Deck 24: The Adaptive Immune Response

Question 1

Which of the following is most likely to elicit the strongest antigen-specific immune response if injected intravenously into a mouse?

A) a sterile glucose solution
B) equine serum albumin
C) complement proteins from another mouse
D) red blood cells from a transfusion-compatible species
E) mouse antigoat antibodies

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following would be considered an aspect of the adaptive immune response?

A) interferons
B) lymphocytes
C) defensins
D) natural killer cells
E) neutrophils

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Severe combined immunodeficiency is most commonly caused by

A) chromosome 22 trisomy.
B) Y-linked inherited hypermetabolism.
C) X-linked inherited enzyme or receptor deficiency.
D) chromosome 7 deletion.
E) XXY inheritance.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

To which superfamily do antibodies belong?

A) interleukins
B) heat shock
C) immunoglobulin
D) major histocompatibility complex
E) homeobox

Question 5

The five classes of antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD) that can be produced during an immune response are based on differences in ________ chain regions.

A) CL
B) VH
C) CH
D) VL
E) all constant and variable

Question 6

Figure B below displays a

A) denatured antigen.
B) antigen-presenting cell.
C) mast cell.
D) native antigen.
E) conformational epitope.

Question 7

The immune response elicited from each individual antigenic determinant found within an antigen is best described as

A) monoclonal.
B) multiclonal.
C) biclonal.
D) polyclonal.
E) triclonal.

Question 8

Edward Jenner was able to demonstrate the first example of immunological cross-protection because

A) the smallpox virus was nonpathogenic.
B) the cowpox virus only affected milkmaids.
C) cowpox and smallpox viruses were metabolically different.
D) cowpox virus was structurally similar to the smallpox virus.
E) plague survivors were immune to smallpox.

Question 9

Laboratory isolation of an anti-Streptococcus antibody was found to bind to ten Streptococcus pyogenes at one time. The antibody isolated was

A) IgG.
B) IgM.
C) IgA.
D) IgD.
E) IgE.

Question 10

People who survived infection with Yersinia pestis during the fourteenth-century European epidemic found themselves immune when reexposed to

A) influenza.
B) syphilis.
C) smallpox.
D) plague.
E) pneumonia.

Question 11

The difference between antibody allotypes and isotypes is that isotypes are ________ and allotypes are ________.

A) the differences in constant regions; differences within isotypes
B) differences within allotypes; the differences in constant regions
C) the differences in constant regions; alternations in the hypervariable regions
D) alternations in the hypervariable regions; differences within isotypes
E) alternations in the hypervariable regions of one person; alternations in the hypervariable regions among a species

Question 12

Which of the following is most likely to elicit the strongest antigen-specific immune response within a human?

A) an outer membrane protein from Plasmodium falciparium
B) an RNA genome from HIV
C) a DNA genome from herpes
D) a capsular polysaccharide coating from Streptococcus mutans
E) a plasma membrane from Escherichia coli

Question 13

A threshold dose of antigen is best described as the dose needed to

A) generate an optimal immune response.
B) activate only a few immune cells.
C) generate only a T-cell response.
D) induce immune complement response.
E) induce immunological tolerance.

Question 14

Anti-HIV antibodies are best at binding to viral proteins when the virus is

A) within the cytoplasm of an infected T cell.
B) within the nucleus of an infected T cell.
C) within the cytoplasm of an infected macrophage.
D) within the nucleus of an infected macrophage.
E) extracellular within the bloodstream.

Question 15

The small segment of antigen that is capable of eliciting an immune response is called a(n)

A) hapten.
B) clonotope.
C) aggretope.
D) epitope.
E) naïve antigen.

Question 16

The chickenpox vaccine is created with an attenuated virus, and the rabies vaccine with an inactivated virus. This means that the chickenpox virus is a ________, and the rabies virus is ________.

A) subunit vaccine; a genetic vaccine
B) genetic vaccine; a subunit vaccine
C) nonfunctional form; living but weakened
D) subunit vaccine; nonfunctional
E) living weakened form; nonfunctional

Question 17

In a radial immunodiffusion assay, immunoprecipitation rings will be created within the agar dish based on

A) equivalence point.
B) antibody isotype.
C) antibody allotype.
D) polyclonal antigen preparation.
E) Fc binding of antigens.

Question 18

Of the following cells, which could be considered a "professional" antigen-presenting cell?

A) neutrophil
B) T lymphocyte
C) natural killer cell
D) dendritic cell
E) fibroblast

Question 19

What process is shown in the figure below?

A) elicitation of an immune response
B) haptens
C) immunoprecipitation
D) antibodies preventing attachment
E) basic antibody structure

Question 20

Which of the following could be categorized as an example of humoral immunity?

A) T regulatory cells
B) T helper cells
C) antimalaria antibodies
D) T cytotoxic cells
E) macrophages

Question 21

A typical antibody molecule has ________ antigen-binding sites.

A) one
B) four
C) five
D) two
E) three

Question 22

Complement molecule, C1 complex, will bind to an IgG antibody at the

A) VL portion.
B) F(ab')2 portion.
C) CL portion.
D) Fc portion.
E) J-chain region.

Question 23

There are ________ polypeptide chains in the typical antibody.

A) 2
B) 12
C) 4
D) 6
E) 8

Question 24

Positive selection in T-cell education refers to

A) T-cell receptors that can bind strongly to self MHC proteins.
B) CD8 receptors that can bind strongly to self MHC proteins.
C) T-cell receptors that can bind weakly to self MHC proteins.
D) CD4 that can bind weakly to self MHC proteins.
E) B-cell receptors that bind weakly to T-cell receptors.

Question 25

RAG1 and RAG2 are enzymes that control gene splicing on B-cell antibody genes. Which order are segments worked on in the creation of the heavy-chain gene segment?

A) VD spliced together, then J, then C
B) DJ spliced together, then V
C) VJ spliced together, then D
D) VC spliced together, then D, then J
E) VDJ segments are all spliced together simultaneously.

Question 26

A baby will receive ________ class of antibodies from his or her mother before birth through the umbilical cord, and then ________ class of antibodies through the breast milk after birth.

A) IgG; IgA
B) IgM; IgD
C) IgG; IgM
D) IgM; IgA
E) IgE; IgG

Question 27

Bacteremia is a condition in which live bacteria enter the bloodstream, but not the cells of the body. Which form of processing would occur to stimulate a cell-mediated immune response?

A) bacterial peptide transported from cytoplasm to rER for presentation on MHC I
B) endocytosis by APC followed by presentation on MHC II
C) neutrophil phagocytosis with presentation on Fc receptor
D) cytotoxic T-cell endocytosis for presentation on CD8 receptor
E) B-cell capping for presentation on the B-cell receptor

Question 28

A complete T-cell receptor on a helper T cell contains both the antigen-binding receptor molecule and a ________ protein for signal transduction.

A) CD8
B) CD3 complex
C) MHC I
D) MHC II
E) CD28

Question 29

The cells involved in shutting down immune responses that help prevent autoimmunity are

A) B cells.
B) TH17.
C) cytokines.
D) Treg cells.
E) mast cells.

Question 30

Mycobacteria spp. have evolved a mechanism to evade adaptive immunity by

A) creating autoantibodies against activated T-cell populations.
B) triggering T- and B-cell apoptosis.
C) hiding within red blood cells of the body (similar to malarial infection).
D) inducing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-10).
E) producing phagocytic chemorepellants and paralyzing neutrophils.

Question 31

Immunization with the childhood DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus) vaccine protects against subsequent exposure to tetanus by

A) stopping isotype switching of B cells from IgM to IgA.
B) preloading antigen-presenting cells.
C) stimulating quick inflammation upon future exposure.
D) producing life-spanning antitetanus IgE antibodies.
E) generating tetanus-specific memory B cells.

Question 32

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by weakness of the skeletal muscles due to antiacetylcholine receptor antibodies. Thymectomy is a successful treatment for this condition in some patients because it

A) removes all autoreactive B cells from the body.
B) primes antigen-presenting cells to reverse their response to self tissue.
C) neutralizes the autoantibodies from the body.
D) produces proteins to bind the autoantibodies before reaching their target.
E) prevents further miseducation of T-cell populations.

Question 33

Anti-Streptococcus antibodies found in the serum of a patient during a primary antibody response differ from the antibodies produced during a secondary response to the same antigen because of

A) VDJ recombination.
B) affinity maturation.
C) class switching.
D) MHC processing.
E) antigen adaptation.

Question 34

An example of an antigen that could stimulate naïve B-cell proliferation and differentiation without the help of a T cell would be a(n) ________ molecule from ________.

A) lipopolysaccharide; Proteus vulgaris
B) plasmid DNA; Yersinia pestis
C) protein A; Staphylococcus aureus
D) anthrax toxin; Bacillus anthracis
E) porin protein; Escherichia coli

Question 35

The secondary signal needed for TH0 helper cells to differentiate into either TH1 cells or TH₂ cells is the cross-link between ________ (on TH0 helper cells) and ________ (on APC cell).

A) CD154; CD40
B) MHC I; B7
C) CD4; MHC II
D) CD8; MHC I
E) CD28; B7

Question 36

Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterial STD that lives intracellularly within human host cells. What immune response would most likely prevail in this infection?

A) more TH₂ cells than TH1 cells
B) more TH1 cells than TH₂ cells
C) equal ratio of TH1 cells to TH₂ cells
D) more B cells than CD8 cells
E) mostly antibodies

Question 37

During the course of an intestinal infection with Salmonella enteritidis, the B cells undergo class switching. ________ switching is most likely to occur, which is caused by ________ cytokines.

A) IgD to IgE; B-cell
B) IgM to IgA; T-cell
C) IgG to IgM; B-cell
D) IgA to IgG; T-cell
E) IgD to IgM; T-cell

Question 38

The antigen-binding receptor expressing hepatitis antigen in an infected liver cell would be

A) TCR.
B) MHC II.
C) MHC I.
D) CD4.
E) CD8.

Question 39

The inflammatory antibody of someone undergoing an allergic reaction to cat dander would be found primarily

A) in the lymph nodes.
B) free-floating in the bloodstream.
C) bound to mast cells and basophils.
D) in mucus secretions.
E) attached to T cells.

Question 40

Capping of B-cell receptors on the surface of an antigen-exposed B cell immediately causes

A) VDJ gene switching, recombination, and hypermutation.
B) neutrophil phagocytosis of the antigen.
C) complement cascade signaling and antigen destruction.
D) cell-signaling cascade, inducing cell proliferation and differentiation.
E) helper T-cell proliferation and regulatory T-cell differentiation.

Question 41

Using the figure below, interpret what is occurring at stage 3.

Question 42

The ________ vaccine stimulates cell-mediated immunity.

A) Sabin live polio
B) influenza
C) inactivated polio
D) acellular pertussis
E) PCV

Question 43

Regulation of complement destruction of normal body cells is controlled by

A) CD8, serum factor C3b, and serum albumin.
B) CD58, serum factor H, and decay-accelerating factor.
C) CD4, serum factor Bb, and decay-accelerating factor.
D) MHC I, serum factor C5a, and serum lipoprotein.
E) MHC II, serum albumin, and T regulatory cells.

Question 44

Why is type AB blood considered to be the "universal recipient"? Explain what this means in terms of the antigens and antibodies present in blood types.

Question 45

Omenn syndrome is an immune disorder associated with mutations in the recombination-activating genes (RAG1 and RAG2) needed for gene switching in lymphocytes. What effect would this mutation have on B cells, T cells, and the overall health of the adaptive immune response?

Question 46

The ________ vaccine is inactivated.

A) influenza
B) DTap
C) hepatitis B
D) HPV
E) MMR

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT associated with overall human health?

A) introduction of Treg cell production
B) encounters with TLRs
C) antigen interactions with dendritic cells
D) encounters with NLRs
E) fecal transplant

Question 48

Innate lymphoid cells in the gut can be stimulated by

A) Treg cells.
B) cytotoxic T cells.
C) hormones.
D) IgA.
E) SIgA.

Question 49

A surgical patient infected with a blood-borne Staphylococcus would initially produce an anti-staphylococcal antibody of the IgM class. Why is that?

Question 50

Why are macrophages, monocytes, mast cells, and dendritic cells considered "professional" antigen-presenting cells, whereas fibroblasts are considered "nonprofessional" antigen-presenting cells?

Question 51

The gut is able to distinguish between indigenous microbiota and pathogens by using which part of epithelial cells?

A) TLRs and NLRs
B) SIgA
C) cytokines
D) IL-22
E) ILCs

Question 52

Which antibodies help compartmentalize the gut system?

A) IgM
B) IgE
C) IgA
D) IgG
E) IgD

Question 53

A mutation that caused a person to have an ineffective complement C6 protein would have a direct effect on formation of

A) complement-antibody complex.
B) C3 convertase.
C) C3b opsonins for phagocytosis.
D) membrane attack complex.
E) C5 convertase.

Question 54

How can a person who has taken penicillin for a childhood ear infection later develop an allergy to penicillin when prescribed that drug again?

Question 55

If infections are spread by person-to-person contact, what percentage of the population will be protected against herd immunity if people are not vaccinated?

A) 66%
B) 25%
C) 10%
D) 100%
E) 40%

Question 56

What cells are NOT associated with the gut epithelia?

A) columnar epithelial cells
B) intestinal epithelial cells
C) goblet cells
D) B cells
E) helper T cells

Question 57

Some patients suffering from bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS), a rare immunodeficiency, have a genetic mutation in their TAP1/TAP2 genes causing the production of a defective TAP transporter. Describe what effect this has on antigen processing and in what cells.

Question 58

If a person is infected with the cold virus one year, why can he or she still catch a cold again the next year, even if his or her immune system is working properly?

Question 59

Describe the structure of a typical IgG antibody, including the F(ab')₂ and Fc portions.

Question 60

In 2004, doctors successfully used gene therapy with a severely defective leukemia virus to insert a cytokine receptor gene needed for T-cell development into the bone marrow of four children with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). What is SCID, and how did doing this procedure address the disease?

Question 61

Using the information presented in the table below, discuss why most vaccines are given between birth and 24 months.

Question 62

Would treating a person infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who has recently developed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) using a helper T-cell transfusion work? Why or why not?

Question 63

Would taking probiotic health supplements be good for the average person's immunity?

Question 64

Detail the benefits and predict possible risks of vaccinations.

Question 65

List the steps for the classical complement cascade. Discuss two ways this cascade results in microbial destruction.

Question 66

If a person was unable to undergo negative selection during T-cell education, what is T-cell education, and why would this be a severe immune problem?

Question 67

Why are antihistamines good for allergic rhinitis but not for atopic asthma?

Question 68

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder affecting the skin, joints, kidneys, and other organs. A hallmark of lupus is the production of an array of autoantibodies. Some scientists believe that the autoantibody formation seen in lupus is a result of Epstein-Barr virus molecular mimicry. What do these scientists believe has happened in the case of lupus? Give one example as evidential support.

Question 69

X-linked hyper IgM syndrome (XHIM) is an immunodeficiency disorder caused by mutations of the gene encoding CD154. Why is this disease characterized by recurrent infections (starting in childhood) and elevated serum levels of IgM?

Question 70

A patient presents in the emergency room with large red lesions up and down his arms. His case history reveals that he works for a gardening company, and that this rash most likely developed after clearing a weedy bank two days prior. The resident on duty concludes that the rash is a result of poison ivy exposure. Immunologically speaking, what is going on in this man's body, and what type of immune response is he experiencing?