Deck 13: Prejudice: Causes Consequences and Cures

Question 1

Which of the following examples best captures the social-psychological concept of a stereotype?

A) Arlene refuses to enter an elevator in which men are riding.
B) Mitch believes that women are seductive, duplicitous, and not to be trusted.
C) Aaron becomes uncomfortable when a man sits too close to him.
D) Nicole avoids homeless people on the street.

Answer 1

Mitch believes that women are seductive, duplicitous, and not to be trusted.

Question 2

According to your text, prejudice can be considered a(n)

A) attitude.
B) cognition.
C) belief.
D) estimation.

Answer 2

attitude.

Question 3

When Gordon Allport (1954) described stereotyping as "the law of least effort," he was suggesting that stereotypes arise

A) from personal experience.
B) to help us conserve cognitive energy.
C) at the service of the ego.
D) to justify objectionable actions quickly and easily.

Answer 3

to help us conserve cognitive energy.

Question 4

Stereotypes are perpetuated in a culture.Thus, members of a culture may not believe the stereotypes, but most

A) will subscribe to them as adults.
B) will be aware of what the stereotypes are.
C) will use them to judge others.
D) have experiences that are in line with the stereotype.

Question 5

Prejudice against ethnic minorities is well-known.Which of the following is true about the limits of who experiences prejudice?

A) Only ethnic minorities experience prejudice and discrimination.
B) Only ethnic minorities and women experience prejudice.
C) Any group can experience prejudice.
D) Prejudice is a thing of the past; no groups experience it anymore.

Question 6

________ is to affect as ________ is to cognition.

A) Stereotype; prejudice
B) Discrimination; stereotype
C) Prejudice; discrimination
D) Prejudice; stereotype

Question 7

________ refers to an attitude toward a distinguishable group of people based solely on their group membership.

A) Discrimination
B) Stereotyping
C) Racism
D) Prejudice

Question 8

One reason why logical arguments often fail to change stereotypes is that they are emotion-based arguments.The other reason is that

A)attitudes are organized such that schema-consistent information is given more attention.
B)stereotypes are perpetuated so strongly in the news media.
C)people who are prejudiced tend to also have lower IQs.
D)stereotypes are usually ingrained since birth.

Question 9

Although psychologists usually refer to stereotypes only in a ________ sense, it is possible for a person to have a ________ stereotype about a particular group.

A) benign; destructive
B) positive; negative
C) negative; positive
D) specific; diffuse

Question 10

Shane believes that women are more dependent, more nurturing, more intuitive, and less rational than men.These are examples of Shane's ________ women.

A) prejudice toward
B) stereotypes about
C) discrimination against
D) negative affect toward

Question 11

Stereotypes are harmful to the extent they

A) exist.
B) are overgeneralized to members of a group.
C) are based on experience.
D) reduce cognitive effort.

Question 12

The term ________ was coined by journalist Walter Lippman (1922), who referred to these phenomena as "the little pictures we carry around in our heads."

A) generalization
B) heuristics
C) prejudgments
D) stereotype

Question 13

Which of the following statements about prejudice is FALSE?

A) Everyone, no matter their origin, is a potential target of prejudice.
B) While our enemies regard us in distorted fashion, our allies perceive us without prejudice.
C) Prejudices exist for nationalities, gender, sexual orientation, religion, and aspects of appearance and health.
D) Prejudices tend to "cut both ways"; if we have prejudice about one group, they will have prejudices about us.

Question 14

Which of the following best exemplifies the concept "prejudice" as used by social psychologists?

A) At parties, Lynne tends to seek out people who, like her, are psychology majors.
B) Kevin feels mistrustful of and uncomfortable around people from the Middle East.
C) Maria seldom hangs out with people who are not Catholic.
D) Barbara believes that women are smarter than men.

Question 15

Kevin only buys clothes made in America.He never buys clothes made in India or Pakistan.This demonstrates the ________ component of his attitude.

A) affective
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) disabling

Question 16

Lucas reads an article in the newspaper about a man recently arrested for polygamy."Yuck! That lifestyle disgusts me!" Lucas says with disdain.Lucas is expressing his ________ about polygamy.

A) stereotypes
B) beliefs
C) prejudice
D) politically correct opinion

Question 17

Stereotyping is a way of ________ the complex information around us, and thus is sometimes ________.

A) coding; destructive
B) simplifying; adaptive
C) justifying; reassuring
D) judging; decisive

Question 18

________ are generalizations about a group of people in which identical characteristics are ascribed to all members of the group, regardless of within-group variations.

A) Schemas
B) Stereotypes
C) In-group biases
D) Negative stereotypes

Question 19

When asked to imagine someone who fits the description "construction worker," many people picture a man in a hard hat and work clothes.Such mental images of a group of people are examples of

A) prejudices.
B) stereotypes.
C) evaluations.
D) scripts.

Question 20

Stereotypes are the ________ component of a negative attitude toward a group of people.

A) denotative
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) affective

Question 21

Men who are "benevolent sexists" have positive feelings about women as a group, but

A) while their views may be old-fashioned, there is no harm in them.
B) unconsciously have a strong underlying hatred of women.
C) are not inclined to put women on a pedestal or idealize them romantically.
D) their views also serve to justify relegating women to traditional, stereotyped roles.

Question 22

Some would argue that the stereotype that African Americans are athletic is flattering.Which of the following is one reason why it is abusive?

A) It is a gross overgeneralization.
B) It is denying White children the opportunity to play sports.
C) It implies that African Americans are built for hard labor.
D) It is a means of scapegoating.

Question 23

Researchers exposed participants to a twenty-minute audiotape of a college basketball game.Half of the participants were led to believe that one player, Mark Flick, was African American, and the other half were led to believe that Mark Flick was White.When participants were asked to rate Mark Flick's performance,

A) they rated the "White" Mark Flick as a uniformly better player.
B) white participants and black participants demonstrated a "same race" bias.
C) they rated the "African American" Mark Flick as more athletic.
D) they did not rate the "African American" and "White" Mark Flick differently.

Question 24

A benevolent sexist would endorse which of the following statements?

A) "Women are just not capable of doing good science."
B) "Women should not serve in the military because they aren't as brave as men."
C) "Women should stay home because they are too precious and sweet to waste on the working world."
D) "Women shouldn't teach men because they aren't very intelligent."

Question 25

Stereotypes are beneficial to the extent that they

A) are selectively applied.
B) simplify a complex social world.
C) are reserved for ambiguous situations.
D) minimize differences within a group of people.

Question 26

Alan just met Tina who is from a small rural town in the South.Alan believes that people from the South are narrow-minded, conservatively religious, and prudish.Tina, however, is none of these.What will Alan think?

A) His stereotype about southerners is incorrect.
B) Tina is an exception to his stereotype about southerners.
C) His stereotype needs revision.
D) His emotions about Tina aren't appropriate.

Question 27

Researchers exposed participants to a twenty-minute audiotape of a college basketball game.In this research, "Mark Flick" was rated by participants as more athletic if the participants thought he was

A)Japanese.
B)White.
C)African American.
D)Hispanic.

Question 28

Gordon Allport wrote that "defeated intellectually, prejudice lingers emotionally." What did he mean by that statement?

A)Deep-seated negative feelings may persist, even when a person knows consciously that a prejudice is wrong.
B)Emotions and thoughts contribute equally to prejudice.
C)Without stereotypes, emotions wouldn't exist.
D)Negative feelings are only held by the intellectually superior people within a culture.

Question 29

At work, Julie is often told, "Get out of the way, this is man's work, little woman." Her coworkers will often belittle her when she makes a tiny mistake, but let it slide when another man makes a similar mistake.Julie is experiencing ________ sexism.

A) hostile
B) puerile
C) malignant
D) benevolent

Question 30

Keep in mind Gordon Allport's (1954) description of stereotyping as "the law of least effort." From Allport's perspective, people are often

A) motivated tacticians.
B) cognitive misers.
C) prone to scapegoating.
D) lay scientists.

Question 31

Both benevolent sexism and hostile sexism are alike in that they

A) put women on a pedestal.
B) idealize women romantically.
C) have uniformly negative views of women.
D) view women as the weaker sex.

Question 32

One common stereotype about women that your text discusses is that they tend to be

A)aggressive.
B)better than men at throwing long distances.
C)more nurturing.
D)good at math.

Question 33

If someone from Texas and someone from Massachusetts were asked about their stereotypes of Hollywood actors, they would probably have remarkably similar stereotypes.This is because stereotypes are perpetuated in a culture on a large scale through

A) heredity.
B) religion.
C) the media.
D) politicians.

Question 34

Tina's dad is a benevolent sexist.He's most likely to approve of which of the following as Tina's choice of major?

A) Law.He's looking forward to her becoming a defense attorney.
B) Art.He wants her to continue making the world beautiful.
C) Chemistry.He would like for her to use her talents to make an incredible amount of money.
D) Criminal justice.He wants her to be the first female chief of police of their town.

Question 35

Julius is African American and Mike is White; both are basketball players for high-school teams.They both score same number of baskets and have similar records of assists, rebounds, and free throws.According to information from your text, who would be viewed as having more athletic ability and as having played a better game overall?

A) Mike
B) Julius
C) It depends on the ethnicity of the person you ask.
D) They would be viewed equally.

Question 36

Which of the following is out of place?

A) aggressive
B) nurturing
C) predatory
D) cold

Question 37

Based on research presented in the text, which of the following hurricanes would likely produce the most deaths?

A)Fred
B)Peter
C)Erika
D)Larry

Question 38

A cashier at the store assumes that because his next customer is elderly, she will take a long time to pay.The cashier is using his stereotypes about the elderly and not taking the time or energy to carefully consider each customer in his line as an individual.His use of stereotypes best exemplifies Allport's idea of

A) the contact hypothesis.
B) the law of least effort.
C) scapegoating.
D) natural prejudice.

Question 39

Tara's boss always calls her "Miss," but refers to his other employees by name.He also goes out of his way to hold open a door for her, and has asked her a number of times to bring in some of her fabulous cookies for the office.Tara is experiencing ________ sexism from her boss.

A) hostile
B) puerile
C) benign
D) benevolent

Question 40

Because we live in a ________ society, many men have feelings of ________ towards women.

A) patriarchal; ambivalence
B) patriarchal; hatred
C) modern; pleasure
D) modern; fear

Question 41

Ken needs help with his algebra homework.He looks around the room at his new roommates and blurts out, "Hiro, you're good at math, right? You can help me with my homework." Because Hiro is Japanese American, Ken assumes he's good at math.This represents a(n)

A) microaggression.
B) prejudice.
C) discrimination.
D) scapegoat.

Question 42

Which of the following is an example of discrimination?

A) Luke thinks all women are manipulative.
B) Ryan feels mistrustful of Jews.
C) Laura scoots over a few feet when an African American sits next to her in a waiting room.
D) Jenny believes that all Hispanics are fluent in Spanish and can cook terrific Tex-Mex food.

Question 43

The bogus pipeline is an instrument that was developed to measure attitudes that are otherwise difficult to measure because

A) of motivations to give a socially desirable response.
B) the attitudes in question are negative rather than positive.
C) the attitudes in question are weak and not clearly developed.
D) participants feel ambivalent about the issue in question.

Question 44

Americans have come a long way in reducing their overt prejudice among groups such as Hispanics, whites, blacks, Jews, and Asians.However, two hurdles still exist.People are still uncomfortable with other ethnic groups doing which of the following?

A)marrying into their families and living in their neighborhoods
B)marrying into their families and adopting their children
C)working in their businesses and living in their neighborhoods
D)attending their clubs and working in their businesses

Question 45

Discrimination is the ________ component of negative attitudes toward a group of people.

A) cognitive
B) pejorative
C) affective
D) behavioral

Question 46

A popular research technique to identify the prejudices that people don't want to admit is to send identical resumes to potential employers.A research team also created fake Facebook pages to represent some of those fake resumes.They found that

A)in liberal states, potential employers were less likely to give interviews to women.
B)in conservative states, potential employers were less interested in interviewing gay men or lesbians.
C)in conservative states, Muslim applicants were less likely to get an interview.
D)in liberal states, men were less likely to get an interview than women.

Question 47

Getting more women into science, technology, and engineering is a major goal for the U.S.A study (Hewlitt, Luce, & Servon, 2008) found that one of the main reasons that women left these jobs was which of the following?

A)being given too many job responsibilities
B)having too many other women coworkers
C)having too little structure to their schedules
D)being sexually harassed

Question 48

According to some research, the degree of explicit prejudice has declined, but because of implicit prejudice it has

A) gone underground and become more overt.
B) gone underground and become more covert.
C) become a thing of the past.
D) become irrelevant to the lives of students today.

Question 49

According to some research, the degree of ________ prejudice has declined, but the degree of ________ prejudice keeps it alive under the surface.

A) implicit; explicit
B) explicit; implicit
C) benevolent; hostile
D) hostile; benevolent

Question 50

The _______ is thought to measure unconscious prejudices according to the speed with which people can pair a target face with a positive or negative association.

A)Implicit Association Test
B)affective component
C)self-fulfilling prophecy
D)contact hypothesis

Question 51

Researchers had participants look at photos of African American and white young men holding various objects in their hand.The participants' job was to determine if the object in the hand was a gun or not, and to press a button labeled "shoot" if the object was a gun.This research demonstrated a greater likelihood to

A) press the button and "shoot" the black young men, regardless of what they were holding.
B) press the button and "shoot" the white young men, regardless of what they were holding.
C) not press the button at all and thereby be shot themselves.
D) press the button for every young man they saw.

Question 52

On the Implicit Association Test, implicit attitudes are revealed by

A)differences in response times to faces when paired with positive words as compared to faces when paired with negative words.
B)examining the physical distances between individuals when they are interacting with one another.
C)asking participants to predict their attitude toward gay men, lesbians, and other groups.
D)changes in physiology revealed by the bogus pipeline.

Question 53

The definition of ________ is "unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because of his or her membership in that group."

A) affirmative action
B) prejudice
C) discrimination
D) racism

Question 54

Researchers (Rogers & Prentice-Dunn, 1981) conducted a Milgram study in which participants believed they were either shocking a White or an African-American "learner." The pattern of the results for African-American learners can be best described as:

A) Whites used lower levels of shock.
B) Whites used higher levels of shock.
C) Whites used lower levels of shock initially, then higher levels after being insulted.
D) Whites used higher levels of shock initially, then lower levels after being insulted.

Question 55

Researchers use a person's reluctance to get too close to a person from another group as a measure of discrimination.This is known as

A)microaggression.
B)social distance.
C)ethnocentrism.
D)social identity.

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a microaggression?

A) seating an African American couple in the terrible seats near the kitchen door
B) speaking loudly and slowly to the blind guy on the project team
C) locking the car door when getting out at home
D) telling the Asian man at the grocery that his English is not too bad

Question 57

Findings in research (Dovidio & Gaertner, 2008) on prejudice suggest that for many people, prejudice

A)lurks just below the surface.
B)does not exist.
C)is consciously active all of the time.
D)leads to aggression.

Question 58

According to research presented in the chapter, people believe that female jobs require which of the following?

A) strength and smarts
B) intelligence and perseverance
C) height and resistance
D) kindness and nurturance

Question 59

Jessica isn't invited to a Super Bowl party her coworkers are throwing because she's a woman.Jessica is experiencing ________ from her coworkers.

A)discrimination
B)prejudice
C)hostile sexism
D)race-based exclusion

Question 60

Based on research presented in the chapter, who is Dr.Wilson most likely to hire for the biology laboratory manager position?

A)Dennis
B)Amanda
C)Katie
D)Anna

Question 61

The underlying reason why stereotype threat can undermine the performance of members of a group with respect to some ability is that the experience of stereotype threat fosters

A) depression and low self-esteem.
B) anger and aggression.
C) evaluation apprehension.
D) the self-verification motive.

Question 62

Overall, research has shown that the link between IAT scores and overt behavior is _______.

A)strong
B)moderate
C)weak
D)zero

Question 63

When we have unwittingly caused our stereotypic expectations to be confirmed by an out-group member's behavior, we have actually created a(n)

A) self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) minimal group bias.
D) expectations relapse.

Question 64

As the only African American in his class, LaMonte tends to worry about committing errors because he does not want his white counterparts to think that all African Americans are intellectually inferior.LaMonte is experiencing

A) class anxiety.
B) stereotype threat.
C) group hostility.
D) attribution error.

Question 65

Thurgood Marshall is known as a former Supreme Court justice.Yet he made other important contributions to policies related to prejudice, including

A) proposing affirmative action policies.
B) the Emancipation Proclamation.
C) developing the Civil Rights Act.
D) arguing the case of Brown v.Board of Education.

Question 66

Which of the following people is most likely to experience stereotype threats?

A) an African-American student who believes that he is about to take a test that measures intellectual ability
B) an African-American student who believes that her performance on the test will not reveal anything about her actual intellectual ability
C) a white student who believes that he is about to take a test that measures intellectual ability
D) a white student who believes that his performance on the test will not reveal anything about his actual intellectual ability

Question 67

________ refers to the apprehension among minority group members that they might confirm to existing cultural stereotypes.

A) Performance ambivalence
B) Stereotype threat
C) Stereotypic anxiety
D) Evaluation apprehension

Question 68

Some psychological scientists question the interpretations of the Implicit Association Test.Rather than revealing implicit bias, what else might the test be revealing?

A)explicit bias
B)overt behavior
C)discrimination
D)cultural stereotypes or associations

Question 69

According to the research by Aronson and his colleagues (2006) on overcoming stereotype threat, which of the following statements would help a female taking a math exam?

A) "Don't worry.You're pretty; you'll do fine in life."
B) "You are a good student in a selective major."
C) "People here in Texas are good at this."
D) "Use those gifts that you have been given."

Question 70

Chris is very concerned because her Implicit Association Test results show that she responded more slowly when fat faces were paired with positive words.She's concerned this represents that she is implicitly biased against fat people.What might some psychological scientists tell her to make her feel better?

A)The IAT may reveal cultural stereotypes and not personal stereotypes.
B)The IAT predicts behavior in most people, so she should be worried about how she will now interact with an overweight friend.
C)These IAT results also predict she has negative implicit attitudes toward the elderly.
D)A self-fulfilling prophecy is created now that she knows her IAT results.

Question 71

Critics of the Implicit Association Test propose that the best way to validate the test is to observe people's

A) emotions.
B) actual behavior.
C) hands while typing.
D) faces while taking the test.

Question 72

Under which of the following conditions have white males shown signs of stereotype threat?

A) when taking a math test in a room with women
B) when taking a math test in a room with Asian Americans
C) when taking a standardized test in a room with women and ethnic minorities
D) when taking a physics exam in a room with Germans

Question 73

A woman would be most likely to experience stereotype threat when completing a(n)

A) calculus examination.
B) vocational interest questionnaire.
C) gender-neutral task.
D) English assignment.

Question 74

Arnold is taking a test that measures his reaction time to faces paired with words.When he responds more slowly to black faces paired with positive words, it means he has a

A) negative implicit prejudice.
B) positive implicit prejudice.
C) negative explicit prejudice.
D) positive explicit prejudice.

Question 75

Dweck's idea of a ________ mindset is an effective way to counteract stereotype threat.

A) fixed
B) growth
C) interdependent
D) collectivist

Question 76

In which of the following cases would stereotype threat NOT be likely to occur?

A) an African-American male taking a difficult and presumably diagnostic test of intellectual ability
B) a white female taking a difficult and presumably diagnostic test of mathematical ability
C) a white male taking a difficult and presumably diagnostic test of mathematical ability
D) a white male taking a difficult and presumably diagnostic test of mathematical ability in competition with a group of Asians

Question 77

In a series of experiments, Steele and Aronson (1995) had both African-American and white students at Stanford University take a verbal test.In one condition, the test was described as a valid measure of intelligence, and in the other condition, the test was described as neither a reliable nor valid measure of intelligence.In the former condition, African Americans performed more poorly than did white students because

A) African American students were overwhelmed by a fear of success.
B) African American students experienced stereotype threat.
C) White students were determined that African American students would not "outscore" them.
D) African American students shared the cultural stereotype.

Question 78

In a study by Stone and his colleagues (1999), when white and African-American participants played a game of miniature golf, the white participants outperformed African Americans when the game was framed as ________, but African-American participants outperformed white participants when the game was framed as ________.

A)Scottish in origin; Egyptian in origin
B)a measure of natural athleticism; a measure of sports intelligence
C)being mentally challenging; a test of hand-eye coordination
D)a measure of sports intelligence; a measure of natural athleticism

Question 79

Researchers (Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974) tested the self-fulfilling prophecy as it relates to prejudice.They observed the differential behaviors of white interviewers who interviewed either African-American or white job candidates.They then trained other interviewers to manifest these two different interview styles.When the new interviewers later interviewed white job applicants, the applicants who were treated as African Americans in the first study

A) confronted the interviewers and terminated the conversation.
B) actually behaved in less effective and comfortable ways.
C) experienced a loss of self-esteem.
D) became more convinced that their initial negative expectations were confirmed.

Question 80

According to the authors, one nearly inevitable consequence of being the target of relentless prejudice is

A) genocide.
B) discrimination.
C) lower self-esteem.
D) rebellion.