Deck 19: Appendix 1: Managing History and Current Thinking

Question 1

One of the general principles of management explained by Fayol is "unity of command." What does this principle mean?

A) The entire organization should be moving toward a common objective.
B) The interests of one person should take priority over the interests of the organization.
C) All workers should receive orders from only one manager.
D) All workers should be given the same orders by managers.
E) All employees should be treated as equally as possible.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following management approaches consists primarily of the work of Frederick W. Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, and Henry L. Gantt?

A) Higher-level management analysis
B) The behavioral approach
C) Lower-level management analysis
D) Management science
E) Comprehensive management

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Lower-level management analysis concentrates on the "one best way" to perform a task. The process of finding this "one best way" is known as ________.

A) higher-level management
B) contingency management
C) comprehensive management
D) scientific management
E) system management

Answer 3

D

Question 4

________ is commonly called the "father of scientific management" because of the significance of his contributions.

A) Frank Gilbreth
B) Henry L. Gantt
C) Lillian Gilbreth
D) Henri Fayol
E) Frederick W. Taylor

Question 5

F.W. Taylor's approach was unpopular with workers and unions because they feared that reengineering their jobs would lead to ________.

A) lower piecework rates
B) a decrease in productivity
C) workers losing their jobs
D) longer work days
E) an increase in quality

Question 6

The Gilbreths aimed to increase worker efficiency by ________.

A) reducing the number of movements taken to accomplish a task
B) enforcing minimum criteria for the types of workers hired for a job
C) instituting the piece-rate system for remuneration
D) understanding what motivates employees to complete a task
E) encouraging teamwork rather than individual work

Question 7

Because of his writings on the elements and general principles of management, Henri Fayol is usually regarded as the pioneer of ________.

A) strategic management applications
B) organizational behavior
C) business finance model
D) operations management theory
E) administrative theory

Question 8

The ________ approach to management was the product of the first concentrated effort to develop a body of management thought. The management writers who participated in this effort are considered the pioneers of management study.

A) behavioral
B) management science
C) classical
D) contingency
E) system

Question 9

Which of the following approaches to management was advocated by Henry Gantt?

A) the contingency approach
B) using mathematical models to investigate the decision situation
C) using human relations skills to manage workers
D) work specialization and unity of command
E) task-scheduling and rewarding innovations

Question 10

Which of the following did Gantt advocate in addition to Taylor's piece-rate compensation system for workers?

A) decentralizing authority
B) a bonus for overproduction
C) medical insurance coverage
D) mandatory employee training
E) tenure and job security

Question 11

According to Gantt, the role of a manager is to ________.

A) divide specialized work among individuals and groups
B) make it to the employees' interests for accomplishing tasks
C) choose the management tactics best suited to particular situations
D) convince workmen to do work which they have no desire to do
E) use mathematical models to investigate the decision situation

Question 12

Managers use the Gantt chart to ________.

A) encourage worker initiative
B) conduct motion analysis of tasks
C) retain productive employees
D) monitor work schedules
E) reward innovation by workers

Question 13

Which of the following is true of Henry Gantt's method of management?

A) The Gantt scheduling chart was found to be impractical and has fallen into disuse.
B) It gave less importance to the human side of production than F.W. Taylor's method.
C) Gantt believed that worker compensation should correspond only to production.
D) He considered that studying employee motivation was the role of scientific management.
E) It dealt with lower-level management analysis and not comprehensive analysis.

Question 14

Among the sample variables considered in analyzing motions, as pioneered by the Gilbreths, the environmental variables include ________.

A) anatomy
B) habits
C) health
D) brawn
E) work clothes

Question 15

Under the piece-rate system pioneered by Taylor, ________.

A) workers were paid according to the amount they produced
B) managers develop their employees' work-related skills
C) each job was reduced to the most basic movement possible
D) workers were paid more than their managers
E) managers were paid only after the workers exceeded production

Question 16

Under classical management theory, comprehensive analysis of management concerns the entire range of managerial performance. The primary contributor to this category was ________.

A) Henri Fayol
B) Frederick W. Taylor
C) Henry L. Gantt
D) Frank Gilbreth
E) Ludwig von Bertalanffy

Question 17

Gantt believed in worker compensation that corresponded to production, through the piece-rate system, and overproduction, through the ________.

A) staggered system
B) bonus system
C) pension system
D) interest system
E) profit system

Question 18

The classical approach to management recommends that ________.

A) managers enhance organizational success by building appropriate relationships with people
B) managers improve their organizations by using the scientific method and mathematical techniques to solve operational problems
C) managers continually strive to increase organizational efficiency to increase production
D) what managers do in practice depends on, or is contingent upon, a given set of circumstances
E) to fully understand the operation of an entity, the entity must be viewed as a system

Question 19

________, the primary investigative tool in the Gilbreths' research, consists of reducing each job to the most basic movements possible.

A) Ergonomics
B) Motion study
C) Piecework
D) Reductionism
E) Division of work

Question 20

Which of the following resources of the organization is Fayol's principle of work specialization focused on?

A) human
B) capital
C) monetary
D) material
E) technological

Question 21

Megan, a manager in a soda company, believes that the classical approach to management will help her schedule her employees' tasks and handle people better. But using only the classical approach may not be an ideal approach because ________.

A) exact scientific knowledge of what could be done by a worker is substituted for opinion
B) the scientific approach has proven to be ineffective in increasing production
C) it is concerned with the entire range of managerial performance and not just the job design
D) it does not adequately emphasize the human variables in the production process
E) it does not have a "one best way" approach to management problems

Question 22

Henri Fayol is regarded as the pioneer of administrative theory.

Question 23

Gene Co., a pharmaceutical company, directs its management to increase production through an understanding of people. The company believes that if managers understand their people and adapt their organizations to them, organizational success will follow. Which management approach is Gene Co. adopting in this scenario?

A) system approach
B) management science approach
C) classical approach
D) contingency approach
E) behavioral approach

Question 24

Which of the following conclusions was drawn by the experimenters from the relay assembly test room experiments of the Hawthorne studies?

A) The subjects did not find working in the test room enjoyable.
B) There is no consistent relationship between productivity and lighting intensity.
C) Subjects continued to show decreased production under all lighting conditions.
D) Worker productivity increased with higher light intensity than lower light intensity.
E) Worker productivity increased with lower light intensity than higher light intensity.

Question 25

D&B Inc. conducted a review of its organizational practices and concluded that changes to the current system would result in increased efficiency. The company proposed a change in work timings and remuneration policies and implemented it for a trial period. When the employees were surveyed by their managers to discover their reaction to the changes, most employees noted that the new system boosted productivity, though a few reported that accommodating to the new system was difficult. However, management decided to go ahead and implement the new system. The actions of the management can be explained by Fayol's principle of ________.

A) unity of command and direction
B) lowering the importance of the subordinate role
C) subordination of the individual to the general interest
D) specialization of work
E) esprit de corps

Question 26

Each manager in an organization possesses certain amounts of authority. For example, the president possesses the most authority; the first-line supervisor, the least. According to Fayol, this is known as ________.

A) unity of command
B) esprit de corps
C) stability of tenure
D) scalar chain
E) decentralization

Question 27

List any seven general principles of management and their defining themes as described by Fayol.

Question 28

The purpose of the bank wiring observation room experiment, which is one of the phases of the Hawthorne studies, was to analyze ________.

A) the impact of scientifically designed jobs on worker efficiency
B) the most basic movements necessary to achieve a task
C) the system improvements through task-scheduling innovation
D) the social relationships in a work group
E) the impact of unity of command in terms of productivity

Question 29

What value does studying the evolution of management provide to students of managers and managers themselves?

Question 30

Compare and contrast the two distinct views that are a part of the Classical approach to management.

Question 31

One of the phases of the Hawthorne studies was the relay assembly test room experiments. The experimenters believed that if they studied productivity long enough, under different working conditions, they would discover the working conditions that maximized production. Thus, the orientation that these experiments originally had was of ________.

A) comprehensive management
B) scientific management
C) behavioral management
D) contingency management
E) system management

Question 32

According to Fayol, employee retention should not be given high priority as recruitment and selection costs of hiring new workers is low.

Question 33

A drawback of the classical approach is that it does not adequately emphasize human variables.

Question 34

Lynn is a manager in a company that manufactures optical fibre cables. She follows the Fayol principle of "esprit de corps" in her interactions with her team. Which of the following does this imply?

A) Lynn's team members are independent.
B) Lynn's team members are fiercely competitive.
C) Lynn's team members enjoy working in a centralized hierarchical system.
D) Lynn's team members receive orders only from her.
E) Lynn's team members are harmonious and upbeat.

Question 35

Taylor pioneered a system in which workers could earn a bonus in addition to the piece rate if they exceeded their daily production quota.

Question 36

One of the general principles of management suggested by Fayol is centralization. What is centralization?

A) Centralization is increasing the importance of the subordinate role.
B) Centralization directs that the entire organization should be moving toward a common objective.
C) Centralization is lowering the importance of the subordinate role.
D) Centralization directs that all materials and people related to a specific kind of work should be assigned to the same general location.
E) Centralization directs that the entire organization need not be moving toward a common objective.

Question 37

The Hawthorne Studies were conducted in two phases: the relay assembly test room experiments and the bank wiring observation room experiment. Which of the following approaches was developed based on these studies?

A) the behavioral approach
B) the contingency approach
C) the system approach
D) the management science approach
E) the classical approach

Question 38

Frederick W. Taylor is commonly called the "father of scientific management."

Question 39

In Fayol's principles of management, "decentralization" implies that ________.

A) the entire organization should be moving toward a common objective
B) the importance of the subordinate role should be increased
C) work should be divided among individuals
D) the interests of one person should be prioritized over the interests of the organization
E) workers should receive orders from a number of managers

Question 40

How is lower-level management analysis different from comprehensive analysis of management? Is the latter approach suitable for an organization focusing on increasing productivity by concentrating on the "one best way" to perform a task? Explain your answer.

Question 41

Hawthorne study results helped managers to see that ________.

A) better working conditions are subject to the managers' discretion
B) reducing each work task to the most basic movements improves worker efficiency
C) worker bonuses for overproduction helped increase productivity
D) the best way to increase productivity was to set a good piece-rate system
E) understanding what motivates employees is a critical part of being a manager

Question 42

Leo is analyzing ways to improve efficiency and productivity in a particular organization. The management problems being studied are very complicated and he needs help analyzing a large number of variables. He also intends to construct mathematical models to represent reality to determine how the real-world situation might be improved. In this scenario, Leo is applying the ________.

A) systems approach
B) management science approach
C) lower-level management analysis approach
D) motion-study techniques approach
E) contingency approach

Question 43

What is the behavioral approach to management?

Question 44

The scientific method advocated by management science researchers dictates that scientists must test a model by performing an experiment on ________.

A) the actual system to see whether the effects of changes predicted using the model actually occur when the changes are made
B) various systems to see whether the effects of changes predicted using the model actually occur when the changes are made
C) various systems to see whether the necessary changes can be incorporated
D) the actual system and other systems to see whether the necessary changes can be incorporated
E) various systems to see whether the necessary changes can be incorporated on the actual system

Question 45

One of the primary characteristics present in situations in which management science techniques are applied is ________.

A) that the management problems have only a few variables
B) that the situation deals with quantifiable factors such as sales
C) that the situation deals with the physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs of organization members
D) that the situation deals with assessing qualitative factors of the workplace or environment
E) that social implications are the guidelines for making a particular decision

Question 46

The management science approach suggests that managers can best improve their organizations by ________.

A) using the scientific method and mathematical techniques to solve operational problems
B) understanding the physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs of organization members
C) providing wage incentives to workers exceed their target production
D) reducing the number of steps involved in performing a particular task
E) making sure that all employees are treated as equally as possible

Question 47

The behavioral approach to management emphasizes increasing production through an understanding of people.

Question 48

One conclusion of the Hawthorne studies was that social groups in organizations could effectively exert pressure to influence individuals to disregard monetary incentives.

Question 49

Which one of the following conclusions was drawn by the experimenters from the bank wiring observation room experiment?

A) The subjects did not find working in the test room enjoyable.
B) Human factors within organizations could significantly influence production.
C) Members of the work group pressured one another to work harder so that each group member would receive more pay.
D) Improved working conditions resulted in increased production.
E) Social groups in organizations could effectively exert pressure to influence individuals to disregard monetary incentives.

Question 50

________, sparked off by the Hawthorne studies, is a people-oriented approach to management in which the interaction of people in organizations is studied to judge its impact on organizational success.

A) The behavioral study movement
B) The human relations movement
C) The scientific management movement
D) The "one best way" model
E) The motion studies initiative

Question 51

Which one of the following approaches has its origin in World War II, when scientists were asked to help the military solve complex operational problems?

A) classical approach
B) operations research approach
C) behavioral approach
D) human relations approach
E) systems approach

Question 52

What is the human relations movement in management theory? How would you, as a manager in an organization, use the human relations approach to manage employees?

Question 53

In the scientific approach to management advocated by management science researchers, after using a model to deduce how the system will behave under conditions, researchers must ________.

A) observe the workings of the parts of the system
B) separate the system into its component parts
C) construct a generalized framework of the system
D) observe the system whose behavior must be explained
E) test the model by performing an experiment on the actual system

Question 54

The Hawthorne studies concluded that lighting and temperature changes within organizations could significantly influence production.

Question 55

The use of mathematical models to investigate the decision situation is typical in ________.

A) the classical approach
B) lower-level management analysis
C) upper-level management analysis
D) management science applications
E) motion study techniques

Question 56

The ultimate objective of the human relations approach is to ________.

A) find "one best way" of managing people in an organization
B) analyze the impact of environmental factors on worker behavior
C) increase production by analyzing mathematical models of human behavior
D) develop workers' job skills and reduce the movements necessary for them to accomplish a task
E) enhance organizational success by building appropriate relationships with people

Question 57

Which of the following is a characteristic of situations in which management science techniques are applied?

A) Managers need help analyzing a large number of variables.
B) The use of behavioral models to investigate the decision situation is indicated.
C) Managers want to determine the psychological and behavioral attitudes of employees.
D) Managers want to determine quality of the customer experience.
E) Social implications are used as guidelines for making a particular decision.

Question 58

How does a manager's understanding of his employees' physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs improve productivity?

Question 59

According to Abraham Maslow, managers must understand the following needs of organization members: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and ________.

A) motivational
B) leadership
C) monetary
D) self-actualization
E) intrinsic

Question 60

Which of the following statements is true for the management science approach?

A) It is only suitable for management problems with a small number of variables.
B) The use of behavioral models to investigate the decision situation is typical in management science applications.
C) Management science techniques are not suited for analyzing quantifiable factors.
D) Management science techniques decrease the effectiveness of managers in decision making.
E) Management science applications generally use economic implications as guidelines for making a particular decision.

Question 61

Constant interaction with the environment influences a human's state of existence and future. Hence, a human is an example of a(n) ________.

A) static system
B) inert system
C) closed system
D) conditional system
E) open system

Question 62

If a television (as a whole) is to exist and serve its purpose, its screen, controls, and other parts must function in a predetermined way, regardless of the weather. This is an example of a(n) ________.

A) static system
B) open system
C) passive system
D) closed system
E) conditional system

Question 63

________ is recognized as the founder of general system theory.

A) Ludwig von Bertalanffy
B) Henri Fayol
C) Abraham Maslow
D) L. Thomas Hopkins
E) F.W. Taylor

Question 64

The management science approach emphasizes "if-then" relationships: "If" this situational variable exists, "then" a manager probably would take this action.

Question 65

Which of the following statements is supported by the contingency approach to management?

A) There is one best way to solve a management problem in any organization.
B) Managers' decisions vary depending on the particular situation and the people involved.
C) In most cases, solutions to similar problems will apply across organizations.
D) Managers within the same organization should follow the same solution for similar problems.
E) Managers should make decisions that are consistent from employee to employee.

Question 66

The ________ approach to management emphasizes "if-then" relationships: "If" this situational variable exists, "then" a manager probably would take this action.

A) contingency
B) management science
C) behavioral
D) comprehensive management analysis
E) classical

Question 67

Dress codes are a contentious subject in workplaces. Gen Y workers favor a more casual style than older workers, who are often uncomfortable with the idea of wearing casual clothes to work. Human resources departments often find it difficult to enforce company dress codes appropriately. Managers find that one of the ways to address this situation is by using the contingency approach. Which of the following is the best example of the contingency approach to management?

A) Rotec Inc. requires all employees to dress formally throughout the week, and allows business casuals on Fridays.
B) Sandman Designs allows employees who don't meet clients to dress casually, while employees who must meet clients are required to wear formals.
C) G&B Solutions developed a series of guidelines to let employees know what is considered appropriate and inappropriate office wear.
D) Waterstones observed and compared employee behavior and productivity on "formal wear" and "casual wear" days and used the findings to devise a company dress code.
E) Letterman Inc. invited employees to share their clothing preferences and used these suggestions to frame a company dress code.

Question 68

The ________ in which various management methods have the best chance of success are attempted to be outlined by the contingency approach.

A) conditions
B) techniques
C) tools
D) guidelines
E) methods

Question 69

Frederick Taylor and the Classical school theorists believed there was "one best way" to approach management tasks. Which of the following schools of management thought could alternatively be described as "it all depends"?

A) Behavioral
B) Management Science
C) Contingency
D) Qualitative
E) System

Question 70

________ to management emphasizes that what managers do, in practice, depends on the given set of circumstances.

A) The classical approach
B) The lower-level management analysis approach
C) The management science approach
D) The contingency approach
E) The comprehensive management analysis approach

Question 71

Which of the following management approaches makes use of inventory, network, and probability models as aids in the decision-making process?

A) Classical
B) Behavioral
C) Management Science
D) Contingency
E) System

Question 72

Jenna and two of her college friends recently initiated their own start-up. Jenna is in charge of recruiting people and personnel management. She hasn't had any experience in managing people and wants to establish a clear approach to management. However, she notices that the decisions she makes often vary depending on the people and situations. She realizes that the way she manages programmers needs a different outlook from the way she manages accountants. The most appropriate approach that Jenna could use in this scenario is the ________.

A) classical approach
B) behavioral approach
C) management science approach
D) comprehensive management approach
E) contingency approach

Question 73

An inexperienced manager may struggle with perceiving organizational situations as they actually exist, and thus may also have difficulty in choosing and implementing the best management tactics to address a situation. These issues are key challenges for which one of the following management approaches?

A) Classical
B) Behavioral
C) Management Science
D) Contingency
E) System

Question 74

What value does the Management Science approach offer to managers today?

Question 75

According to the guidelines suggested by L. Thomas Hopkins for anyone conducting system analysis, the nature of the part and its function is determined by its ________.

A) position in the whole
B) importance to the operation
C) structural integrity
D) source and origin
E) design and orientation

Question 76

The use of mathematical models to investigate the decision situation is typical in management science applications.

Question 77

In terms of management system, the cheese used in the making of a sandwich at a restaurant is a(n) ________.

A) finished good
B) organizational output
C) production process
D) organizational process
E) organizational input

Question 78

The use of the classical, behavioral and management science approaches as sources of information to analyze the management system is referred to as ________.

A) open-system management
B) democratic management
C) triangular management
D) middle-level management
E) lower-level management

Question 79

A synthesis of classically based information, behaviorally based information, and management science-based information is critical to effective use of the ________.

A) management system
B) operations system
C) science approach
D) classical approach
E) behavioral approach

Question 80

What are the steps involved in using the scientific method?