Deck 2: Physiology of the Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Systems

Question 1

Compliance is BEST explained by which of the following statements.

A)The tendency of a structure to return to its initial size after being distended
B)The pressure that acts to collapse the alveolus and increase the pressure of air within the structure
C)The tendency of a force that exists to collapse or recoil the structure while inflated
D)The pressure that allows changes in lung volume to parallel changes in thoracic excursion during breathing

Answer 1

C
Compliance of lung tissue is likened to a balloon during inspiration,where there exists a tendency to collapse or recoil while inflated.A = elasticity;B = surface tension;D = transmural pressure.

Question 2

Which of the following BEST describes the intrapleural pressure compared to the intrapulmonary pressure?

A)Intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure.
B)Intrapleural pressure is the same as intrapulmonary pressure.
C)Intrapleural pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure.
D)Intrapleural pressure is not related to the intrapulmonary pressure.

Answer 2

A
The intrapleural pressure is normally lower than the intrapulmonary pressure developed during both inspiration and expiration.This difference in pressures helps to maintain the lung near the chest wall.

Question 3

Which of the following statements BEST explains why increasing administered oxygen should be done cautiously in a patient with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)AT REST?

A)The body may rely on hypoxic drive to breathe (oxygen receptors)and increasing administered oxygen at rest leads to hyperoxemia suppressing the hypoxic drive.
B)The body needs additional time to allow the peripheral chemoreceptors to cause an increase of ventilatory rate to improve oxygenation.
C)The body is relying on carbon dioxide to regulate the respiratory cycle,and increasing administered oxygen at rest leads to inhibition of the carbon dioxide receptors.
D)Increasing administered oxygen to the body oversaturates the system leading to toxicity.

Answer 3

A
A patient with severe COPD who develops high CO₂ blood levels subsequently leads to the body relying more on oxygen receptors instead of carbon dioxide receptors.This is termed hypoxic drive to breathe.If administered oxygen is too high and causes hyperoxemia (increased oxygen in the blood),the oxygen receptors may be suppressed,which reduces the drive to breathe.

Question 4

Which of the following lung receptors are stimulated in a patient with left-sided congestive heart failure who develops pulmonary edema causing the patient to breathe in a SHALLOW,tachypneic pattern.

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)Chemoreceptors
D)Juxtapulmonary receptors

Question 5

Which of the following improves gas exchange in the base of the lungs?

A)Gas ventilation is greater than blood perfusion.
B)Patient is positioned in prone.
C)Patient is positioned in upright sitting.
D)Blood perfusion amount is greater than gas ventilation.

Question 6

In the systemic arteries,at a partial pressure of 100 mm Hg,the percent of hemoglobin should be:

A)85%.
B)97%.
C)74%.
D)21%.

Question 7

Which of the following is the BEST way to measure oxyhemoglobin saturation?

A)Pulse oximeter
B)Hemoglobin blood test
C)Arterial blood gas
D)Pulmonary function test

Question 8

The total volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled in 1 minute is termed:

A)tidal volume.
B)minute ventilation.
C)inspiratory reserve volume.
D)inspiratory capacity.

Question 9

Which of the following events occur as a result of the diaphragm and external intercostals contracting to facilitate inspiration?

A)An increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and lung reducing the intrapulmonary pressure
B)An increase in the pressure within the lung occurring due to Boyle's law
C)A decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity and lung increasing the intrapulmonary pressure
D)A change in the thoracic cavity and lung volume leading to an intrapulmonary pressure that exceeds the atmospheric pressure

Question 10

Which of the following factors act to decrease airway resistance?

A)The presence of mucus and edema
B)Smaller airway diameter
C)Parasympathetic nervous system
D)Sympathetic nervous system

Question 11

Which of the following changes in the system would cause a shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left?

A)An increase in the pH
B)A decrease in the pH
C)Increase in tissue temperature
D)Prolonged hypoxemia

Question 12

Which of the following statements is MOST correct about surfactant?

A)Diminishes the overall surface tension of the alveoli to keep air in smaller alveoli.
B)Pulmonary surfactant is composed of a single class of molecules.
C)Compression of the surfactant molecules decreases their density.
D)Surfactant develops early in fetal life.

Question 13

Which of the following forms of hemoglobin molecules refers to the binding of heme to carbon monoxide instead of oxygen?

A)Oxyhemoglobin
B)Deoxyhemoglobin
C)Methemoglobin
D)Carboxyhemoglobin

Question 14

The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal exhalation is termed:

A)inspiratory reserve volume.
B)expiratory reserve volume.
C)inspiratory capacity.
D)vital capacity.

Question 15

To facilitate the diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to pulmonary capillary,which of the following must occur?

A)The alveolar walls become thicker.
B)Concentration of oxygen is high in the pulmonary artery.
C)Concentration of oxygen is high in the alveoli.
D)Partial pressure of oxygen must equal 20.93%.

Question 16

Which of the following lung tissue receptors are located along the smooth muscles lining the airways are sensitive to increasing size and volume within the lung,termed the Hering-Breuer reflex?

A)Irritant receptors
B)Stretch receptors
C)Chemoreceptors
D)Juxtapulmonary receptors

Question 17

Which of the following physical properties of lungs facilitates passive expiration?

A)Compliance
B)Elasticity
C)Surface tension
D)Resistance to airflow

Question 18

Which of the following brain areas provides control for automatic breathing?

A)Medulla oblongata
B)Pons
C)Frontal lobe of the cerebrum
D)Hypothalamus

Question 19

The primary function of the pulmonary system is which of the following?

A)Regulating acid-base balance and maintaining normal blood pH
B)Filtering and metabolizing toxic substances
C)Achieving temperature homeostasis through evaporative heat loss
D)Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between environment,blood,and tissue

Question 20

Which of the following factors will potentially diminish cardiac output?

A)Medications that have a positive ionotropic effect
B)Beta-blocker effect on beta-receptors
C)Release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
D)An increase in blood volume

Question 21

Which of the following age-related cardiovascular physiological changes MOST likely leads to increased ventricular wall thickness?

A)Increased body weight
B)Decreased maximal heart rate
C)Reduced arteriovenous oxygen uptake
D)Increased collagen presence

Question 22

Afterload is BEST defined by which of the following statements?

A)A reflection of the pressure against which the heart has to contract
B)The amount of load (stretch)on the myocardial wall prior to contraction
C)The maximum amount of blood that can be filled in the ventricles
D)The pressure within the arterial system during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle

Question 23

The positive ionotropic effect on myocardial contractility produced by the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings is an example of:

A)intrinsic control factor.
B)extrinsic control factor.
C)Frank-Starling mechanism.
D)parasympathetic stimulus.

Question 24

The BEST indicator of cardiac function is:

A)stroke volume.
B)end-diastolic volume.
C)ejection fraction.
D)end-systolic volume.

Question 25

The rate pressure product is a clinically useful tool to estimate the myocardial oxygen demand and is calculated using which of the following variables?

A)Respiratory rate × systolic blood pressure
B)Respiratory rate × diastolic blood pressure
C)Heart rate × systolic blood pressure
D)Heart rate × diastolic blood pressure

Question 26

In a patient with systolic heart failure,the compromised ejection fraction is commonly reflected as:

A)70%.
B)60%.
C)50%.
D)35%.

Question 27

Peripheral muscle contraction and deep diaphragmatic inspiratory maneuvers directly enhance which of the following influences on cardiac function?

A)Venous return
B)Myocardial contractility
C)Afterload
D)End-systolic volume

Question 28

Myocardial tissue requires constant aerobic metabolism both at rest and during heavy exercise.Which of the following attributes of myocardial tissue BEST facilitates the supply of oxygen during systole (myocardium contraction)?

A)High capillary density
B)Myoglobin
C)Coronary perfusion
D)Hemoglobin

Question 29

Which of the following age-related cardiovascular physiological changes is considered a peripheral factor?

A)Compromised arteriovenous oxygen uptake
B)Reduced stroke volume
C)Decreased maximal heart rate
D)Low stroke volume values

Question 30

In patients with congestive heart failure,which of the following positions should be avoided to minimize the preload on a failing heart?

A)Sitting up in a bedside chair
B)Standing at a support surface
C)Semireclined on an exercise mat
D)Supine with lower extremities elevated