Deck 14: Developmental Disorders

Question 1

In Canada, the preferred term is __________, whereas in the United States, the term most often used is __________, although the two are often used interchangeably.

A) mental retardation; learning disability
B) intellectual disability; mental retardation
C) mental retardation; developmental handicap
D) intellectual disability; learning disability
E) mental handicap; developmental disability

Answer 1

intellectual disability; mental retardation

Question 2

Stereotypy refers to

A) misunderstandings applied to persons with developmental disorders.
B) repetition of meaningless and non-functional gestures or movements.
C) the prevalence of developmental disorders.
D) behaviors that are used to diagnose Downs Syndrome.
E) behaviors present in FASD.

Answer 2

repetition of meaningless and non-functional gestures or movements.

Question 3

The best known chromosomal abnormality associated with mental retardation is __________; the most common type of this abnormality is __________.

A) Fragile X syndrome; trisomy 21
B) Tay-Sachs disease; trisomy 21
C) Down syndrome; trisomy 23
D) Tay-Sachs disease; trisomy 23
E) Down syndrome; trisomy 21

Answer 3

Down syndrome; trisomy 21

Question 4

The changes that will be made to diagnosis of mental retardation in DSM-5 include

A) replacing the term with intellectual developmental disorder; reduced emphasis on IQ; increase emphasis on cultural issues and adaptive behavior.
B) replacing the term with mental developmental disorder; reduced emphasis on IQ; increase emphasis on cultural issues and adaptive behavior.
C) replacing the term with intellectual developmental disorder; increased emphasis on cultural issues and adaptive behavior.
D) replacing the term with intellectual developmental disorder; reduced emphasis on IQ.
E) reduced emphasis on IQ; increase emphasis on cultural issues and adaptive behavior.

Question 5

In the twentieth century, new initiatives concerning the developmentally delayed were stimulated by the interest shown by U.S. President __________, who had a sister with a developmental disability.

A) John F. Kennedy
B) Lyndon B. Johnson
C) Jimmy Carter
D) Richard Nixon
E) George Bush

Question 6

The damaging effects of PKU can be

A) mostly prevented with a diet that contains no nuts or soy products.
B) reversed somewhat with a diet that is high in essential amino acids.
C) mostly prevented with a diet high in essential amino acids.
D) reversed with a diet that is high in lysine and glutamine.
E) mostly prevented with a diet that contains no phenylalanine.

Question 7

The Adaptive Behaviour Assessment System (ABAS) is particularly useful for assessing the adaptive skills of people aged

A) 0-12.
B) 7-18.
C) 5-89.
D) 5-15.
E) 18-25.

Question 8

Approximately __________ percent of developmental disabilities associated with severe intellectual disabilities have genetic causes.

A) 5
B) 25
C) 10
D) 45
E) 60

Question 9

Which of the following is not a metabolic disorder?

A) Tay-Sach's disease
B) Gaucher's disease
C) Hurler's syndrome
D) hyperammonemia
E) congenital hypothyroidism

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT true concerning phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A) It is now detected through a blood test shortly after birth.
B) It is caused by an autosomal recessive gene.
C) It is a metabolic disorder.
D) It occurs in approximately 1in 100-500 live births in North America.
E) It results in an inactive liver enzyme, leading to mental retardation.

Question 11

Research concerning maternal drinking during pregnancy indicates that

A) binge drinking and moderate drinking over a longer period of time are equally damaging.
B) moderate drinking over a longer period may be more damaging than binge drinking.
C) the effects of binge drinking depend on the type of beverage consumed by the mother.
D) neither binge drinking nor moderate drinking over a longer period of time have an effect on the fetus.
E) binge drinking may be more damaging than moderate drinking over a longer period.

Question 12

In North America, the term __________ is used to refer to normal intelligence with specific learning problems (such as reading), while in Britain it refers to mental handicap.

A) intellectual disability
B) developmental disability
C) developmental handicap
D) mental retardation
E) learning disability

Question 13

The choice of cutoff IQ scores for the diagnosis of mental retardation

A) has changed from two standard deviations below the mean to an IQ score of 85.
B) has remained at two standard deviations below the mean.
C) has changed from two standard deviations below the mean to an IQ score of 60.
D) has remained at three standard deviations below the mean.
E) has changed from two standard deviations below the mean to an IQ score of 75.

Question 14

Though dominant inheritance of mental retardation is very rare, the text mentions two disorders transmitted in this manner. Which of the following is such a disorder?

A) phenylketonuria
B) Fragile X syndrome
C) tuberous sclerosis
D) galactosemia
E) Tay-Sach's disease

Question 15

Diagnosis of mental retardation requires

A) significant deficits in IQ.
B) significant deficits in adaptive functioning.
C) significant deficits in IQ and one area of adaptive functioning.
D) significant deficits in IQ and two areas of adaptive functioning.
E) significant deficits in IQ and daily living skills.

Question 16

Prenatal screening for chromosomal abnormalities is possible through __________; this procedure is conducted between the __________ weeks of pregnancy.

A) amniocentesis; 8th and 11th
B) amniocentesis; 11th and 18th
C) ultrasound; 11th and 18th
D) ultrasound; 8th and 11th
E) amniocentesis; 10th and 12th

Question 17

According to the 1983 American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR) definition, mental retardation refers to significantly subaverage intellectual functioning accompanied by

A) limitations in two or more areas of adaptive behaviour (such as self-care).
B) having at least one relative with an IQ below average.
C) reading difficulties.
D) an Axis I mental disorder.
E) having at least one parent with an IQ below average.

Question 18

The three domains of adaptive skills used by the AAMR in the definition of mental retardation today are

A) conceptual, social, and practical.
B) social, intellectual, and conceptual.
C) cognitive, social, and emotional.
D) behavioural, social, and emotional.
E) cognitive, social, and practical.

Question 19

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the view that mental retardation was inherited was emphasized. At the same time, the __________ movement called for measures such as sterilization and restriction of marriage.

A) eugenics
B) moral
C) sanctity
D) purity
E) humane

Question 20

The three chromosomal abnormalities that cause Down's Syndrome are:

A) trisomy 21 ; translocation ; mosaicism
B) trisomy 23 ; translocation ; mosaicism
C) trisomy 21 ; translocation ; Fragile X
D) trisomy 23 ; translocation ; Fragile X
E) trisomy 23 ; mosaicism ; Fragile X

Question 21

Developmental disabilities occur in ________ percent of children with HIV who do not receive appropriate treatment.

A) 10-15
B) 20-25
C) 50
D) 65-70
E) 75-90

Question 22

A recent Canadian survey of aberrant behaviour among children, adolescents and adults with developmental disabilities found clinically significant aberrant behaviour in roughly __________ percent of children as well as adolescents and adults.

A) 100
B) 25
C) 75
D) 50
E) 90

Question 23

Ames (1992) conducted a longitudinal study of Romanian infants who had spent varying amounts of time in orphanages. Which of the following is NOT one of the findings of this research?

A) Approximately three years after adoption over half of the children adopted at an older age were not yet ready for the school grade appropriate to their age.
B) The children who had been in the orphanage the longest had the lowest IQs.
C) Orphans who entered an infant development program after adoption were found to progress rapidly.
D) All of the children at time of adoption were found to be delayed in intelligence.
E) Almost 80% of the children at time of adoption were found to be delayed in gross and fine motor skills.

Question 24

In recent years, many educational programs for people with developmental disabilities have focused on developing social skills and independent living skills. These programs often use __________ approaches.

A) social learning
B) operant conditioning
C) classical conditioning
D) paired-associate conditioning
E) modelling

Question 25

In approximately __________% of people diagnosed as having a developmental handicap, no organic cause or brain dysfunction has been identified.

A) 75
B) 40
C) 90
D) 25
E) 60

Question 26

__________, a drug prescribed by European physicians in the 1950s and 1960s for nausea, was found to cause limb deficiencies or malformations in infants.

A) Dilantin
B) Acetaminophen
C) Mellaril
D) Thalidomide
E) Benadryl

Question 27

Perceiving deviant behaviours to be a function of a developmental disorder is called

A) dual diagnosis.
B) oversight.
C) diagnostic overshadowing.
D) diagnostic oversight.
E) overshadowing.

Question 28

Adults with Down syndrome are at high risk for

A) Parkinson-like dementia.
B) lung cancer.
C) schizophrenia.
D) Alzheimer-type dementia.
E) Huntington's disease.

Question 29

A recent survey of women with mental retardation living in community residences indicated that between __________ percent had been sexually assaulted.

A) 75-80
B) 65-70
C) 45-50
D) 85-95
E) 25-30

Question 30

Prematurity as well as prolonged or complicated labour and delivery can result in developmental problems including:

A) FASD, Down's Syndrome, and Tay-Sach's.
B) FASD and Tay-Sach's.
C) visual deficits, cerebral palsy, speech and learning difficulties.
D) chorionic villus, phenylketonuria, and Tay-Sach's.
E) Down's Syndrom and Tay-Sach's.

Question 31

Fetal alcohol syndrome is found in ______ per1000 live births.

A) 1 to 3
B) 5 to 10
C) 10 to 15
D) 20 to 30
E) 40 to 50

Question 32

Males with __________ show a particular pattern of cognitive functioning: a weakness in sequential processing of information but strengths in simultaneous, holistic processing.

A) phenylketonuria
B) Tay-Sachs disease
C) Fragile X syndrome
D) Turner's syndrome
E) Down syndrome

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT associated with Down syndrome?

A) congenital heart disease
B) poor muscle tone
C) kidney abnormalities
D) congenital cataracts
E) gastrointestinal abnormalities

Question 34

Estimates of the prevalence rates of dual diagnosis (co-occurrence of behavioural or psychiatric disorders in people with developmental disabilities) range from

A) 10-70%.
B) 50-60%.
C) 70-80%.
D) 5-10%.
E) 20-25%.

Question 35

The findings of the Romanian adoption study are most consistent with the idea that

A) children appear to inherit low intelligence from their parents.
B) early environmental factors shape intelligence, mental, and physical health.
C) intelligence is affected by peer social influences in middle childhood.
D) intelligence is multi-faceted and very difficult to predict.
E) adaptive skills, but not intelligence, are strongly affected by the early environment.

Question 36

Evaluative reviews of early intervention and prevention programs indicate all of the following EXCEPT

A) significant improvement in intellectual performance and academic achievement.
B) prevention of behavioural challenges.
C) greater engagement and social competence.
D) lack of preparation for inclusive education and community experience.
E) independence and mastery.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT an "essential daily ingredient" for the development of young children as expressed by Ramey and Ramey in their summary of early intervention studies?

A) a half hour of appropriate educational television
B) encouragement of exploration
C) guided rehearsal and extension of new skills
D) rich and responsive language environment
E) reinforcement of developmental achievements

Question 38

The co-occurrence of serious behavioural or psychiatric disorders in people with developmental disabilities has been labelled __________.

A) co-diagnosis
B) comorbidity
C) dual occurrence
D) co-prevalence
E) dual diagnosis

Question 39

__________ is/are the most common hereditary cause of mental retardation.

A) Fragile X syndrome
B) Phenylketonuria
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) Lesch-Nyhan disease
E) Down syndrome

Question 40

Which of the following was NOT a finding of a recent Canadian survey of aberrant behaviour among children, adolescents and adults with developmental disabilities?

A) The frequency of problem behaviours did not vary according to sex.
B) The frequency of problem behaviours diminished with age.
C) One of the most frequently reported behaviours was pica (eating inedible substances).
D) Aggression and depression were the most common psychological problems reported in the older group.
E) The type and intensity of behaviour varied according to the degree of disability, age, and sex of the child.

Question 41

In terms of the AIMS, traditional institutional care could be considered __________ (as discussed in the acculturation framework).

A) normalization
B) segregation
C) assimilation
D) integration
E) marginalization

Question 42

Tim is an autistic child who frequently repeats his mother's phrases, using the same or similar intonation. This behaviour is referred to as

A) repetitious verbal mimicking.
B) dystonia.
C) echolalia.
D) imitation.
E) pronoun reversal.

Question 43

A small proportion of autistic people display exceptional behaviour in certain areas, such as mathematics or music. These individuals are referred to as

A) savants.
B) autists.
C) idiots.
D) excepts.
E) special.

Question 44

The major feature which distinguishes child disintegrative disorder from autism is

A) later onset, after several years of normal development.
B) total lack of speech comprehension.
C) higher adaptive functioning.
D) earlier onset, shortly after birth.
E) higher IQ.

Question 45

Autistic children, rather than referring to themselves as I, often refer to themselves as "he" or "she." This behaviour is referred to as

A) echolalia.
B) repetitious verbal mimicking.
C) ego dysfunction.
D) pronoun reversal.
E) dystonia.

Question 46

Autism was first identified as a childhood disorder by

A) John Watson.
B) Steven Garner.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Aaron Beck
E) Leo Kanner.

Question 47

In terms of the diagnosis of autism, higher functioning individuals with higher IQ and fewer symptoms are often categorized as having

A) savant disorder.
B) Rett's syndrome.
C) core autism.
D) Asperger disorder.
E) Child disintegrative disorder.

Question 48

The influence of the __________ principle has contributed to the __________ of thousands of people living with disabilities.

A) regularity; deinstitutionalization
B) regularity; ostracizing
C) contact; normalization
D) normalization; ostracizing
E) normalization; deinstitutionalization

Question 49

For education, volunteer activity, and employment, results of a study using the AIMS Interview found the most frequently occurring category to be

A) segregation.
B) normalization.
C) marginalization.
D) integration.
E) assimilation.

Question 50

Kathy believes that the lives of individuals with disabilities should be as normal as possible. She is working by what has been called the __________ principle, introduced in Scandinavia by Bengt Nirje.

A) ordinary
B) similarity
C) normalization
D) regular
E) contact

Question 51

With regard to diagnosis of autism and Asperger's Disorder, the DSM-5 will

A) create a new subtype of PDD for Asperger's disorder.
B) include both in a diagnostic category termed autism spectrum disorder.
C) create a diagnostic category for high functioning autism.
D) create a category for high functioning Asperger's disorder.
E) add the criterion that language skills must be delayed for both disorders.

Question 52

Evidence suggests that an effective predictor of outcome among people with autism is

A) an IQ of 70.
B) an IQ above 95.
C) the absence of significant psychiatric problems.
D) the development of fluent speech by age 5.
E) the absence of epilepsy or sensory impairments.

Question 53

Approximately __________% of autistic children are mute.

A) 10
B) 80
C) 40
D) 50
E) 60

Question 54

Autism occurs

A) twice as often in females as in males.
B) three to four times as often in females as in males.
C) twice as often in males as in females.
D) only in males.
E) three to four times as often in males as in females.

Question 55

Katie is a baby who stiffens or screams in response to being held by her parents. This behaviour is most likely a sign of which disorder?

A) autism
B) pervasive developmental disorder
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) childhood schizophrenia
E) Fragile X syndrome

Question 56

While issues such as deinstitutionalization were major issues in the 1970s and 1980s, according to the text the focus shifted in the 1990s to

A) studying normalization.
B) examining mainstreaming.
C) reducing marginalization.
D) reinstituting institutionalization.
E) evaluating quality of life.

Question 57

The AIMS is an outcome measure designed to measure different levels of __________ of the developmentally disabled.

A) assimilation
B) marginalization
C) normalization
D) integration
E) segregation

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT included in the acculturation framework?

A) segregation
B) assimilation
C) integration
D) ostracization
E) marginalization

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT a pervasive developmental disorder?

A) Child Disintegrative Disorder
B) Autism
C) Rett Syndrome
D) Asperger Disorder
E) Down's Syndrome

Question 60

__________ approaches are generally the intervention of choice for maladaptive behaviours such as aggression and self injury.

A) Behavioural
B) Cognitive
C) Medical
D) Psychodynamic
E) Existential

Question 61

Rett's syndrome is distinguishable from autism by which characteristic?

A) Speech problems
B) Repetitive hand wringing
C) Lack of social responsiveness
D) Self-injurious behaviour
E) Screaming

Question 62

Shaywitz et al. (2008) have argued that we can identify children who are struggling with reading as early as age

A) 1 or 2.
B) 2 or 3.
C) 3 or 4.
D) 4 or 5.
E) 5 or 6.

Question 63

Research on facilitated communication (FC) training has shown that the initial success stories of this technique were really based on the

A) ouija board effect.
B) nocebo effect.
C) placebo effect.
D) facilitator effect.
E) abdication effect.

Question 64

The Stanford Binet Scale is an assessment of adaptive behaviour.

Question 65

Which of the following has NOT been found as evidence in favour of a biological theory of autism?

A) The brains of people with autism have been found to smaller and lighter.
B) About 30% of adolescents with autism have epileptic seizures.
C) Abnormal levels of serotonin are found in 30-50% of autistic children.
D) Symptoms of autism appear in all cultures.
E) A history of prenatal infection and problems during pregnancy are fairly common among mothers of autistic children.

Question 66

Non-verbal learning disorder is not currently a distinct diagnosis in DSM-IV-TR but is believed to reflect ____ hemisphere dysfunction, manifesting as difficulties with_______________.

A) right ; formation and access of vocabulary memory and factual information
B) right ; verbal reasoning ; sequential reasoning ; pattern analysis and recognition
C) right ; tactile perception, psychomotor coordination, visual-spatial organization, adapting to new situations
D) left ; reduced verbal knowledge and problem solving, verbal memory, reading decoding
E) left ; pattern recognition ; learning and implementing language-based routines

Question 67

Mathematical disorder is also known as

A) dyscalculia.
B) dysalgebra.
C) dystonia.
D) dyslexia.
E) dysgraphia.

Question 68

All of the following are examples of learning disorders EXCEPT

A) disorders of written expression.
B) mathematics disorders.
C) athletic disorders.
D) communication disorders.
E) reading disorders.

Question 69

Research findings about the etiology of learning disorders are inconclusive, but according to the text it is generally believed that

A) psychological causes may be implicated.
B) biological causes may be implicated.
C) neither biological nor psychological causes are likely to be implicated.
D) biological causes may be implicated, but secondary to psychological causes.
E) both biological and psychological causes may be implicated.

Question 70

__________ therapy appears to be very effective in treating many of the problems associated with developmental disabilities and autism.

A) Cognitive-Behavioural
B) Behaviour
C) Interpersonal
D) Cognitive
E) Psychodynamic

Question 71

The __________ and __________ hypothesis are the two major hypotheses concerning the etiology of autism.

A) psychodynamic; psychogenic
B) biogenic; environmental
C) psychogenic; biological
D) social; emotional
E) environmental; psychogenic

Question 72

Which of the following drugs was NOT mentioned by the text as having been used in the treatment of autism?

A) Resperidone
B) Valium
C) Naltrexone
D) haloperidol
E) methylphenidate

Question 73

The most controversial and least understood of all of the learning disorder subtypes is

A) reading disorder.
B) autism.
C) disorder of written expression.
D) mathematics disorder.
E) Asperger disorder.

Question 74

Karen is taking her son David for an assessment concerning a potential diagnosis of autism. They are most likely to be assessed by a

A) speech and language specialist.
B) psychiatrist.
C) multidisciplinary team.
D) social worker.
E) psychologist.

Question 75

Some persons diagnosed with mental retardation have significantly below-average IQ yet display normal adaptive functioning.

Question 76

The __________ hypothesis of autism focused on family characteristics.

A) psychodynamic
B) biological
C) medical
D) psychogenic
E) social

Question 77

The Weschler IQ test is the most appropriate IQ test to use for the assessment of mental retardation.

Question 78

Though the etiology of Rett's syndrome is not known, it is thought to be related to

A) a hormonal problem.
B) an environmental problem.
C) a metabolic problem.
D) a social problem.
E) a genetic problem.

Question 79

Rett syndrome affects

A) males and females equally.
B) younger males, but older females.
C) adult males and both child and adult females.
D) primarily females.
E) primarily males.

Question 80

The DSM-IV-TR classifies the learning disorders by academic subject because

A) it has been shown that academic functioning domains correspond to independent functional modules.
B) learning disorder diagnoses are based upon an IQ / achievement discrepancy and described by the domain in which they occur.
C) mathematics disorder stems from a well understood set of impairments that typically do not impact achievement in other domains.
D) reading corresponds to deficits in input; mathematics to processing; and written expression to output issues.
E) at the time of publication, there was insufficient research evidence to do otherwise.