Deck 6: Socialization

Question 1

Based on cross-national research, which group of parents is more likely to raise their children to be independent?

A) those in countries with greater rural populations
B) those in poorer countries
C) those in wealthy countries
D) those countries in which obedience is highly valued

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What agent of socialization has become the most influential in contemporary society?

A) schools
B) religion
C) the media
D) the workplace

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In the United States children are taught, starting in kindergarten, what is considered appropriate behavior. They are expected to learn and say the Pledge of Allegiance every morning. When their teacher wants to get their attention, he or she may ring a bell or turn the lights on and off rapidly. At this time, students learn very quickly to stop whatever they are doing and to sit on the floor in front of the teacher. As they progress through school, teachers still have expectations of the behavior they would like to see in their students. What is operating in American schools?

A) an authoritative teaching style
B) a hidden curriculum
C) complacency
D) positive role modeling

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Who or what are the agents of socialization who first teach us about our appropriate gender roles?

A) family
B) peer groups
C) the media
D) school

Question 5

According to research, tweens (8- to 12-year-olds) spend the most time

A) using the media.
B) with their parents.
C) in the classroom.
D) hanging out in person with peers.

Question 6

Which agent of socialization is most focused on teaching cultural knowledge?

A) the government
B) religious institutions
C) the media
D) schools

Question 7

Julius has been part of a street gang in the city in which he lives since he was very young. The gang is not violent and serves as a support system for Julius. He has a good relationship with his family as well. He goes to the local college and has remained a member of the gang. Mahmoud also goes to college and has joined a fraternity. He really enjoys the fraternity and has been playing an active role. Mahmoud also has a good relationship with his family. When comparing these two subcultures, which one is more likely to be an important agent of socialization?

A) The gang will play a greater role because the members join when they are so young.
B) The fraternity will likely play a greater role because of the higher education level of its members.
C) Both the gang and the fraternity can play equally significant roles as socializing agents.
D) Both will play a relatively insignificant role because the family has been the major socializing agent.

Question 8

Which of the following values are most likely to be taught to American children?

A) being a team player
B) pursuing individual achievement
C) learning to respect their parents
D) learning to share with those who are less fortunate

Question 9

Shania and Enrique are high school students who come from two different families. Shania's parents both went to college, her mother works as a high school teacher, and her father is an accountant. Shania's parents encouraged her to be involved in extracurricular activities and various clubs while going to school. Enrique's parents are both high school graduates; his mother works as a clerk at the local grocery store, and his father works in construction when he is able to find work. Sometimes money is tight in the household. Enrique's parents have asked him to get a job to help out. Enrique has little time to be involved in school activities and his parents don't feel those should be a priority because they take away from time that Enrique could be working and earning money for the family. When looking at both of these families, what can explain the difference in the experiences of Enrique and Shania?

A) Gender plays a significant role in the type of activities in which teenagers are involved.
B) Teens from wealthy families enjoy extracurricular activities more than poorer kids.
C) Some teenagers are more motivated to get outside jobs than others.
D) Social class plays a significant role in what is expected of teenagers.

Question 10

What function of graduate school is often unrecognized?

A) anticipatory socialization from professors
B) resocialization with professional organizations
C) socialization into a professional occupation
D) socialization from peer groups

Question 11

Jessica earned her master's degree. She was excited about finishing graduate school and finding her first professional job. She obtained a position working in a large marketing department in a healthcare system in San Francisco. Jessica was nervous about what would be expected of her. She was unsure about the rules in her own department and in the larger corporate culture of the organization. Who would likely be the most important socializing agent for Jessica as she learns the appropriate behaviors in her new work environment?

A) her parents
B) her graduate school professors
C) her graduate school friends
D) her coworkers

Question 12

Of the following, which socializing agent has the MOST influence on one's political socialization?

A) religion
B) workplace
C) family
D) peer groups

Question 13

Which group is usually the most important socializing agent when we are children?

A) family
B) friends
C) teachers
D) schools

Question 14

After Bridget was born, her mother taught her about the appropriate behavior for living in an American society. When she was three years old, she went to daycare full-time because her mother decided to go back to work. When she was five she started kindergarten. Once she was in high school, she decided to take a job at a local restaurant as a waitress. Bridget had many friends in high school and also played on the soccer team. Which of these groups served as agents of socialization for Bridget?

A) her family and her friends
B) her family, friends, and school
C) her family, friends, daycare, and soccer team
D) her family, friends, daycare, school, job, and soccer team

Question 15

Which of the following statements accurately describes socialization?

A) A small amount of socialization occurs outside of the family.
B) Socialization is a lifelong process.
C) Socialization is the same in every culture.
D) A "sense of self" is forged before socialization begins in earnest.

Question 16

What is the primary lesson taught by media to children and young people?

A) to be fiscally responsible
B) to become consumers
C) to appreciate the diversity of other cultures
D) to respect their parents and other adults

Question 17

At which stage do peer groups often act as a surrogate family?

A) during adolescence
B) as a person enters middle age
C) in the older years
D) in early childhood

Question 18

Ryan was raised by a stay-at-home mother and a father who worked in an office 40 hours a week. Carlo was raised by a single mother who worked 40 hours a week in a high-power executive position. Based on research relating to political views, which of the following statements is most likely?

A) Carlo does not pay attention to politics.
B) Ryan holds more conservative views than Carlo.
C) Ryan is more likely to support social equality than Carlo.
D) Carlo is less likely to support government assistance programs.

Question 19

Learning the ways of society is known as

A) transformational learning.
B) behavior modification.
C) socialization.
D) child rearing.

Question 20

Which sociologist believes that parents socialize their children into doing work that is similar to their own work?

A) Melvin Kohn
B) Erving Goffman
C) Philippe Aries
D) Karl Mannheim

Question 21

How did the Western view of children change in the nineteenth century compared to earlier times in history?

A) Children were able to work in the new factories and earn income for their family.
B) The lines between childhood and adulthood were blurred.
C) Children became an economic liability rather than an economic asset.
D) Children were viewed as in need of discipline and received severe beatings for transgressions.

Question 22

Kids often play dress-up or play school as a form of

A) resocialization.
B) imitation.
C) role modeling.
D) anticipatory socialization.

Question 23

Why did many Harvard law school students switch course from public interest law to corporate law?

A) They saw that many of their friends in other law schools were doing corporate law.
B) They became socialized into their profession during law school.
C) Many decided they didn't like working with poor people.
D) Many could not find jobs in nonprofit organizations.

Question 24

At what point in Western history did the idea that children should not be used as laborers become popular?

A) in the 1600s
B) in the 1700s
C) in the early nineteenth century
D) in the twentieth century

Question 25

As life-course trajectories became more standardized, what was the typical life course sequence experienced by a majority of the men in the twentieth century?

A) complete high school, marriage, parenthood, divorce
B) complete high school, entry into first job, marriage, parenthood
C) first job, marriage, military service, parenthood
D) complete high school, complete college, marriage, parenthood

Question 26

Learning the types of norms associated with a type of employment is known as

A) occupational socialization.
B) anticipatory socialization.
C) job skills training.
D) career ladder placement.

Question 27

A very remote tribe of people lives in the highlands of Papua, New Guinea. Boys are expected to undergo a blood initiation, which to outsiders would seem quite cruel and inhuman. For example, elders stick long canes into the young initiates' noses and a sharp arrow pierces their tongues a number of times. Members of the tribe believe that these rituals are necessary to expel the contaminated blood received from their mothers when they gave birth to them. Men may not marry or assume adult responsibilities unless they undergo these rituals. What do these rituals represent to these young men?

A) a rite of passage
B) a life-course perspective
C) a total institution
D) agents of socialization

Question 28

Who coined the term total institution?

A) Philippe Aries
B) Erving Goffman
C) Melvin Kohn
D) Karl Mannheim

Question 29

What is the most common life-course pattern for men in the United States today?

A) work, parenthood, cohabitation
B) college, work, marriage
C) college, work, cohabitation
D) work, marriage, parenthood

Question 30

Many immigrants come to the United States each year, often in search of a better life for themselves and their children. For first-generation immigrants, life in a new country can be challenging, especially if they do not speak English. They often rely on their children to help them navigate their new environment. The first-generation immigrants' children often quickly assimilate into American culture. It is increasingly difficult for them to maintain the customs from their traditional culture while living in a society in which many of those customs may be outdated. This can create conflict between the parents and children. What accounts for this conflict?

A) a cultural lag
B) a transformational experience
C) an age divide
D) a generation gap

Question 31

What perspective examines how age, time, and place shape social identities?

A) the life course
B) functionalism
C) the looking glass self
D) symbolic interactionism

Question 32

In the movie Eat, Pray, Love, actress Julia Roberts plays the role of Liz Gilbert. When Liz was going through her divorce, she met a man who practiced Eastern philosophy and religion and had a guru. When Liz decided to take time off to "find herself," one of the countries to which she traveled was India. Liz decided to stay in an ashram and hoped to meet the guru in order to obtain spiritual guidance. While there, Liz was expected to adhere to the strict rules that were in place. She lived in very simple conditions, was expected to eat the food that was served, was to attend prayer services, and was assigned to clean the toilets. She was expected to perform this task without complaining. What was Liz experiencing while staying in the ashram?

A) secularization
B) a total institution
C) resocialization
D) a religious experience

Question 33

Some research suggests that, in the United States, there may be a new life stage in which young adults delay their entry into adulthood. This is known as

A) emerging adulthood.
B) transitional adolescence.
C) the boomerang generation.
D) the generation gap.

Question 34

The life course often brings with it

A) difficulty in the beginning, a plateau in early adulthood, and then ease later in life.
B) a different experience based on a person's gender, class, and other aspects of identity.
C) a similar life experience for most people.
D) little opportunity for resocialization.

Question 35

Which agent of socialization encourages the discussion of nonmaterial values?

A) the media
B) family
C) schools
D) religion

Question 36

People often experience a number of changes in their life. One of the most difficult can occur during a divorce. It often takes people one or two years to adjust to all the changes divorce brings. They must to adjust to being a single person, they may have to raise their children alone, sometimes they have lost friends or family members, they may have to move to a new residence, or find a new job. Eventually, they may start dating again. What is the process that these individuals are undergoing?

A) saturation
B) reintegration
C) resocialization
D) total institution

Question 37

Which stage in the life course is filled with contradictions that exist between culture and biology?

A) adolescence
B) childhood
C) adulthood
D) old age

Question 38

Which religious group in the United States has been adept at utilizing the media to broadcast their message?

A) evangelical Christians
B) Unitarians
C) Hindus
D) Lutherans

Question 39

Which of the following contributed to creating the gap between childhood and adulthood?

A) the decrease in immigration
B) industrialization
C) the invention of the computer
D) the aging of the population

Question 40

Which of the following groups is more likely to experience a shorter period of adolescence?

A) females of all races and ethnicities
B) white males
C) working-class youth
D) middle-class youth

Question 41

At what age does living in a long-term care facility or in elder housing become more likely for older Americans?

A) age 60 and older
B) age 70 and older
C) age 75 and older
D) age 85 and older

Question 42

What percentage of women over age 65 live alone?

A) 32 percent
B) 39 percent
C) 43 percent
D) 52 percent

Question 43

How do genes and the social environment relate to one another?

A) Genes may exist for a certain trait, but how that trait is expressed depends on the social environment.
B) They are completely unrelated to one another.
C) Genes have a much stronger role in determining actions than the social environment does.
D) The social environment is completely responsible for behaviors such as being "outgoing"; genes play no role.

Question 44

Which stage of the life course is challenging due to the United States' cultural emphasis on youth?

A) adulthood
B) adolescence
C) childhood
D) aging

Question 45

Roger is 55 years old. He has been working in the banking industry for almost all his adult life. He has been with his current employer for the last 15 years. There has been a great deal of change over that time. With recent economic uncertainty, there has been some downsizing at the bank. When Roger talks with his friends, who are roughly the same age, they discuss similar situations in their organizations. What is the typical corporate experience that Roger and his friends are likely to encounter?

A) They are being targeted for job cuts.
B) They are finding that their jobs are stable because of their valuable experience.
C) They are encouraged to mentor and train younger colleagues who lack real-world experience.
D) They are being valued and rewarded for their efforts, but not necessarily through financial rewards.

Question 46

How is the life-course sequence different for men and women in the United States today?

A) Men are more likely to complete college.
B) Women are more likely to marry, while men are more likely to cohabit.
C) Women are more likely to have a period of unemployment to care for children.
D) Women are more likely to have parenthood as part of their sequence.

Question 47

When biology is thought to influence human behavior, this is known as

A) nature.
B) nurture.
C) socialization.
D) culture.

Question 48

Which of the following best describes the impact of genes on behavior?

A) The social environment can trigger genes and associative behavior but cannot limit the impact of genes.
B) Genes represent the potential for traits but do not determine the expression of those traits.
C) Genes, in general, are more important predictors of behavior than environment.
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 49

Which position sometimes attributes the social class differences that can be found in society to innate, biological differences?

A) social determinism
B) social Darwinism
C) biological determinism
D) environmental determinism

Question 50

Which of the following is true regarding the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer volunteers?

A) They were socially isolated.
B) Many later regretted the experience.
C) They remained politically active.
D) Many dropped out after the first week.

Question 51

When examining the various life changes, which, for many American adults, is the most significant life change they will experience?

A) getting a new job
B) moving to a new city
C) becoming a manager or supervisor
D) having a child

Question 52

Who argued that a group's shared historical experiences shape its general attitudes and behaviors?

A) Karl Mannheim
B) Philippe Aries
C) Erving Goffman
D) Melvin Kohn

Question 53

From the 1950s to the present time, what has the trend been for labor force participation for men aged 65 and older?

A) There has been no clear-cut pattern, as the rates change every year.
B) It follows an up and down pattern from one decade to the next.
C) It decreased, and then has been on the increase since 1985.
D) It has stayed relatively stable over time.

Question 54

What is the current retirement age, for those born after 1960, at which one may receive full Social Security benefits in the United States?

A) 65
B) 67
C) 69
D) 70

Question 55

As our society ages, a number of older adults are living longer; they are healthy and taking better care of themselves, and they still want to remain in the workforce. Many Americans own their own home. They are able to care for themselves and would prefer to not live in senior housing or any type of assisted living situation. They don't want to have to rely too much on their adult children either, as they know their adult children are busy with work and their families. When examining these trends, what emerges as a preference for many older adults?

A) to "age in place"
B) to disengage from the workforce
C) to cohabit with a life partner
D) to move into "transitional aging"

Question 56

What might people who were born in the late twentieth century consider themselves to be?

A) the Internet generation
B) the "me" generation
C) the consumer generation
D) the 9/11 generation

Question 57

Referring to the correlation between biology and social environment, which of the following statements is most correct?

A) Biology plays a stronger role in socialization than the environment.
B) The social environment has powerful effects on biology.
C) A person can easily learn new languages and norms regardless of where they have been raised.
D) Biology can be used to discriminate against some people.

Question 58

What was the eventual outcome for Isabelle, a child who lived in almost total isolation for the first six-and-one-half years of her life, in the 1930s?

A) She was never able to overcome the effects of the isolation.
B) She was able to reach the intellectual level of a seven-year-old.
C) She was able to reach an intellectual level that was normal for her age.
D) She was able to speak but had difficulty walking and running.

Question 59

Which position would argue that the gender-based wage gap is a result of the social systems that are in play?

A) social justice
B) natural selection
C) biological determinism
D) social determinism

Question 60

In China, parents are not expected to work after the age of 65. They may live with their children, who often financially support them in their older years. If an older parent is working, it is viewed as a disgrace to the family. In the United States, parents often work as long as they are able or need to in order to financially support themselves. When they grow older and are unable to live alone, they rarely live with their adult children. What would explain the difference in how the older parent is viewed in China compared to in the United States?

A) In democratic societies there is more guilt about needing to care for the older adult.
B) Cultural patterns vary in how older adults are viewed.
C) Citizens in richer countries are more able to care for older adults.
D) Less-developed countries encourage more independence among older adults.

Question 61

Which of the following can be an effect of a lack of early social stimulation?

A) decreased IQ scores
B) stunted growth
C) inability to form healthy social bonds
D) All these answers are correct.

Question 62

Julie is a very independent, spontaneous individual. According to Mead, this is an example of which part of the self?

A) the "I" and the "me"
B) neither the "I" nor the "me"
C) the "I"
D) the "me"

Question 63

Approximately what percentage of what the brain does is automatic?

A) 35 percent
B) 59 percent
C) 83 percent
D) 97 percent

Question 64

Which theorist developed the concept of the looking glass self?

A) Charles Horton Cooley
B) George Herbert Mead
C) Michel Foucault
D) Sherry Turkle

Question 65

Balancing the "I" and the "me" is

A) a biological component.
B) rarely necessary.
C) something that few people are able to do.
D) learned from social interaction with others.

Question 66

How does self-reflection emerge?

A) through the reflected self
B) through the looking glass self
C) through social interaction
D) through the generalized other

Question 67

What is the name of the brain cells that are fired when an action is performed?

A) positrons
B) neuroelectrons
C) mirror neurons
D) neurotransmitters

Question 68

Which theoretical perspective does Charles Horton Cooley represent?

A) functionalist
B) symbolic interactionism
C) conflict
D) feminist

Question 69

What was the major finding from the research done in the early 1990s on children living in Romanian orphanages?

A) They developed as well as other children because they received enough nourishment.
B) They developed emotional trauma because they moved from one orphanage to another.
C) They developed emotional trauma because they were often abused by their caregivers.
D) They had physical and cognitive trauma due to receiving little social stimulation.

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT part of the concept of the looking glass self?

A) our image as others see us
B) others making judgments or assessments of us
C) deciding how we view ourselves
D) experiencing a feeling based on our perceptions of others' judgments of us

Question 71

Which stage of development, according to Mead, occurs when children are in the classroom and are able to respect and listen to their teacher rather than doing whatever they would like to do?

A) pre-play
B) generalized other
C) play
D) game

Question 72

Which theorist believes that power shapes our daily life and our sense of self?

A) Charles Horton Cooley
B) Michel Foucault
C) George Herbert Mead
D) Sherry Turkle

Question 73

When juries are listening to testimony and trying to decide whether or not a defendant is guilty, they are using

A) selective perspectives.
B) "mind reading."
C) intuition.
D) "mind mapping."

Question 74

What is the hormone that allows mothers to bond with their newborn infants?

A) oxytocin
B) oxycontin
C) dopamine
D) serotonin

Question 75

According to George Herbert Mead, what makes up the "self"?

A) the "I" and the "me"
B) the "I" and the "you"
C) the "me" and the "you"
D) the "we" and the "them"

Question 76

Brian is four years old. He loves to watch cartoons, especially those about superheroes. His dad was also a big fan of watching cartoons when he was a child and has introduced Brian to superheroes. Brian's dad bought him a cape and a sword. He loves to put on his cape when he is watching Superman. He will jump off the couch and pretend that he is saving the world. Which of Mead's stages of social development is Brian involved in?

A) play
B) game
C) generalized other
D) pre-play

Question 77

Susan is an outgoing woman. She is very confident and has a strong sense of self. She works in a busy, competitive office in sales and marketing. Susan has many friends at work because she has learned that she needs to balance her strong, outspoken personality with being tactful and sensitive to others' needs. There are times that one of her coworkers does or says something that hurts Susan's feelings during a department meeting. Rather than reacting and saying something that may be rude, she waits and talks with her coworker in private after the meeting. Why is Susan choosing to respond this way?

A) She is afraid of being fired.
B) She is operating out of her sense of "me."
C) She is operating out of her sense of "I."
D) She is operating out of her id.

Question 78

All the following statements are true, according to Michel Foucault, EXCEPT that

A) power lies within many social institutions.
B) the connection of knowledge and power produces regimes of power.
C) people in power evaluate others to fit them into a system of categorization.
D) power exists in a centralized manner.

Question 79

The brain's ability to restructure and reorganize itself is known as brain

A) conformity.
B) expansion.
C) plasticity.
D) elasticity.

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT a stage of development proposed by Mead?

A) pre-play
B) generalized other
C) significant other
D) game