Deck 6: International Institutions and War

Question 1

How does an alliance affect the bargaining model of war?

A)An alliance is superfluous to the bargaining model.
B)An alliance moves the bargaining range closer to the nonallied state's ideal point.
C)An alliance moves the bargaining range closer to the allied states' ideal points.
D)An alliance moves the bargaining range in an unknown direction.
E)An alliance expands the range of possible bargains.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following best summarizes the series of events that led to the outbreak of World War II?

A)The Soviet Union attacked Poland,prompting numerous countries,including Germany and France,to declare war on the Soviet Union.
B)Germany invaded France,attempting to defeat it quickly,before Russia could fully mobilize its troops.
C)Britain invaded Germany,and Germany's ally,Austria,came to its aid.
D)Germany invaded Poland;Britain and France declared war on Germany,and Germany invaded France.
E)Austria invaded Serbia,Russia declared war on Austria,and Germany attacked France.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What kind of alliance commitments are most common?

A)Offensive obligations.
B)Defensive obligations.
C)Both offensive and defensive obligations.
D)Consultation obligations.
E)Neutrality obligations.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

All of the following are problems with the balance of power theory EXCEPT states:

A)sometimes ally with former enemies in order to fight a stronger state.
B)sometimes ally with a stronger state instead of allying with others against that state.
C)sometimes ally with other states,not just to gain strength but because they share the same religion.
D)sometimes ally with states with whom they share an ideology,not because the allies offer the best military advantage.
E)do not always consider stronger states to be threatening and therefore do not balance against them.

Question 5

What is true about alliances and collective security?

A)Collective security agreements historically predate alliances.
B)All alliances are a form of collective security.
C)States enter into alliances while individuals enter into collective security agreements.
D)Alliances historically predate collective security.
E)Neither alliances nor collective security affect the probability of war.

Question 6

What of the following are alliances LEAST likely to affect in terms of war and conflict?

A)Whether a dictatorship is more or less likely to go to war with a democracy.
B)Whether outsiders will join a conflict when war breaks out.
C)The bargaining that precedes the war.
D)The bargaining that seeks to end an ongoing war.
E)The bargaining that takes place in the aftermath of the fighting.

Question 7

Why would states risk being dragged into another war by joining an alliance?

A)Since they are in an alliance together,states can trust their allies not to risk a war.
B)A state can easily leave an alliance if its partners needlessly go to war.
C)Allies can control what the alliance does,and the alliance will not be dragged into a war without the whole alliance's approval.
D)States can clearly signal whether they will support their allies if a war begins and will be able to deter enemies from attacking.
E)Alliances make war more likely and states can often gain from a successful military intervention.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about Tibet is true?

A)The Soviet Union invaded Tibet after the Chinese Revolution.
B)China has no historical claim to Tibet.
C)China invaded Tibet,and the United Nations took no action to repel the attack.
D)China invaded Tibet,and the United Nations sent troops in an attempt to repel the attack.
E)North Korea helped China invade Tibet after the Korean War.

Question 9

In which of the following is there a balance of power?

A)When the United States was the sole superpower in the 1990s.
B)When China refrains from taking over Taiwan.
C)After World War II,when the Allies defeated the Axis powers.
D)When Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to invade and divide Poland between them.
E)When the United States and the Soviet Union had roughly equal military strength.

Question 10

How did the Korean War start?

A)North Korea invaded South Korea,and the United Nations authorized troops to repel the attack.
B)South Korea invaded North Korea,and the United Nations sent troops to help North Korea.
C)North Korean soldiers infiltrated South Korea and began a long insurgency to overthrow the government.
D)China invaded Korea,and the United Nations authorized troops to reverse the attack.
E)The Soviet Union invaded Korea,and the United States sent troops to repel the attack.

Question 11

What is true of alliances and their impact on World War II?

A)Alliances did not affect World War II.
B)Many states participated in World War II due to alliance commitments.
C)No country was willing to ally with Germany.
D)If there had been no alliance system,the war would not have happened.
E)Poland's alliance with the Soviet Union drew Russia into the war.

Question 12

Which of the following would be an asymmetric alliance?

A)The de facto agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union not to use nuclear weapons.
B)The Cold War weapons agreements that allowed the Soviet Union to keep more nuclear missiles than the United States.
C)The United States pledging to defend Costa Rica if that country is attacked.
D)The agreement between France and Russia before World War II to come to each other's aid.
E)When the more powerful countries in the European Union contribute more in taxes.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes an alliance?

A)An institution that promotes peace among its members.
B)An institution that helps states cooperate militarily to achieve their common security goals.
C)Organizations that assist states in increasing their weapons development.
D)An agreement between two countries to collectively monitor their elections.
E)An organization that helps promote members' common interest in ensuring peace.

Question 14

All of the following are reasons an alliance commitment might be questionable EXCEPT:

A)the commitments of an alliance can be costly to carry out.
B)there are incentives for alliance partners to bluff.
C)alliances are binding contracts.
D)alliance partners have not always honored their commitments.
E)accurate information about alliance partners can be difficult to obtain.

Question 15

Which of the following is an alliance?

A)The United Nations.
B)The League of Nations.
C)The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.
D)The European Union.
E)The World Bank.

Question 16

What are collective security organizations?

A)Small groups of actors who band together to go to war with another state.
B)Organizations that help states accumulate the weapons they need to increase their security.
C)Organizations that help collect dues to support states' combined armed forces.
D)Institutions that provide group responses to acts of aggression.
E)Institutions that help states cooperate militarily to achieve their goals.

Question 17

Why do alliances form?

A)Powerful countries force weaker countries to join their organizations.
B)The citizens of member states push for closer relations with other similar states.
C)An alliance makes members less likely to attack each other.
D)Two or more states have a common goal of promoting peace and realize that the more states that join the organization,the more likely it is that peace will be achieved.
E)Two or more states have a common security goal and need more military support than one of them has.

Question 18

While the Klingons and Romulans have long been enemies,the Klingons recognize how powerful the Romulans are and so they join them in declaring war on the relatively weak Vulcans so that they can share in the spoils.This is an example of what concept?

A)Genocide.
B)The balancing of power.
C)Collective security.
D)Peacekeeping.
E)Bandwagoning.

Question 19

Which of the following countries is NOT an ally of the United States?

A)The People's Republic of China.
B)Canada.
C)South Korea.
D)Japan.
E)Great Britain.

Question 20

Which of the following would be considered a collective security organization?

A)The "Pact of Steel" between Germany and Italy.
B)The League of Nations.
C)The European Union.
D)The North American Free Trade Agreement.
E)The World Trade Organization.

Question 21

When are alliances most likely to be successful?

A)When democratic states create alliances.
B)When authoritarian states create alliances.
C)When a large number of states join the alliance.
D)When powerful states are interested in the outcome of a dispute.
E)When states are able to credibly signal their strong mutual interests.

Question 22

Why does the NATO still exist?

A)NATO members want protection because the Soviet Union is still a possible threat.
B)NATO members still have common interests such as protection from terrorism.
C)Western European countries believe that NATO is the only reason the United States would help defend them if they were attacked.
D)The Warsaw Pact has increased its military spending and NATO has expanded in response.
E)Western European countries want NATO to protect them from a reunified and stronger Germany.

Question 23

All of the following are reasons the alliance system before World War I was dangerous EXCEPT:

A)the high number of allies made calculations about what others would do more difficult.
B)the alliances created mutual deterrence by raising the expected costs of war.
C)the Great Powers depended on their allies for their security.
D)the Great Powers were uncertain whether allies would actually come to their aid in a war.
E)a small conflict could escalate into a general war.

Question 24

The permanent 5,or P5,is an important group in what organization?

A)The Security Council.
B)The North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
C)The Warsaw Pact.
D)The General Assembly.
E)The League of Nations.

Question 25

Gondor invades the neighboring kingdom of Mordor.After many years of war the two sides call a cease-fire.They ask the United Nations (UN)to send in troops to help maintain the cease-fire.This is an example of:

A)an alliance.
B)peacemaking.
C)collective security.
D)genocide.
E)peace enforcement.

Question 26

The fictional Dalek nation decides to kill all of the members of a minority ethnic group living in its country.This is an example of what concept?

A)Bandwagoning.
B)Genocide.
C)A humanitarian intervention.
D)Peacekeeping.
E)Collective Security.

Question 27

All of the following statements about alliance commitments are true EXCEPT:

A)states have honored their alliance commitments in war most of the time.
B)it is difficult to know whether states would have gone to war even if there had been no alliance.
C)states' military situation can change,reducing the benefit of an alliance and therefore the states' dedication to the alliance.
D)states honor their alliance commitments,even when there is no world government to enforce these obligations.
E)states honor their alliance commitments because the cost of following through on their pledges is usually minimal.

Question 28

Why did the Warsaw Pact form?

A)Poland feared a German invasion once Hitler came to power.
B)The Soviet Union and Germany wanted to invade Poland and divide it between them.
C)West Germany and France decided to form a common alliance against the Soviet Union.
D)The Soviet Union became more fearful after West Germany joined NATO.
E)The United States had pledged to restore Poland after World War II and wanted to ensure its security.

Question 29

All of the following have been ways that defensive alliances have been used to increase the cost of abandoning an ally when it goes to war EXCEPT:

A)marriages between royal families.
B)publicizing the provisions of the alliance agreement.
C)having a long ratification process for the agreement between the allies.
D)making public statements pledging one's honor to comply with an alliance.
E)agreeing to have a third-party organization force the members to honor their commitment.

Question 30

How did European states "pass the buck" before World War II?

A)France created alliances with Poland,Czechoslovakia,Yugoslavia,and Romania.
B)France and Poland adopted defensive postures on the German border.
C)Italy allied with Germany.
D)Britain pledged to defend Poland and France if they were attacked by Germany.
E)France,Britain,and the Soviet Union each hoped one of the others would prevent Germany from becoming too powerful.

Question 31

Why was Great Britain's role important in the beginning of World War I?

A)Britain had refused to join any alliances before World War I.
B)Britain's intentions were unclear,which made some leaders think it might join Germany's alliance.
C)Britain clearly signaled its intention to enter the war if Germany attacked France.
D)Britain clearly signaled its intention to enter the war if Germany attacked Poland.
E)Britain's intentions were unclear,which made German leaders doubt whether Britain would enter the war.

Question 32

What was the League of Nations?

A)An alliance created after World War I by the United States,France,and Britain.
B)An alliance created by democratic nations during World War I to oppose Germany and Austria-Hungary.
C)A group of states that sought to remain neutral during the Cold War.
D)A confederation of states created after World War I to act as a world government.
E)A collective security organization created after World War I to prevent future wars.

Question 33

Why did the "Long Peace" occur?

A)Germany reunited and created a balance of power with France until just before World War I.
B)The United States returned to its isolationist strategy and did not start new wars.
C)The Soviet Union recognized that the United States was much stronger and made significant concessions to the West.
D)The fact that just the United States and the Soviet Union dominated international relations meant miscalculations were less likely.
E)The alliance system was less institutionalized,meaning that European powers could shift allegiances when necessary to protect their interests.

Question 34

What is the trade-off between the credibility of alliances and keeping control of alliance partners?

A)The more control an ally has in forcing compliance,the less credible the alliance is.
B)The more discretion an ally has in honoring the alliance,the less credibility the alliance has.
C)The greater the integrity of the alliance partners,the less control the alliance has over those allies.
D)The more standing the alliance has internationally,the more control the alliance has.
E)The more organized the alliance institutions are,the less faith the allies have in the alliance.

Question 35

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)is all of the following EXCEPT a(n):

A)alliance between the United States and many European states.
B)alliance that requires members to consider an attack on any of them as an attack on all.
C)alliance created as the Cold War ended.
D)collective defense treaty.
E)alliance that formed in response to the threat posed by the Soviet Union.

Question 36

Alliances can make cooperation between states more likely for all of the following reasons EXCEPT alliances can:

A)decrease the costs of fighting a war.
B)increase the benefits of fighting a war.
C)increase the cost of not fighting a war.
D)force states to honor their commitments.
E)improve states' bargaining positions in a conflict.

Question 37

Which of the following statements about alliances is true?

A)Alliances are empires.
B)Alliances are actors in their own right.
C)Alliances are institutions.
D)Alliances never act as a cohesive group.
E)Alliances are permanent.

Question 38

Before World War I,which countries were in the Triple Alliance?

A)France,Russia,Britain.
B)France,the Soviet Union,Britain.
C)Germany,Austria,Russia.
D)Germany,Austria,Italy.
E)Prussia,Russia,and France.

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of the United States "tying its hands" to signal its commitment to its allies?

A)The United States stationed troops in South Korea.
B)The United States joined NATO.
C)The United States created several defense alliances after World War II.
D)The United States helped rebuild Europe with the Marshall Plan.
E)The United States severed diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.

Question 40

In what country did NATO intervene during 2011?

A)Iraq.
B)Syria.
C)Lebanon.
D)Libya.
E)Bosnia.

Question 41

How did alliances contribute to the "Long Peace" of the twentieth century?

Question 42

How does the presence of an alliance alter the bargaining model of war?

Question 43

All of the following are examples of increased collective security cooperation after the end of the Cold War EXCEPT:

A)an increase in the number of peacekeeping missions approved by the United Nations Security Council.
B)approval and support of the United Nations Security Council for an attack on Iraq after it invaded Kuwait.
C)the response to the killing of Tutsis in Rwanda in 1994.
D)participation of some Arab and Muslim states in the United Nations coalition against Iraq in 1991.
E)international monetary support helped lower the costs of the Iraq War.

Question 44

Which of the following is a feasible example of a collective security organization,like the United Nations,helping to resolve a commitment problem?

A)The organization can force states to agree to a cease-fire.
B)The organization can provide international mediators to help negotiate a bargain.
C)The organization can place peacekeepers between Egypt and Israel to reduce the possibility of a surprise attack.
D)The organization can forcibly confiscate the weapons of the countries to keep them from going to war again.
E)The organization can provide a forum for a peace treaty to be discussed.

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT a benefit that the United Nations (UN)has provided to world security?

A)It has facilitated joint decision making in venues such as the Security Council.
B)It has provided peacekeeping troops to help uphold cease-fire agreements.
C)It has allowed for a unified global response to terrorism in places such as Syria and Iraq.
D)It has provided UN legitimacy to actions in Kuwait and Korea.
E)It has successfully protected human rights in places like El Salvador and,after 1995,Bosnia.

Question 46

All of the following statements about the United Nations Security Council are true EXCEPT the:

A)veto rule ensures that when the United Nations acts,it will have the support of the world's major powers.
B)size of the Security Council makes rapid responses more difficult.
C)size of the Security Council makes achieving consensus easier.
D)veto rule helps alleviate the collective action problem that results in lack of resources for United Nations actions.
E)veto rule results in more actions taken against weaker states than more powerful states.

Question 47

Why do states join alliances? What are the risks and benefits for states joining an alliance?

Question 48

Which of the following is an example of genocide?

A)Darfur,where an estimated 400,000 ethnic Darfuris have been killed by government-sponsored militias.
B)Argentina,where the military government from 1976 to 1983 murdered up to 30,000 alleged leftist sympathizers.
C)The U.S.Civil War,in which over 600,000 Americans died.
D)The Bataan Death March,in which 6,000-11,000 soldiers died from brutal treatment and murder.
E)The war during the 1998-2003 conflict in the Congo,which caused the deaths of over 5 million people.

Question 49

Why do United Nations peacekeeping missions usually face limitations in what they can accomplish?

A)The countries where peacekeepers are stationed resent them because they have not given the United Nations permission to send troops.
B)The United Nations peacekeepers are often seen as biased toward one side in a conflict.
C)United Nations peacekeepers are often not properly trained for the battles they are expected to fight.
D)United Nations peacekeepers are lightly armed.
E)The local population views United Nations peacekeepers suspiciously because they often fire upon suspected guerillas.

Question 50

Recent tensions in Syria and Ukraine have led which P5 country to use its veto more frequently?

A)The United States.
B)China.
C)The United Kingdom.
D)France.
E)Russia.

Question 51

What is a humanitarian intervention?

A)When a third party joins a conflict to prevent its ally from losing.
B)When a third party attempts to relieve a crisis involving human rights abuses.
C)When a third party erects tariffs on imports to recoup losses from unfair trade practices.
D)When a third party drafts a resolution of condemnation in the United Nations.
E)When an established alliance allows a weaker state to join it.

Question 52

Why is Srebrenica an example of the limitations of United Nations (UN)peacekeeping?

A)United Nations peacekeepers could not effectively monitor elections to ensure their fairness.
B)NATO had to bomb Serbian forces to keep them from taking Srebrenica.
C)The United Nations could not convince any countries to contribute troops to a peacekeeping mission in Srebrenica.
D)United Nations safe havens proved to be breeding grounds for transnational terrorist groups.
E)United Nations peacekeepers could not prevent Serbian forces from massacring 7,000 Muslim men and boys.

Question 53

How did the alliance system contribute to the beginning of World War I?

Question 54

Which of the following is an example of a peacekeeping mission?

A)A powerful country invades another country to stop genocide.
B)An international organization sends troops to stop genocide.
C)A group of countries together intervene to stop a humanitarian disaster.
D)An international organization organizes a military force to enforce a cease-fire.
E)An international organization organizes a military force to stop a civil war.

Question 55

Which of the following states is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council?

A)Japan.
B)France.
C)Germany.
D)Brazil.
E)Taiwan.

Question 56

If you were the leader of a country,what factors would influence whether you would enter into an alliance with another country? What would make you more or less likely to ally with it and why?

Question 57

Why did the United Nations Security Council authorize its response to the Korean War?

A)All permanent members voted to repel the reprehensible attack.
B)The Soviet Union condemned the attack and took the lead in proposing the resolution.
C)The United States and the Soviet Union cooperated in the wake of the end of the Cold War to end aggressive actions by China.
D)The Soviet Union had been boycotting the Security Council meetings and missed the vote.
E)The Security Council members unanimously agreed that the attack violated international law and had to be condemned.

Question 58

Why did the United States' foreign policy after the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001,negatively affect the United Nations (UN)?

A)When the Security Council did not approve an invasion of Iraq,the United States ignored the United Nations and went to war anyway.
B)The United Nations opposed the war on Afghanistan,but the United States invaded the country anyway.
C)The United States realized that the United Nations was irrelevant,because the organization did not share the same interest in opposing terrorism.
D)The United Nations did not approve of the invasion of Iraq but was discredited when it was learned that Iraq had sponsored acts of terrorism against the United States.
E)The United States troops found Iraqi weapons of mass destruction that United Nations inspectors had not been able to find.

Question 59

Which of the following accurately describes how peacekeeping can promote a more peaceful world?

A)The presence of peacekeepers can reduce the possibility of a civil war resuming.
B)Peacekeepers have been able to stop genocides from occurring.
C)Peacekeepers can impose cease-fires between states at war.
D)Peacekeepers are neutral actors who can negotiate bargains between two states and often avoid a war.
E)Peacekeepers usually achieve their goal of reducing domestic criminal conduct.

Question 60

All of the following are ways collective security organizations improve the chances of peace EXCEPT:

A)providing neutral soldiers to be a buffer between hostile and suspicious states.
B)intervening to repel an invasion when the invading countries are great powers.
C)organizing economic sanctions against a state that has unlawfully attacked another state.
D)offering mediators to help states find mutually acceptable solutions.
E)sending soldiers to a country to oversee disarmament agreements.

Question 61

How do collective security organizations reduce joint decision making and commitment problems?

Question 62

What kinds of credibility and commitment problems do states have when they join alliances?

Question 63

Has the United Nations (UN)made the world a safer place than it would have otherwise been if the organization had never been created? Explain.

Question 64

How do collective security organizations promote peace? When are these organizations likely to succeed or fail?

Question 65

Why has NATO survived after the end of the Cold War?

Question 66

What is the difference between peace enforcement and peacekeeping? Which do you think is more likely to be successful and why?

Question 67

How is international peace a public good,and how does this affect the likelihood of peace?