Deck 18: Emotional and Social Development in Late Adulthood

Question 1

Marlon,an extraverted 75-year-old,reminisces about his wife,who passed away when Marlon was 65.He enjoys reliving his relationship with his wife.Marlon engages in __________ reminiscence.

A) self-focused
B) other-focused
C) knowledge-based
D) childhood-based

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Older adults who participate in counselor-led life review report

A) a fear of death.
B) improved physical health.
C) increased self-esteem.
D) better recognition and recall.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Suffering from an age-related physical disability,Jack has learned to focus on his cognitive,emotional,and social powers.According to Peck,Jack has attained

A) a sense of despair.
B) ego transcendence.
C) ego differentiation.
D) body transcendence.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Older adults who score high in openness to experience are especially likely to engage in __________ reminiscence.

A) knowledge-based
B) self-focused
C) other-focused
D) maladaptive

Question 5

Added years of longevity and health plus financial stability have granted an active,opportunistic time of life to so many older adults that some experts believe a new phase of late adulthood has evolved called __________ Age.

A) the Second
B) the Third
C) the New Old
D) Extended Old

Question 6

In Peck's theory,ego integrity requires older adults to

A) move beyond their life's work, their bodies, and their separate identities.
B) transcend time and repair the wrongs of the past.
C) overcome bitterness and accept death as the final life task.
D) disguise their self-contempt and find ways to affirm their self-worth.

Question 7

According to Robert Peck,ego differentiation involves

A) surmounting physical limitations.
B) constructively facing the reality of death.
C) finding non-work-related ways to affirm self-worth.
D) focusing on psychological strengths.

Question 8

Compared with younger people,older adults engage less often in

A) life review.
B) knowledge-based reminiscence.
C) self-focused reminiscence.
D) other-focused reminiscence.

Question 9

Reggie feels he made many wrong decisions,yet time is too short to find an alternate route to integrity.Reggie is experiencing

A) despair.
B) isolation.
C) stagnation.
D) ego differentiation.

Question 10

For young and old alike,reminiscence

A) is ruminative.
B) occurs during times of life transition.
C) reinforces negative stereotypes.
D) occurs more often among people who are self-focused.

Question 11

Adults who arrive at a sense of integrity feel

A) life regrets.
B) proud, but incomplete.
C) satisfied with their achievements.
D) like something is missing.

Question 12

As cognitive-affective complexity declines with diminishing information-processing skills,older adults

A) compensate with an improvement in affect optimization.
B) become depressed and overwhelmed.
C) become less resilient.
D) withdraw from most social activities.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about reminiscence is true?

A) Many therapists working with older adults discourage life-review reminiscence.
B) Older people often live in the past to escape the nearness of death.
C) Most types of reminiscence are negative and maladaptive for older adults.
D) No age differences exist in total quantity of reminiscing.

Question 14

The Second Age

A) is childhood and adolescence.
B) is the adult period of earning a living and rearing children.
C) is a time of personal fulfillment.
D) brings physical decline and need for care.

Question 15

The final psychological conflict of Erikson's theory involves

A) improving relations with significant others.
B) coming to terms with one's life.
C) overcoming a sense of stagnation.
D) developing a relationship with a higher power.

Question 16

Yolanda has achieved ego integrity.Which of the following statements is most likely true?

A) Yolanda does not accept help from others even when it is needed.
B) Yolanda feels that she has made many wrong decisions, yet time is too short to correct them.
C) Yolanda fears death and is overwhelmed with hopelessness.
D) Yolanda has a close relationship with her adult children.

Question 17

Today's seniors in industrialized nations

A) largely focus on the past.
B) are depressed and lonely.
C) focus on the inevitability of death.
D) are largely present- and future-oriented.

Question 18

Emme selectively attends to and better recalls emotionally positive over negative information.Emme has the ability to maximize positive emotion and dampen negative emotion.This ability is known as

A) gerotranscendence.
B) ego differentiation.
C) ego transcendence.
D) affect optimization.

Question 19

According to Peck,adults develop a sense of ego transcendence if they

A) remain physically healthy.
B) come to terms with their pasts.
C) invest in the future beyond their lifespan.
D) have a high level of education.

Question 20

According to Joan Erikson,the final psychosocial stage of development is

A) ego integrity versus despair.
B) gerotranscendence.
C) ego transcendence.
D) affect optimization.

Question 21

April sees that her mother,May,is having trouble making the bed.April assists May,talking to her while they work together.April's behavior towards her mother illustrates the __________ script.

A) dependency-support
B) independence-ignore
C) assisted interdependence
D) codependency

Question 22

Although Ida is mostly self-reliant,she does not often resist her son's unnecessary help.Ida probably feels that

A) compliance is easier than resistance.
B) her son's help brings about social contact.
C) her son expects her to exhibit passive behaviors.
D) she is not as capable as she really is.

Question 23

Sean visits his mother,Maribeth,daily.When Maribeth handles her self-care and household tasks on her own,Sean usually reads or attends to e-mail.This illustrates the __________ script.

A) dependency-support
B) independence-ignore
C) assisted independence
D) codependency

Question 24

In longitudinal research,__________ predicted longer survival,after many factors known to affect mortality were controlled.

A) formal, but not informal, participation in religious activities
B) spirituality that is at ease with mystery and uncertainty
C) both organized and informal religious participation
D) faith that accepts one's own belief system as one of many possible worldviews

Question 25

Religious involvement is especially high in African-American communities because

A) family ties are often strained and unfulfilling.
B) there are few other community resources available to them.
C) churches are an important source of financial support for African-American seniors.
D) African-American seniors look to religion as a powerful resource for social support beyond the family.

Question 26

In late adulthood,__________ reduces stress,thereby promoting physical health,psychological well-being,and longevity.

A) social support
B) acceptance of dependency
C) financial support
D) providing care to others

Question 27

Older adults show greater __________ than younger adults.

A) neuroticism
B) extroversion
C) openness to experience
D) acceptance of change

Question 28

For every older woman who commits suicide,there are __________ older men who do.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 29

Which of the following statements about spirituality and religiosity in late adulthood is true?

A) Older adults typically attach little value to religious beliefs and behaviors.
B) Spirituality may advance to a higher level-away from prescribed beliefs.
C) The late-life increase in religiosity is universal.
D) Contrary to popular belief, U.S. seniors generally become less religious with age.

Question 30

Older __________ tend to report a lower sense of psychological well-being than do __________.

A) men; younger men
B) men; older women
C) women; younger women
D) women; older men

Question 31

Which of the following statements about contextual influences on psychological well-being in late adulthood is true?

A) Older adults living alone are more likely than those living with others to experience the dependency-support script.
B) Older adults living with their adult children rarely experience the dependency-support script.
C) Both the dependency-support script and the independence-ignore script reinforce dependent behaviors.
D) Both the dependency-support script and the independence-ignore script reinforce independent behaviors.

Question 32

In the dependency-support script,

A) support is given for independent behaviors only.
B) dependent behaviors are ignored.
C) dependent behaviors are attended to immediately
D) independent behaviors are reinforced.

Question 33

Which of the following is the strongest predictor of depressive symptoms?

A) physical distance from family
B) physical disability
C) perceived negative physical health
D) boredom

Question 34

Tilly,age 70,is asked for several life-defining memories.Considering her age,she is likely to mention

A) fewer events than a younger adult.
B) events related to her physical health.
C) more events that occurred in childhood or adolescence.
D) events with a consistent theme.

Question 35

When older adults who have trouble performing daily activities receive assistance from others,they

A) tend to feel cared for and appreciated.
B) often view social contact as demeaning and unpleasant.
C) tend to reject other forms of social interaction.
D) often view social contact as highly satisfying.

Question 36

Which of the following statements about personality traits in late adulthood is true?

A) Old age is a time in which the personality inevitably becomes rigid and morale declines.
B) Most seniors show a modest age-related dip in acceptance of change.
C) A flexible, optimistic approach to life is common in old age.
D) Older adults tend to score higher than middle-aged adults in extroversion.

Question 37

Which of the following statements about gender differences in religious involvement and spirituality in late adulthood is true?

A) Women are more likely than men to participate in religious activities.
B) Women and men are equally likely to report that religion is very important to them.
C) Men are more likely than women to engage in a personal quest for connectedness with a higher power.
D) Men are more likely than women to report that religion is very important to them.

Question 38

Which of the following statements about prevention and treatment of elder suicide is true?

A) Warning signs of suicide in late adulthood rarely include efforts to put personal affairs in order.
B) Unlike younger adults, depressed older adults do not generally experience sleep and appetite changes.
C) Caregivers must watch for indirect self-destructive acts, such as refusing food or medical treatment.
D) Older suicide victims are less likely to have visited their doctors within a month of taking their lives.

Question 39

When German seniors were asked to respond to the question "Who am I?," participants mentioned

A) many hoped-for selves in social areas, but few in the area of physical health.
B) more positive than negative self-evaluations.
C) few hoped-for selves in the areas of cognitive functioning or relationships.
D) few positive, multifaceted self-definitions.

Question 40

Assistance aimed at enabling older adults to use their capacities fully in pursuit of their goals

A) can lead to overwhelming stress.
B) sustains an effective person-environment fit.
C) leads to boredom and passivity.
D) is linked to a less positive everyday existence.

Question 41

Harriet can handle dressing,shopping,and food preparation by herself.However,Harriet allows her daughter Ada to assist with these activities,leaving Harriet more stamina for gardening.Harriet is managing her aging by

A) becoming overly dependent on Ada.
B) taking advantage of Ada's willingness to help, though she is able to take care of herself.
C) consciously giving up primary control in some areas to remain in control of other, highly valued pursuits.
D) readily accepting formal support from Ada.

Question 42

Older adults

A) are more likely than younger people to respond to tensions with yelling and arguing.
B) are less likely than younger people to use constructive strategies in response to tensions.
C) actively apply their emotional expertise to promote harmony.
D) report more problematic relationships than younger people.

Question 43

According to __________ theory,older adults' life satisfaction depends on conditions that permit them to remain engaged in roles and relationships.

A) socioemotional selectivity
B) disengagement
C) continuity
D) activity

Question 44

Suburban older adults have __________ than __________ older adults.

A) lower incomes; urban
B) better health; inner-city
C) better access to public transportation; urban
D) lower incomes; rural

Question 45

__________ is associated with a positive outlook in older adults with disabilities.

A) Assistance from a paid home helper
B) A significant amount of help from family and friends
C) Having a large number of caregivers
D) Perceived social support

Question 46

Bay is a 78-year-old Asian American.She is most likely to live

A) with her son.
B) with her daughter.
C) independently.
D) with her grandchildren.

Question 47

Life-care communities

A) are federally subsidized units for low-income seniors.
B) are limited to ten or fewer residents, who live in private bedroom-bathroom suites surrounding a family-style communal space.
C) provide a hospital-like setting with extreme restrictions on autonomy and social integration.
D) can guarantee that seniors' changing needs will be met within the same facility as they age.

Question 48

Alice lives in a small town.Her sister,Henrietta,lives in a big city.Which of the following statements is probably true?

A) Alice has better access to cultural activities.
B) Alice lives closer to her children.
C) Henrietta interacts more with her neighbors.
D) Henrietta lives closer to social services.

Question 49

Which of the following older Americans is the most likely to live in an extended family?

A) Winn, who is of French descent
B) Rosalie, who is of Italian descent
C) Maggie, who is of English descent
D) Bridget, who is of Irish descent

Question 50

According to socioemotional selectivity theory,people become more selective about their social relationships as they age because

A) they value their family members more than they value their friends.
B) the functions of social interactions change over the lifespan.
C) social relationships are not as gratifying as they once were.
D) they have fewer opportunities to build their social networks.

Question 51

Trey,age 72,is most likely to

A) relocate to live closer to his children.
B) move to a more temperate climate.
C) remain living in or near his home.
D) relocate to a place to pursue leisure interests.

Question 52

Which of the following individuals is the most likely to provide Claude with informal assistance with tasks of daily living?

A) his brother
B) his daughter
C) his wife
D) a professional

Question 53

Congregate housing

A) offers a range of housing alternatives, from independent living to full nursing home care.
B) is the most extreme restriction of autonomy and social integration.
C) provides a variety of support services, including meals in a common dining room.
D) differs from an ordinary home only in that it has been modified to suit older adults' capacities.

Question 54

From which of the following individuals is Fred,a 77-year-old African American,the most likely to accept assistance?

A) a paid home helper
B) an agency-provided assistant
C) a college volunteer
D) a religious congregant

Question 55

Most older adults

A) disengage from society after age 75.
B) do not disengage from society.
C) interact more frequently as they age.
D) retreat from interaction and become introverted.

Question 56

According to continuity theory,

A) mutual withdrawal between older adults and society takes place in anticipation of death.
B) social barriers to engagement, not the desires of aging adults, cause declining rates of interaction.
C) social interaction extends lifelong selection processes.
D) most aging adults strive to maintain a personal system that promotes life satisfaction.

Question 57

According to disengagement theory,society

A) encourages older people to disengage from social settings to focus their energies on family members.
B) allows the old to withdraw by freeing them from employment and family responsibilities.
C) views seniors as incapable of benefiting from social engagement.
D) allows older adults to give up their preoccupation with their inner lives and focus on others.

Question 58

Which of the following statements about U.S.seniors who live alone is true?

A) Most American seniors who live alone are widowed men.
B) Poverty among lone aging women is deeper in the United States than in other Western nations.
C) Approximately 25 percent of seniors age 85 and older live alone.
D) During the past half century, the number of seniors living alone has declined dramatically.

Question 59

As Jane grows older,she feels closer to her siblings and more connected with her spouse.At 85,her contact with acquaintances has diminished and she is left with a few very close relationships.She is not terribly interested in forming any new social ties.Jane's behavior is consistent with __________ theory.

A) disengagement
B) activity
C) socioemotional selectivity
D) continuity

Question 60

Many older adults prefer to remain in their own homes despite physical deteriorations that make living alone difficult because

A) being at home affords the least possible personal control.
B) they are in denial about their physical declines.
C) living alone is linked to greater life satisfaction.
D) they value their independence, privacy, and network of nearby friends and neighbors.

Question 61

__________ is common in nursing home living.

A) Opportunities to choose social partners
B) Social withdrawal
C) Control over the timing of social contact
D) Social interaction

Question 62

Women's __________ may lead them to feel less need to remarry following the death of a spouse.

A) kinkeeper role
B) financial dependence
C) elevated risk of mortality
D) gender-role expectations

Question 63

Today,more older adults who enter a new relationship choose

A) cohabitation.
B) remarriage.
C) younger partners.
D) long-term engagements.

Question 64

In societies where old age leads to reduced status,age-segregated living

A) tends to lead to depression and despair.
B) is an extreme restriction of autonomy and social integration.
C) can be gratifying, opening up useful roles and leadership opportunities.
D) has a negative effect on physical health.

Question 65

With age,older adults report that the friends they feel the closest to

A) live in the same community.
B) are members of the other sex.
C) live far away.
D) are much younger in years.

Question 66

Which of the following statements about marriage in late adulthood is true?

A) Marital satisfaction decreases from middle to late adulthood, when it is at its low point.
B) Even with the high U.S. divorce rate, one in every four or five first marriages lasts at least 50 years.
C) Late-life marriages involve more stressful responsibilities that can negatively affect relationships.
D) Compared to younger couples, aging couples disagree more often and rate their relationship as lower in quality.

Question 67

Older adults report more favorable experiences with __________ than with __________.

A) adult children; grandchildren
B) brothers; sisters
C) family members; friends
D) friends; family members

Question 68

In late adulthood,most siblings

A) do not communicate regularly.
B) visit only a few times a year.
C) live within 100 miles of each other.
D) are not close.

Question 69

Never-married,childless women

A) report feeling lonely only when they cannot maintain social contacts due to declining health.
B) report a level of well-being far below that of married older women.
C) most often rely on other-sex friendships for social interaction.
D) engage in more unhealthy behaviors than their married counterparts.

Question 70

Never-married,childless men

A) report a level of well-being equivalent to that of married older adults.
B) report a level of well-being greater than that of divorced older adults.
C) are more likely than women to feel lonely and depressed.
D) show better physical and mental health than their married counterparts.

Question 71

Sylvana asks her friend,Babbette,"Did you know that the Williams boy received a full scholarship to State?" Which of the following functions of friendship is Sylvana providing?

A) a shield against negative judgments stemming from stereotypes of aging
B) protection from the psychological consequences of loss
C) intimacy and companionship
D) a link to the larger community

Question 72

Forrest lives in a Green House-style nursing home.In comparison with traditional nursing home residents,which of the following statements is most likely true?

A) Physically, Forrest will decline more quickly.
B) Forrest will report substantially better quality of life.
C) Forrest will interact less often with other residents.
D) The timing of Forrest's social contact will more often be deterred by staff.

Question 73

Which of the following recently widowed seniors is the most likely to show resilience in the face of loneliness?

A) Wilma, who is shy
B) Tyrese, who is quiet
C) Betty, who is outgoing
D) Vin, who is aggressive

Question 74

When marital dissatisfaction exists in late adulthood,

A) it often takes a greater toll on women than on men.
B) men tend to expend more energy than women in trying to work things out.
C) having high-quality friendships reduces its profoundly negative impact on adjustment.
D) it is more likely to lead to divorce than in middle adulthood.

Question 75

Which of the following statements about sibling relationships in late adulthood is true?

A) The closer the tie to a sister, the higher older people's psychological well-being.
B) Aging siblings in industrialized nations are more likely to provide direct assistance than to socialize with one another.
C) After age 70, aid from siblings living near one another declines.
D) Married older adults are more likely than never-married and widowed seniors to have contact with siblings.

Question 76

Most older gays and lesbians in long-term partnerships

A) rate their mental health less favorably than gays and lesbians who live alone.
B) rate their physical health less favorably than gays and lesbians who live alone.
C) point to their partner as their most important source of social support.
D) report low to moderate levels of relationship satisfaction.

Question 77

Charlie and his best friend,Max,visit each other,watch their favorite college team play football,and confide in each other.Which of the following functions of friendship do Charlie and Max provide for each other?

A) intimacy and companionship
B) a link to the larger community
C) protection from the psychological consequences of loss
D) a shield against negative judgments stemming from stereotypes of aging

Question 78

Which of the following statements about sibling bonds in late adulthood is true?

A) Men describe closer bonds with brothers than with sisters.
B) Both men and women describe closer bonds with sisters than with brothers.
C) Women describe closer bonds with brothers than with sisters.
D) Both men and women describe equal bonds with sisters and brothers.

Question 79

Which of the following widowed seniors is the most likely to show an elevated risk of mortality over married agemates?

A) Annmarie, a Caucasian widow
B) Barney, a Caucasian widower
C) Jenae, an African-American widow
D) Lendell, an African-American widower

Question 80

Compared with younger adults,longtime married older people __________ after divorce.

A) are more likely to remarry within a few years
B) are more likely to find it easy to separate their identity from that of their former spouse
C) are less likely to express regret over leaving an unhappy marriage
D) may experience a greater sense of personal failure