.
B)Cheaper transportation allows people to leave abusive countries.
C)Governments can use the Internet to appeal for humanitarian support.
D)The Security Council will be more likely to take human rights cases seriously,if they can see footage of the events via the Internet.
E)Hackers now serve as an additional check on governments that try to limit the rights of their people.

Question 58

Which of the following is true about environmental performance?

A)States with a high per capita GDP tend to have better environmental performance.
B)Global carbon emissions have remained constant over the last 50 years.
C)The United States is around the world average in fossil fuel usage per capita.
D)Travel is a trivially small percentage of global carbon emissions.
E)Rich countries have had the worst performance in environmental protection in the last decade.

Question 59

A good that is rival but nonexcludable,and thus subject to overexploitation,is known as a:

A)private good.
B)club good.
C)tradable good.
D)public good.
E)common pool resource.

Question 60

Fisheries are an example of which type of good?

A)Private good.
B)Club good.
C)Common pool resource.
D)Public good.
E)Government good.

Question 61

What characterizes a floating exchange rate?

A)Its value always moves with the price of gold.
B)Its value moves in response to market forces.
C)Its value moves in response to the policy of the World Bank.
D)Its value is determined by negotiations of the G7.
E)Its value moves in response to government pegs.

Question 62

Suppose that a government increases tariffs on goods whose factors of production are scarce.Which of the following groups will be worse off in a Stolper-Samuelson framework?

A)Exporters using abundant factors.
B)Domestic producers using abundant factors.
C)Foreign investors.
D)Foreign importers who use the good as an input.
E)Political parties.

Question 63

Which of the following is an example of sovereign lending?

A)Coca-Cola building a factory in Argentina.
B)Grants by the United States to the Argentine government to address poverty.
C)The World Bank lending Argentina money to improve its infrastructure.
D)The Bank of America lending money to the Argentine government.
E)The Queen of England lending money to British citizens.

Question 64

A specific and obligatory international law is best described as a(n):

A)international norm.
B)"soft" law.
C)"hard" law.
D)voluntary law.
E)customary international law.

Question 65

All of the following are important differences between import substituting industrialization (ISI)and export-oriented industrialization (EOI)EXCEPT:

A)ISI has tended to be unsuccessful at achieving sustained development,while EOI has helped some countries advance into the developed world.
B)ISI emphasizes the production of goods from the domestic market,while EOI emphasizes producing goods that will be competitive on the world market.
C)ISI is supported by the ideas of Raul Prebisch,while EOI is supported by the ideas of the Washington consensus.
D)ISI involves heavy government involvement,while EOI involves a purely hands-off approach.
E)ISI-based strategies have been associated with higher levels of debt accumulation than EOI-based strategies.

Question 66

Currently,which best describes the pattern of international monetary arrangements?

A)Gold is the currency of the world.
B)It is a floating exchange rate system.
C)It is based on a commodity standard.
D)The International Monetary Fund (IMF)regulates fixed exchange rates.
E)A few major currencies float against one another.

Question 67

Which one of the following is correct of externalities?

A)The existence of negative externality leads to the outcome that too little of the good will be produced.
B)Externalities lead to an efficient outcome.
C)The existence of positive externality leads to the outcome that too much of the good will be produced.
D)Externalities occur when a decision creates costs or benefits for actors other than the one making the decision.
E)Externalities only affect those who produce them.

Question 68

What would make reversals in environmental protection more likely? Would it require shocks to change current environmental progress or are there ongoing trends that undermine environmental protection?

Question 69

How is the protection of human rights fundamentally a collective action problem? What is the collective benefit to protecting human rights? What are the costs?

Question 70

Does high development encourage human rights protections,or do strong human rights protections encourage high development? Justify your answer.

Question 71

Would it be easier for a transnational advocacy network to encourage the adoption of a new international law or a new international norm? Why is one option easier than the other?

Question 72

Which of the following is the best example of an international norm?

A)The United Nations.
B)The Kyoto Treaty.
C)Avoiding civilian casualties during war.
D)A state going to war.
E)A state adopting a democratic form of government.

Question 73

Which of the following explains the interplay between exchange rates and interest rates?

A)If a government or central bank increases the interest rates,the domestic currency will appreciate.
B)If a government or central bank decreases the interest rates,the domestic currency will appreciate.
C)If a government or central bank increases the interest rates,the domestic currency will depreciate.
D)Changing the level of interest rates has no effect on exchange rates.
E)The effect of increases or decreases in the interest rate has unpredictable effects on the exchange rate.

Question 74

Why would a state ever devalue its currency? Make sure to discuss both domestic and international pressures.

Question 75

Explain how regional trade agreements could be both helpful and harmful for encouraging liberalization in the global economy.

Question 76

What is an advantage of foreign direct investment from the host country's perspective?

A)Evasion of tariff barriers.
B)Competition that will reduce the profits of domestic producers.
C)Managerial expertise.
D)Fewer strings attached than with portfolio investment.
E)Loss of control over natural resource exploration.

Question 77

Part of the difficulty of limiting weapons of mass destruction is fundamentally a bargaining problem about power in the future.Is there a way to overcome this commitment problem through international institutions?

Question 78

If a country wants to increase its exports,what policies should it adopt? Consider trade protections,international institutions,and the other components of international political economy (finance,monetary policy)in your answer.

Question 79

What is the tension between development and the environment? Can development occur without causing environmental damage?

Question 80

Which of the following is a Bretton Woods institution?

A)The North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
B)The International Monetary Fund.
C)The International Criminal Court.
D)The United Nations.
E)The Association of Southeast Asian Nations.