Deck 2: Where Do Theories Come From

Question 1

Concepts are made measurable through the process of

A)secondary research.
B)primary research.
C)operationalization.
D)hypothesis.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is a common problem in data collection for criminologists?

A)hypothesis testing
B)statistical regression
C)participant observation
D)intersubjectivity

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A _________ is a study of other studies,and it often helps criminologists influence social policy.

A)common law
B)research program
C)meta-analysis
D)participant observation

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Stating a claim that breaking the cycle of poverty will reduce crime is an example of a

A)theory-based hypothesis.
B)correlation observed.
C)question about a cause.
D)theory-based social policy.

Question 5

Which of the following is not a general stage of scientific research?

A)choice of data collection techniques
B)problem identification
C)development of research design
D)hypothesis testing

Question 6

Scientific theory building in criminology has developed through the combination of the following except

A)hypothesis building.
B)systematic observation.
C)operationalization.
D)generalized deductions.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a dilemma facing criminologists hoping to use statistical evidence to influence social policy?

A)common laws
B)three-strikes laws
C)deviant behavior
D)participant observation

Question 8

Which of the following is not an example of a scientific endeavor?

A)building a database of information
B)investigating the relationship between gathered facts
C)investigating paranormal phenomena
D)interrogating witnesses at the scene of the crime

Question 9

What sections are not typically included in a research report?

A)author's bio
B)abstract
C)statement of hypothesis
D)findings and results

Question 10

Which method is a research technique that produces measurable results?

A)pure research
B)quantitative method
C)qualitative method
D)participant observation

Question 11

Which of the following is not an example of a theory?

A)Crime rates have increased this year.
B)Poverty is a root cause of crime.
C)Illegal drug usage is a result of poverty.
D)Theft is higher among poor individuals.

Question 12

Unveiling _______ moves criminology beyond the merely descriptive and into the realm of theory building.

A)facts
B)causality
C)witnesses
D)laws

Question 13

_________ is a strategy in data gathering in which the researcher observes a group by participating to varying degrees with the group.

A)Hypothesis testing
B)Secondary research
C)Participant observation
D)Pure research

Question 14

What is the primary medium in which criminologists publish research?

A)common laws
B)research programs
C)professional journals
D)newspapers

Question 15

Which concept can undergo a measurable change in research?

A)primary research. b variable.
C)data.
D)operationalization.

Question 16

Differential selection is an example of

A)internal validity.
B)external validity.
C)hypothesis testing.
D)operationalization.

Question 17

Theories help us with all of the following except

A)providing patters for interpretation of data.
B)creating larger understandings for human behavior.
C)creating singular understandings for human behavior.
D)building frameworks for understanding concepts.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of the code of ethics for researchers?

A)exercising objectivity in research
B)stating a clear hypothesis
C)conducting participant observation
D)research reports

Question 19

Which of the following is not an example of internal validity?

A)history
B)multiple-treatment interference
C)statistical regression
D)instrumentation

Question 20

The "evidence" in evidence-based criminology refers to

A)witnesses of the crime.
B)fingerprints found at the crime.
C)experimental scientific findings.
D)social discussions.

Question 21

Evidence-based criminology is the contemporary form of criminology.

Question 22

Making the observation that high crime rates are associated with poverty is a theory.

Question 23

Ideally,research results in the field of criminology should have practical implications to guide crime-control policy.

Question 24

________ are developed to help provide us patterns for interpreting data and linking studies together.

Question 25

Participating as an observer is always an example of ethical research.

Question 26

Theory building does not include data collection and analysis.

Question 27

External validity is the ability to generalize research findings to other settings.

Question 28

A meta-analysis is a close analysis of one particular study.

Question 29

Theories need to be tested many times in order to help the theory to be accepted as truth.

Question 30

A simple hypothesis is turned testable through operationalization.

Question 31

Creating government-funded opportunities for success that break a cycle of poverty are an example of ________.

Question 32

Evidence-based criminology is founded on the ___________ method.

Question 33

Research should be closely related to social policy creation.

Question 34

By creating framework with a concept,a ________ can be used to explain the role of the death penalty as power over the powerless..

Question 35

All of the eras of criminology today have led us to a psychological study of criminology rather than a scientific study of criminology.

Question 36

Survey research helps criminologists collect data.

Question 37

The three-strikes law is an example of a dilemma facing criminologists who hope to influence social policy on the basis of statistical evidence.

Question 38

When pretest subjects are sensitized,this is called differential selection.

Question 39

Creating a _________ helps scientists develop and test a theory.

Question 40

Protecting participant confidentiality should be included in a researcher's code of ethics.

Question 41

Keeping data confidential is an issue of _______ in social science research.

Question 42

Name the three eras of criminology and discuss how they have influenced the current field of criminology today.

Question 43

What is a theory? What is the role of theories in the field of criminology?

Question 44

The _________ method is a research technique that produces subjective results.

Question 45

Explain how theory building develops in the field and contributes to social policy in criminology.Please provide examples.

Question 46

Explain some of the ways criminologists determine validity in research design,including the challenges they face and the strategies used.

Question 47

What are some of the values and ethics that criminologists must consider when conducting research? How are they addressed?

Question 48

A __________ design is useful when social settings are beyond the control of the researcher.

Question 49

Properly selected control groups help criminology researchers eliminate threats to __________.

Question 50

The bulk of research in criminology undertaken today explores issues of __________.