Deck 11: Gender and Sexuality

Question 1

Which of the following best summarizes the relationship sociologists see between sex and gender?

A) Sex is seen as biology and gender as purely social.
B) Some sex differences may be the product of differences in gender socialization.
C) Sex and gender are synonymous and can be used interchangeably
D) Sex has an influence on gender, but gender does not have an influence on sex.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The culturally defined differences between how men and women dress and behave is the result of

A) gender expression.
B) gender.
C) sex.
D) sexuality.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following could NOT be considered evidence that gender is socially constructed?

A) It is based on ideas of sex difference.
B) It changes across cultures.
C) It changes across time.
D) It is based on biological differences.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Jennie is feminine and enjoys wearing makeup and dresses. She enjoys it when her boyfriend takes her on dates, opens the door for her, and brings her flowers. Her gender expression is

A) woman.
B) female.
C) man.
D) male.

Question 5

The assumption that women can wear makeup but men are discouraged from doing so is based on ________ expectations.

A) gender
B) sex
C) gender display
D) sexuality

Question 6

Individuals who have surgery to change the sexual characteristics of their bodies are called

A) intersexed people.
B) bisexual people.
C) transgender people
D) transsexual people.

Question 7

Popular culture often suggests that men are physically stronger than women. Which of the following explains how a sociologist would examine this difference?

A) All these answers would be used by sociologists
B) Men are naturally predisposed to being stronger than women because they have more testosterone in their system.
C) Men's biology is naturally more muscular than women's biology, which makes them physically stronger.
D) Men are encouraged to engage in activities that encourage muscle development, whereas women are not encouraged to build muscle.

Question 8

Which of the following accurately describes the terms sex and gender?

A) Sex and gender are both based in culture.
B) Sex and gender are both based in biology.
C) Gender is based in biology and sex is based in culture.
D) Sex is based in biology and gender is based in culture.

Question 9

Though exact numbers are still debated, approximately what percentage of the population is born with ambiguous sexual criteria?

A) 3 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 1 percent
D) 7 percent

Question 10

The sociological study of masculinities demonstrates that

A) there are multiple ways for males to be masculine.
B) masculinity is determined by biological sex.
C) masculinity exists in similar ways across cultures.
D) some men are more masculine than others.

Question 11

Which term refers to individuals who are born with a sex that cannot be clearly defined based on biological criteria?

A) intersexual people
B) mixed-sexed people
C) asexual people
D) two-spirit people

Question 12

Carl was born female but self-identifies as a man. His biological sex does not match his masculine gender. Carl is a(n) ________ man.

A) intersexed
B) bisexual
C) transsexual
D) transgendered

Question 13

Individuals who have a gender identity that does NOT match their biological sex are called

A) transsexual people.
B) transgender people.
C) intersexed people.
D) bisexual people.

Question 14

The biological distinction between males and females is called

A) sex.
B) sexuality.
C) gender.
D) gender expression.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic?

A) menstruation
B) the clothes one wears
C) hormones
D) facial hair

Question 16

What is the definition of gender identity?

A) how other people perceive an individual's gender
B) how individuals use behaviors and their appearance to convey their gender
C) how individuals self-identify as being a man or a woman
D) how society's expectations influence an individual's appearance

Question 17

Which term refers to the way individuals demonstrate their understanding of themselves as a man or women though their clothing and behaviors?

A) gender identity
B) gender expression
C) sexual identity
D) sexual expression

Question 18

What is the definition of gender expression?

A) how other people perceive an individual's gender
B) how society's expectations influence an individual's appearance
C) how individuals self-identify as being a man or a woman
D) how individuals use behaviors and their appearance to convey their gender

Question 19

Which term refers to how individuals understand themselves as man, woman, or a combination of both?

A) sexual expression
B) sexual identity
C) gender expression
D) gender identity

Question 20

Which term refers to the physical differences between individuals, such as the genitalia, secondary sex characteristics, and chromosomes?

A) gender
B) sex
C) sexuality
D) gender display

Question 21

What is sexism?

A) the belief that men are better than women
B) the belief that one sex is better than the other
C) the belief that women are better than men
D) the belief that men and women are equals

Question 22

Tommy wears his hair cut short and enjoys rebuilding his car. When he is older, he wants to become a lawyer and a father. These traits and aspirations are called

A) his gender identity.
B) gender roles.
C) his gender expression.
D) gender socialization.

Question 23

How do people come to have a gender?

A) Gender comes naturally from biological differences.
B) They are socialized into being a boy or girl based on sex.
C) When rearing a child, parents pick the gender they want the child to adopt.
D) Individuals pick which gender they want to be.

Question 24

Which term refers to the unequal balance of power and resources shared between men and women?

A) gender hierarchies
B) gender stratification
C) gender diffusion
D) gender differences

Question 25

What are gender roles?

A) the social rules for the attitudes and behaviors men and women should have
B) the ways that individuals display their gender to others
C) the biological differences in the behavior and attitudes of men and women
D) the ability to perform tasks best suited for one's gender

Question 26

Which of the following is shaped by gender roles?

A) what jobs we want to have
B) the kind of jewelry we wear
C) the emotions we experience
D) All these answers are correct.

Question 27

Which of the following does NOT contribute to a baby's gender socialization?

A) the way his or her bedroom is decorated
B) how adults treat him or her
C) the clothing that he or she wears
D) the baby's gender identity

Question 28

An individual's masculinity is shaped by

A) sexual orientation.
B) race.
C) class.
D) All these answers are correct.

Question 29

When does gender socialization start?

A) when babies are designated as male or female
B) when babies start to interact with their environments
C) when children are able to talk
D) when children are able to move around their spaces

Question 30

What concept argues that gender is a product of social interactions within particular social settings?

A) displaying gender
B) doing gender
C) gender socialization
D) gender stratification

Question 31

With the concept of "doing gender," Candace West and Don Zimmerman argue that gender is created though

A) gendered social institutions.
B) the ways we dress our bodies.
C) social interactions.
D) expectations of gender difference.

Question 32

Kimberly believes that women are naturally superior to men. What term identifies her ideology?

A) patriarchy
B) feminism
C) sexism
D) matriarchy

Question 33

Jamie was born male but self-identifies as a woman. In order to make her body look more feminine, she had surgery and took female hormones in order to make her body look more feminine. Jamie is a(n) ________ woman.

A) transsexual
B) transgender
C) intersexed
D) bisexual

Question 34

You see a young couple on the street with their newborn baby. The baby starts to cry and the father hands the baby to the mother and states, "It is time for a diaper change!" This interaction is an example of

A) gender expression.
B) gender socialization.
C) doing gender.
D) displaying gender.

Question 35

The media tend to show ________ forms of masculinity and femininity.

A) stereotypical
B) realistic
C) idealized
D) deviant

Question 36

In Ojibwa culture, individuals who are biologically male or female but who take on social roles that are associated with both men and women are called

A) two-spirits.
B) transgendered.
C) two souled.
D) transsexual.

Question 37

Which of the following institutions is the most important in understanding gender socialization?

A) educational systems
B) the media
C) the family
D) peer groups

Question 38

Candace West and Don Zimmerman argue that one of the main problems in how men and women enact gender is that it

A) erases the biological differences between men and women.
B) assigns men more privileged social positions in society.
C) highlights the natural differences between men and women.
D) creates the idea that social differences between men and women are natural.

Question 39

According to studies of childhood gender socialization, at about what age do parents generally encourage their children to play with gender-stereotyped toys?

A) two years
B) eighteen months
C) one year
D) six months

Question 40

What term refers to the social rules for being a man or a woman that shape one's behaviors and attitudes?

A) gender expression
B) gender role
C) gender identity
D) sexual identity

Question 41

According to Joan Huber, what is the main reason for the pervasiveness of patriarchy?

A) Men refuse to share power with women.
B) Men are physically stronger than women.
C) Women are more tied to reproduction.
D) Women benefit from patriarchal arrangements.

Question 42

What type of social structure is controlled by men?

A) patriarchy
B) paternalism
C) oligarchy
D) matriarchy

Question 43

What concept deals with how working women take on primary responsibility for childcare and housework?

A) institutional sexism
B) gender stratification
C) the glass ceiling
D) the second shift

Question 44

According to Joan Huber, what historical culture supported the creation of patriarchal societies?

A) hunting and gathering societies
B) industrial societies
C) agricultural societies
D) postmodern societies

Question 45

What is gender stratification?

A) the unequal share of resources between men and women in society
B) the social and economic power men have over women in society
C) the unequal distribution of power and resources to men and women
D) the differences in power between men and women in society

Question 46

Researchers have found that a majority of the richest Americans are men. This is an example of

A) gender stratification.
B) patriarchy.
C) gender hierarchy.
D) doing gender.

Question 47

What concept deals with the difficulty women have in advancing in their careers as a result of individual and institutional sexism?

A) glass ceiling
B) second shift
C) invisible sexism
D) mommy tracking

Question 48

Which of the following factors does NOT help explain the wage gap?

A) the social stratification of society
B) the types of degrees men and women earn
C) the types of jobs men and women take
D) the effort individuals put into their work

Question 49

Which term refers to when someone in an intimate relationship controls his or her partner though the use of threats and violence?

A) family violence
B) domestic violence
C) gender violence
D) interpersonal violence

Question 50

In the United States today, how do women's earnings compare to men's?

A) Women earn about 80 percent of what men do.
B) Women's earnings are finally about equal to men's.
C) Women earn about 90 percent of what men do.
D) Women earn about 70 percent of what men do.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT true about sexual harassment?

A) It can be intentional.
B) It is illegal to sexually harass someone.
C) It always involves abuse of power.
D) It is possible to sexually harass someone without realizing it.

Question 52

Jenny and Manuel are talented lawyers working at a major law firm. When one of the partners in the firm retires, the firm promotes Manuel into a higher-paid position, noting that he is more logical and dedicated to the job than Jenny. This is an example of

A) gender stratification.
B) the glass ceiling.
C) institutional sexism.
D) the second shift.

Question 53

Brian put a picture of his girlfriend on his office desk where his co-workers can see it. In the picture, his girlfriend is dressed up and wearing a top that shows a generous amount of cleavage. Does his picture constitute sexual harassment?

A) Yes, if a coworker finds it to be too sexual for work.
B) Yes, because the picture is inappropriate for work.
C) No, because it is simply a picture of his girlfriend.
D) No, because he did not intend to offend others by displaying it.

Question 54

Approximately what percentage of female murder victims are killed by a current or former intimate partner?

A) 40 percent
B) 30 percent
C) 20 percent
D) 10 percent

Question 55

Unwelcomed sexual advances and unwanted verbal or physical contact that is sexual is called

A) gender harassment.
B) sexual harassment.
C) gender discrimination.
D) sex discrimination.

Question 56

What is the second shift?

A) when women are given less desirable jobs
B) when men work two jobs to support their families
C) when women work two jobs to support their families
D) when working women take responsibility for housework and child care

Question 57

Approximately what percentage of women have been victims of at least one act of physical violence by an intimate partner?

A) 50 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 15 percent
D) 25 percent

Question 58

What type of social structure is controlled by women?

A) oligarchy
B) patriarchy
C) matriarchy
D) paternalism

Question 59

The glass ceiling limits women's movement into higher levels of leadership and management at work as a result of ________ sexism.

A) individual
B) individual and institutional
C) cultural
D) individual and cultural

Question 60

Amy works full time as a manager at an office supply store. After work, she goes home and helps her kids with their homework, cooks dinner, and cleans the house while her husband relaxes after his day of work. This unpaid work is referred to as

A) family work.
B) kin work.
C) the mommy shift.
D) the second shift.

Question 61

The way that we understand ourselves in terms of our sexual attractions to others is called our

A) sexuality.
B) sexual identity.
C) gender expression.
D) gender identity.

Question 62

Which of the following does NOT provide evidence that sexuality is socially constructed?

A) Some acts, such as kissing, are seen as disgusting in some cultures.
B) Individuals are born with an innate drive to procreate.
C) There is variation in how often individuals should have sex to be considered "normal."
D) Oral sex is common in some cultures but not in others.

Question 63

Bryan took his two-year-old daughter to daycare. Once inside, one of the workers introduced her to the other children and told her to not go and pick out a boyfriend because she was too young. This interaction provides an example of

A) sexual identity.
B) gender identity.
C) homophobia.
D) heterosexism.

Question 64

Carter dates both men and women and sees himself as being a bisexual man. His understanding of himself as bisexual is his

A) gender expression.
B) gender identity.
C) sexuality.
D) sexual identity.

Question 65

American culture discourages individuals from marrying their cousins. This is an example of a(n)

A) sexual taboo.
B) sexual deviance.
C) incest norm.
D) incest taboo.

Question 66

Sexuality is a term that refers to

A) an individual's identity, sexual desires, and behaviors.
B) whether someone is heterosexual or homosexual.
C) how sexual behaviors are socially organized.
D) the sexual practices an individual prefers.

Question 67

Ralyn is attracted to both men and women but only dates men. What is her sexual identity?

A) homosexual
B) heterosexual
C) bisexual
D) asexual

Question 68

Julie identifies as a heterosexual woman. Although she is married to her husband, she finds it erotic to have sexual fantasies about women. Which term describes her identity, sexual thoughts, and desires?

A) heterosexuality
B) homosexuality
C) sexuality
D) bisexuality

Question 69

An individual who is sexually attracted to individuals of the opposite sex is

A) heterosexual.
B) homosexual.
C) bisexual.
D) asexual.

Question 70

Which of the following social events helped bring about the sexual revolution in the United States?

A) the women's rights movement
B) the introduction of the condom
C) the shift to a culture of "family values"
D) pro-marriage and pro-child social norms

Question 71

The norm that restricts sexual relations between certain relatives is called

A) sexual deviance.
B) the paternity rule.
C) the incest taboo.
D) the sexual taboo.

Question 72

An individual who experiences no sexual attraction to anyone is

A) asexual.
B) homosexual.
C) bisexual.
D) heterosexual.

Question 73

Feminism is an ideology that

A) claims that women should have more power than men.
B) seeks cultural and economic equality for men and women.
C) seeks to give women equal power with men in society.
D) explains how women are oppressed by men in society.

Question 74

An individual's sexuality encompasses all of the following EXCEPT

A) behaviors.
B) identity.
C) gender.
D) sexual desires.

Question 75

What are incest taboos?

A) sexual acts that are seen as perverted
B) sexual practices that are seen as immoral
C) social rules that limit sexual activity between relatives
D) norms that construct heterosexuality as normal

Question 76

In American society, how many basic sexual identity groups are recognized?

A) two
B) four
C) three
D) five

Question 77

Which of the following defines sexual identity?

A) how we understand ourselves in terms of our sexuality
B) the attitudes we have concerning different sexual practices
C) the labels we attach to our sexual practices
D) the way others in society understand our attractions

Question 78

Which term refers to the cultural norm that assumes that everyone is heterosexual?

A) homosexism
B) heterophobia
C) homophobia
D) heterosexism

Question 79

Which term refers to attitudes that disapprove of and negatively view homosexuality?

A) homosexism
B) heterosexism
C) homophobia
D) heterophobia

Question 80

Feminism advocates for what type of equality between men and women?

A) political equality
B) social equality
C) economic equality
D) All these answers are correct.