Deck 5: Anxiety and Related Disorders

Question 1

Though panic attacks can occur in a variety of other disorders, in panic disorder they occur

A) more intensely.
B) predictably.
C) for longer periods of time.
D) more frequently.
E) spontaneously.

Answer 1

spontaneously.

Question 2

The term __________ refers to the fact that people prone to panic attacks tend to catastrophically misinterpret arousal-related bodily sensations.

A) panic sensitivity
B) alarm sensitivity
C) anxiety sensitivity
D) panic catastrophizing
E) anxiety catastrophizing

Answer 2

anxiety sensitivity

Question 3

According to the text, biological theories of anxiety emphasize all of the following except

A) neuroanatomy.
B) structural brain damage.
C) family history.
D) neurotransmitters.
E) genetics.

Answer 3

structural brain damage.

Question 4

Cognitive factors involved in anxiety disorders include:

A) dysfunctional attitudes, beliefs and thinking abilities.
B) maladaptive attitudes, beliefs and interpretive biases.
C) maladaptive beliefs, schemas, attention and processing biases, and automatic thoughts.
D) over-exaggerations in terms of number and degree of threats to the self.
E) over-exaggerations only in terms of degree of threats to the self.

Question 5

With regard to neurotransmitters involved in fear / anxiety

A) serotonergic circuits are primarily involved.
B) dopamine agonists increase the fear / anxiety response in animals.
C) the roles of GABA, norepinephrine and serotonin are the most studied.
D) Only GABA has been well studied but others are thought to be involved.
E) GABA's function in the brain is processing threat-related stimuli.

Question 6

The behavioural avoidance test (BAT) is used to measure and assess

A) agoraphobic avoidance.
B) derealization.
C) depersonalization.
D) paresthesias.
E) fear of dying.

Question 7

Panic is defined as an extreme ___________ reaction that is triggered by a(n) ______________.

A) anxiety; future-oriented threat
B) emotional; perceived threat
C) fear; false alarm
D) anxiety; false alarm
E) emotional; imagined threat

Question 8

Clark's model of panic postulates that panic attacks arise from

A) catastrophic misinterpretation of arousal-related bodily sensations.
B) the correct interpretation of bodily sensations.
C) raised levels of norepinephrine.
D) previous conditioning experiences.
E) lowered levels of norepinephrine.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT true of panic disorder?

A) It afflicts more males than females.
B) People having panic attacks often feel the are having a heart attack.
C) The average age of onset is 25 years.
D) It is often underdiagnosed by heath care professionals.
E) It is often comorbid with other mental disorders.

Question 10

Anxiety is distinguished from fear and panic because of the emphasis on __________.

A) fighting
B) the present
C) the past
D) the future
E) fleeing

Question 11

Heather avoids situations such as travelling far from home, being alone in or outside the home and going into crowded places. Judging from this description, which of the following terms best encapsulates her behaviour?

A) Agoraphobia
B) Social phobia
C) Specific phobia
D) Panic attacks
E) Generalized anxiety

Question 12

According to the two-factor theory of phobias, avoidance or escape serves as a __________ which prevents classically conditioned fears from being unlearned.

A) positive punisher
B) negative reinforcer
C) negative punisher
D) neutral stimulus
E) positive reinforcer

Question 13

According to DSM-IV-TR, a(n) __________ is defined as a discrete period of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by at least 4 of the 13 somatic, behavioural and cognitive symptoms listed (such as palpitations and fear of dying).

A) panic attack
B) anxiety attack
C) panic episode
D) acute attack
E) anxiety episode

Question 14

Support for the two-factor theory of fear was found in the case of __________, who developed a fear of __________.

A) Little Albert, spiders
B) Little Hans; horses
C) Little Albert; horses
D) Little Albert; rats
E) Little Hans; spiders

Question 15

The textbook cites research support for the following interpersonal factors as being involved in the anxiety disorders:

A) parenting style / attachment style; parental criticism, overprotection, and control; peer victimization experiences in childhood
B) harsh and inconsistent punishment; peer victimization experiences in early childhood
C) coercive parental discipline techniques; over-crowded early social environment
D) at least one parent with an anxiety disorder; over-crowded early social environment
E) at least one parent with an anxiety disorder; early peer victimization

Question 16

The neural circuit in fear / anxiety is believed to involve (from input to output):

A) sensory systems; frontal cortex; adrenal cortex; brain stem / spinal cord
B) sensory systems; thalamus; amygdala; hypothalamus; midbrain; brain stem / spinal
C) thalamus; hippocampus; basal ganglia; hypothalamus; brain stem / spinal
D) thalamus; occipital cortex; association cortex; motor cortex; brain stem/spinal
E) thalamus; temporal cortex; association cortex; motor cortex; brain stem / spinal

Question 17

The onset of panic disorder is typically

A) around childhood.
B) around late adolescence or young adulthood.
C) near late adulthood.
D) early to middle adulthood.
E) variable.

Question 18

Approximately __________% of the population may be expected to develop an anxiety disorder at some point in their lives.

A) 10
B) 40
C) 25
D) 55
E) 90

Question 19

References to anxiety have been made since______________, with the first references being made by _____________ about ________________.

A) Victorian era; Freud; a woman who feared men with cigars
B) the Middle Ages; Paraclesus; people who feared possession
C) the 18ᵗʰ century; Pinel; a patient with apparent agoraphobia
D) late 1800's; Kraeplin; a patient with apparent OCD-related disorder
E) beginning of history; Hippocrates; a man who feared flute music

Question 20

The role of GABA in anxiety was discovered after it was found that a class of drugs known as __________ reduce anxiety through their action on GABA.

A) tricyclics
B) benzodiazepines
C) SSRIs
D) bicyclics
E) monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Question 21

Research found that 92% of an adult sample of individuals with ________ were bullied or severely teased during childhood; this was at least twice as frequent as for _________ or _________

A) social phobia; OCD; panic disorder
B) panic disorder; OCD; social phobia
C) social phobia; specific phobia; PTSD
D) specific phobia; social phobia; OCD
E) anxiety disorders; depression; bipolar mood disorders.

Question 22

Subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder include all of the following except:

A) Contamination and Washing/Cleaning
B) Hoarding
C) Ordering/Symmetry
D) Counting
E) Checking

Question 23

With regard to PTSD, two important and proposed changes in DSM-5 include:

A) tighten the criteria such that fewer people can be diagnosed with PTSD; behaviorally specify a number of terms that are currently vague
B) add symptoms and behaviors to better incorporate the variety of reactions to trauma; distinguish between avoidance symptoms and negative alterations in cognition and mood
C) remove the criterion that the person be directly exposed to the traumatic event; create subtypes based on type of avoidance
D) increase the duration requirement to 2 months; broaden the way that impairment may manifest
E) increase the duration requirement to 6 months; broaden the way that impairment may manifest

Question 24

Jim has a strong fear of eating in restaurants, but otherwise does not experience anxiety. His correct diagnosis would probably be

A) agoraphobia.
B) non-generalized social phobia.
C) generalized social phobia.
D) specific phobia.
E) panic disorder.

Question 25

The idea that individuals with panic disorder catastrophically misinterpret their bodily sensations is most consistent with _________ theories of panic disorder.

A) physiological-attribution
B) cognitive
C) physiological
D) biopsychological
E) bio-behavioral

Question 26

To qualify for a diagnosis of PTSD the individual must display symptoms for longer than __________ following a traumatic event.

A) one year
B) 1 month
C) 3 months
D) 6 months
E) five years

Question 27

The nonassociative model of phobias claims that

A) evolution endowed humans not to respond fearfully to any kind of stimuli and that learning was necessary for very specific phobias to develop.
B) evolution endowed humans to respond fearfully to a select group of stimuli but that learning is necessary to develop the phobia.
C) evolution endowed humans to respond fearfully to a select group of stimuli but that learning is not necessary to develop the phobia.
D) evolution endowed humans to respond fearfully to any kind of stimuli but that personal experience was necessary for a phobia to develop.
E) evolution endowed humans not to respond fearfully to any kind of stimuli and that personal experience is necessary for a phobia to develop.

Question 28

The concept of biological preparedness helps to explain why

A) learning to fear snakes is just as easy as learning to fear lamps.
B) it is impossible to develop two fears at the same time.
C) all stimuli have an equal potential for becoming specific phobias.
D) learning to fear snakes is easier than learning to fear lamps.
E) learning is not a necessary component in the development of phobias.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT one of the four subtypes of specific phobia listed in the DSM-IV?

A) animal
B) specific situation
C) death
D) blood injection
E) environmental

Question 30

With regard to panic and panic disorder, it is generally accepted that

A) uncued panic attacks are not uncommon in the population.
B) uncued panic attacks are quite rare in the population; the majority of those who experience them are eventually diagnosed with panic disorder, provided they meet additional criteria.
C) the frequency of panic attacks is normally distributed in the population; those with frequency in the upper 5% are diagnosed with panic disorder.
D) the intensity of panic attacks is normally distributed in the population; those with intensity in the upper 5ᵗʰ percentile are diagnosed with panic disorder.
E) panic attacks only occur in persons with panic disorder.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT one of the four clusters of symptoms associated with posttraumatic stress disorder?

A) Recurrent reexperiencing of the traumatic event
B) Exposure to a traumatic event
C) Persistent symptoms of increased arousal
D) Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli
E) Repeated and unwanted thoughts

Question 32

Behavioural or mental acts of neutralization appear to be

A) specific to OCD patients.
B) specific to male OCD patients.
C) specific to female OCD patients.
D) not common among OCD patients.
E) a normal and common activity.

Question 33

Only the __________ form of thought-action fusion (TAF) is considered to be a pathological OCD belief.

A) Likelihood-Other TAF
B) Likelihood-Self TAF
C) Moral TAF
D) Moral-Self TAF
E) Likelihood TAF

Question 34

Research on disgust sensitivity supports the notion that

A) the fear of death is also an important component.
B) the cause of phobias may not always involve only fear of danger.
C) other emotions, such as anger, are necessary, for some phobias.
D) the cause of phobias must also always include a fear of contamination.
E) beliefs about being harmed are critical to the onset of some phobias.

Question 35

__________ are repetitive behaviours or cognitive acts performed in response to obsessions.

A) Repeats
B) Checks
C) Compulsions
D) Reiterations
E) Motor disturbances

Question 36

Cognitive factors associated with social phobia appear to involve

A) normal social information processing but negative beliefs about self and others.
B) abnormal social information processing despite generally positive beliefs about self and others.
C) abnormal social information processing.
D) abnormal social information processing and negative beliefs about self and others.
E) negative beliefs about self and others.

Question 37

__________ has a prevalence rate comparable to unipolar depression.

A) Social phobia
B) PTSD
C) Generalized anxiety disorder
D) OCD
E) Panic disorder

Question 38

One of the symptoms of PTSD includes emotional numbing or

A) an inappropriate expression of emotion.
B) an inability to experience emotional feelings.
C) avoiding emotional feelings.
D) an inability to control emotions.
E) feelings of guilt.

Question 39

If the equipotentiality premise concerning specific phobias is true, then it must also be true that

A) a person cannot be afraid of both dogs and doors.
B) only neutral stimuli that involve animals can become phobias.
C) classical conditioning cannot explain the development of phobias.
D) only a select number of stimuli are consistently related to phobias.
E) all neutral stimuli have the potential for becoming phobias.

Question 40

Concerning the risk factors for the development of PTSD __________ appear to be the most powerful predictors.

A) childhood factors
B) interpersonal traumas
C) post-event factors
D) psychiatric histories
E) pre-event factors

Question 41

The main treatment for OCD involves exposure and

A) worry exposure.
B) Ritual prevention.
C) interoceptive exposure.
D) worry behaviour prevention.
E) intense exposure.

Question 42

__________ treatments of anxiety tend to have lower relapse rates.

A) Pharmacological
B) Cognitive-behavioural
C) Humanistic
D) Existential
E) Psychoanalytic

Question 43

Both cognitive restructuring and exposure appear to be useful in the treatment of __________ disorder.

A) panic
B) obsessive-compulsive
C) generalized anxiety
D) social anxiety
E) phobic

Question 44

The most commonly used and effective medications for the treatment of anxiety disorders today are __________.

A) antidepressants
B) the benzodiazepines
C) stimulants
D) antianxiety drugs
E) minor tranquilizers

Question 45

The rationale underlying systematic desensitization is that

A) anxiety is due to uncontrollable thoughts or worries.
B) anxiety is an outcome of an abnormally functioning HPA-axis.
C) anxiety is a learned or conditioned response.
D) anxiety is due to a history of child abuse.
E) anxiety is due to poor interpersonal skills.

Question 46

Family studies indicate that up to 50% of those suffering from anxiety disorders have an immediate family member who also suffers from an anxiety disorder.

Question 47

Worrying appears to help individuals with GAD avoid

A) panic attacks.
B) depression.
C) suicidal ideation.
D) physiological arousal.
E) stress.

Question 48

Many of the etiological models of GAD are primarily __________ in nature.

A) neuropsychological
B) genetic
C) biological
D) behavioural
E) cognitive

Question 49

According to the Dugas, Gagnon, Ladouceur, and Freeston (1998) model of generalized anxiety disorder, which of the following is one of the key elements underlying the disorder?

A) excessive amounts of catecholamines
B) intolerance of uncertainty
C) thought-action fusions
D) poor interpersonal relations
E) catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily arousal

Question 50

For a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) the DSM-IV-TR requires that the anxiety must be present more days than not for a period of at least

A) 1 year.
B) 6 weeks.
C) 6 months.
D) 6 days.
E) 3 years.

Question 51

A physiological marker of PTSD is

A) decreased cortisol secretion.
B) smaller frontal lobes.
C) a smaller hypothalamus.
D) increased cortisol secretion.
E) an enlarged hippocampus.

Question 52

__________ was the first psychological treatment to be thoroughly validated for anxiety disorders.

A) Psychoanalysis
B) Relaxation training
C) Exposure therapy
D) Hypnosis
E) Cognitive restructuring

Question 53

Proposed for DSM-5 is that the anxiety disorders will have which three categories?

A) anxiety disorders; obsessive-compulsive-related disorders; and phobic disorders
B) anxiety disorders; obsessive-compulsive-related disorders; trauma-related disorders
C) obsessive-compulsive-related disorders; trauma-related disorders; phobic disorders
D) anxiety disorders; trauma-related disorders; phobic disorders
E) anxiety-related disorders; phobic disorders; hoarding-related disorders

Question 54

Panic could be described as a "false alarm."

Question 55

One commonly used technique in cognitive restructuring involves the use of

A) response prevention.
B) a fear hierarchy.
C) dual representation.
D) a thought record.
E) exposure.

Question 56

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with generalized anxiety disorder?

A) muscle tension
B) sleep disturbance
C) irritability
D) fear of losing control or going crazy
E) restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge

Question 57

Mythical and historical accounts of anxiety reactions date as far back as the existence of writing.

Question 58

Virtual reality technologies have become particularly useful in

A) exposure therapies.
B) cognitive therapies.
C) psychodynamic therapy.
D) drug therapy.
E) cognitive and drug therapies.

Question 59

If a first degree relative has an anxiety disorder, then the offspring have 4-6 times the risk of inheriting that specific anxiety disorder

Question 60

Worry imagery exposure was primarily developed for the treatment of __________.

A) social phobia
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) specific phobia
E) panic disorder

Question 61

Research shows that Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, which includes exposure, is significantly more effective than exposure alone

Question 62

It is possible to have a diagnosis of agoraphobia without history of panic disorder.

Question 63

There is research support for mindfulness-based approaches to treating anxiety disorders

Question 64

Individuals with generalized anxiety disorder often avoid activities such as drinking coffee and having sex because they frequently misinterpret the resulting bodily sensations of arousal.

Question 65

Several researchers have examined the role of neurotransmitters and neuroanatomy in anxiety. Briefly discuss the role of one brain region and one neurotransmitter which have been studied.

Question 66

We now know that GABA is the neurotransmitter system solely dedicated to the fear and anxiety response

Question 67

The theory behind Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, a new method of treating anxiety disorders is widely accepted.

Question 68

Obsessions are repetitive behaviors performed in response to repetitive, intrusive thoughts.

Question 69

Personality disorders are frequently present in more complex and severe cases of PTSD.

Question 70

From a cognitive perspective, panic disorder involves catastrophic misinterpretations of bodily sensations

Question 71

Mowrer's two-factor theory satisfactorily explains why some stimuli (such as spiders) are more likely to become feared rather than others.

Question 72

The equipotentiality premise, as it applies to phobias, is widely accepted as true

Question 73

Salkovskis proposed that cognitive intrusions develop into obsessions only when intrusions are appraised as posing a threat for which the person is personally responsible.

Question 74

Research has shown that neutralizing occurs relatively often in people who do not have OCD.

Question 75

Specific parenting behaviors and styles have been associated with increased risk of anxiety disorder

Question 76

Individuals who are susceptible to anxiety disorders do not appear to have atypical beliefs about the self, but have been found to have a number of distorted beliefs about specific threats in the environment

Question 77

Anxiety disorders are the third most common mental disorder, second only to mood disorders and eating disorders

Question 78

Watson's two-factor model of fear and phobias proposes that fears are acquired through classical conditioning but maintained through operant conditioning.

Question 79

Researchers hope to provide critical experimental tests of attachment vs. cognitive explanations of anxiety disorders, since these approaches are incompatible

Question 80

The amygdala can effectively process external (i.e., fear-provoking) stimuli and determine its survival relevance without the influence of higher brain functioning