Deck 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations

Question 1

Each of us is made up of trillions of units called

A) phenotypes.
B) chromosomes.
C) genotypes.
D) cells.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In the male,

A) meiosis results in just one sperm cell.
B) the cells from which sperm arise are produced continuously throughout life.
C) sperm cells do not reach maturity until adolescence.
D) about 1 to 2 million sperm are produced when meiosis is complete.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A __________ is a complex blend of genetic information that determines the species and influences unique characteristics.

A) genotype
B) karyotype
C) phenotype
D) chromosome

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Meiosis

A) doubles the number of chromosomes normally present in the body cells.
B) halves the number of chromosomes normally present in the body cells.
C) permits the chromosomes to copy themselves.
D) results in dizygotic twins.

Question 5

__________ are affected by each person's lifelong history of experiences.

A) Cells
B) Chromosomes
C) Genotypes
D) Phenotypes

Question 6

Which of the following is another term for sex cells?

A) gametes
B) autosomes
C) alleles
D) phenotypes

Question 7

An estimated 20,000 to 25,000 __________ lie along the human chromosome.

A) phenotypes
B) genes
C) karyotypes
D) gametes

Question 8

Following mitosis,

A) each new body cell contains unique genetic information.
B) cells divide in half to form the fertilized ovum.
C) each cell loses its cytoplasm.
D) each new body cell contains the same number of chromosomes.

Question 9

__________ trigger chemical reactions throughout the body.

A) Proteins
B) Genes
C) Chromosomes
D) Gametes

Question 10

When sperm and ovum unite at conception,a(n)__________ results.

A) autosome
B) gamete
C) zygote
D) allele

Question 11

The DNA molecule resembles a

A) five-pointed star.
B) spider's web.
C) pair of triangles.
D) twisted ladder.

Question 12

Through a process called mitosis,DNA can

A) split itself in thirds.
B) untwist itself.
C) duplicate itself.
D) divide itself in half.

Question 13

A(n)__________ contains only 23 chromosomes,half as many as a regular body cell.

A) autosome
B) gamete
C) allele
D) zygote

Question 14

The cytoplasm is the

A) area surrounding the cell nucleus.
B) biological foundation on which our characteristics are built.
C) fertilized ovum.
D) control center of the cell.

Question 15

Taylor's twenty-third pair of chromosomes is XX.Taylor is

A) male.
B) a fraternal twin.
C) female.
D) an identical twin.

Question 16

Christine is 5'7" and has blue eyes.Such directly observable characteristics are called

A) alleles.
B) phenotypes.
C) chromosomes.
D) genotypes.

Question 17

Generally,human __________ come in 23 matching pairs.

A) chromosomes
B) phenotypes
C) cells
D) genotypes

Question 18

The events that occur during __________ make the likelihood extremely low that nontwin siblings will be genetically identical.

A) mitosis
B) meiosis
C) genomic imprinting
D) canalization

Question 19

The female

A) can bear children for only about two decades.
B) is born with a bank of ova already present in her ovaries.
C) produces the cells from which ova arise continuously throughout life.
D) is born with just one ovum.

Question 20

A healthy man can father a child

A) at any age after sexual maturity.
B) for about two decades.
C) for about three decades.
D) for about four decades.

Question 21

Patsy and Terry are dizygotic twins.They

A) will develop more rapidly than children of single births.
B) are no more alike than ordinary siblings.
C) have the exact same genetic makeup.
D) are more likely to look alike than ordinary siblings.

Question 22

Research on sex chromosome disorders shows that

A) verbal difficulties are common among females who are missing an X chromosome.
B) reading difficulties are common among both boys and girls who inherit an extra X chromosome.
C) males with XYY syndrome are more aggressive and antisocial than XY males.
D) most children with these disorders suffer from mental retardation.

Question 23

Gilles has had frequent and high exposure to radiation in his occupation for the past ten years.Gilles's offspring are at greater risk for __________ than children whose fathers were not exposed to radiation.

A) cystic fibrosis
B) childhood cancer
C) PKU
D) hemophilia

Question 24

Fraternal twins are created when

A) two different ova are released and fertilized.
B) two ova are fertilized by the same sperm cell.
C) one ovum is fertilized by two different sperm cells.
D) a fertilized ovum divides into two clusters of cells.

Question 25

__________ help(s)explain why fragile X syndrome is expressed only when it is passed from the mother to the child.

A) Codominance
B) Genetic mutations
C) Genomic imprinting
D) X-linked inheritance

Question 26

Sickle cell anemia

A) occurs in full form when a child inherits two recessive genes.
B) can be treated during infancy if the child is placed on a diet that is low in phenylalanine.
C) affects more males than females.
D) is a heterozygous condition present in many Jews of European descent.

Question 27

The twenty-first pair of chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis,so Aziz received three of these chromosomes rather than the normal two.Aziz has __________ syndrome.

A) XYY
B) Klinefelter
C) Turner
D) Down

Question 28

Somatic mutation

A) typically occurs in sex cells.
B) decreases with maternal age.
C) shows that each of us does not have a single, permanent genotype.
D) takes place in the cells that give rise to gametes.

Question 29

Maya tested positive for PKU at birth and will __________ to have a normal lifespan.

A) require hormone therapy
B) have to be placed on a diet low in phenylalanine
C) need regular injections of insulin
D) require frequent blood transfusions

Question 30

Studies of sex differences show that

A) worldwide, approximately 106 girls are born for every 100 boys.
B) the female infant is at a disadvantage compared to the male infant.
C) rates of miscarriage, infant death, and childhood death are higher among males than females.
D) rates of mental retardation, learning disabilities, and behavior disorders are higher among females than males.

Question 31

In cases of X-linked inheritance,

A) males are more likely than females to be affected by the disorder.
B) females are more likely than males to be affected by the disorder.
C) children are more likely to inherit the disease from their mother than from their father.
D) children are more likely to inherit the disease from their father than from their mother.

Question 32

Personality characteristics are most likely determined by __________ inheritance.

A) X-linked
B) polygenic
C) dominant
D) recessive

Question 33

Which of the following is a recessive characteristic?

A) curly hair
B) facial dimples
C) red hair
D) double-jointedness

Question 34

The sex of a new organism is determined by whether

A) the ovum is carrying an X chromosome or a Y chromosome.
B) the sperm fertilizes an X-bearing ovum or a Y-bearing ovum.
C) the X and Y chromosomes separate into sperm cells or ovum.
D) an X-bearing sperm or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum.

Question 35

Abnormalities of the sex chromosomes

A) tend to cause mental retardation.
B) often cause aggressive and antisocial behavior.
C) typically lead to miscarriage.
D) usually lead to fewer problems than abnormalities of the autosomes.

Question 36

In which of the following disorders does genomic imprinting operate on the sex chromosomes?

A) fragile X syndrome
B) Huntington disease
C) sickle cell anemia
D) Marfan syndrome

Question 37

In dominant-recessive inheritance,the one allele that does not affect the child's characteristics is called

A) dominant-recessive.
B) dominant.
C) a carrier.
D) recessive.

Question 38

During their early years,children of single births often __________ than twins.

A) develop more slowly
B) are healthier
C) are smarter
D) are happier

Question 39

Candace and Cassidy,like all monozygotic twins,

A) have the same genetic makeup.
B) will develop more rapidly than children of single births.
C) are no more alike than ordinary siblings.
D) will be healthier than children of single births.

Question 40

Identical twins are created when

A) two different ova are released and fertilized.
B) two ova are fertilized by the same sperm cell.
C) a zygote that has started to duplicate separates into two clusters of cells that develop into two individuals.
D) one ovum is fertilized by two different sperm cells.

Question 41

Surrogate motherhood

A) is the least controversial form of medically assisted conception.
B) usually involves the wealthy as contractors for infants and the less economically advantaged as surrogates.
C) arrangements rarely proceed smoothly.
D) is illegal in most U.S. states.

Question 42

__________ are more likely than other children to suffer from persistent deficits in cognitive development and academic achievement.

A) Immigrant children
B) Children from single-parent families
C) Children of poverty
D) Adopted children

Question 43

Hoda,an economically disadvantaged mother of four,is considering becoming a surrogate.Which of the following is one realistic concern that Hoda might have about surrogate motherhood?

A) She worries that the couple may change their mind during the pregnancy.
B) The success rate of surrogacy is only about 25 percent.
C) About 50 percent of surrogate procedures result in multiple births.
D) Surrogate motherhood has been banned in most U.S. states and the District of Columbia.

Question 44

If a family history of mental retardation,psychological disorders,physical defects,or inherited diseases exists,a genetic counselor prepares a __________,which identifies affected relatives in a couple's family tree.

A) pedigree
B) carrier detector
C) prenatal diagnosis
D) genetic diagnosis

Question 45

Jenna's mother tends to increase her use of punishment when Jenna becomes unruly and rebellious.This is an example of a(n)__________ influence between a parent and a child.

A) unidirectional
B) direct
C) maladaptive
D) indirect

Question 46

In several studies,affluent teenagers were __________ likely than low-SES youths to __________.

A) less; engage in alcohol and drug use
B) more; report high levels of anxiety and depression
C) less; self-medicate
D) more; have physically and emotionally available parents

Question 47

Most adopted children

A) fare better if they are adopted after infancy.
B) begin to search for their birth parents during early adolescence.
C) have trouble developing feelings of trust and affection toward their adoptive parents.
D) become well-adjusted adults.

Question 48

Which of the following is an example of an indirect influence on a child's development?

A) piano lessons
B) an inspiring teacher
C) harsh discipline
D) parental conflict

Question 49

Compared to high-SES parents,low-SES parents are more likely to

A) use coercive discipline.
B) reward their children for good behavior.
C) ignore their child's misbehavior.
D) engage in permissive child rearing.

Question 50

The information gained from __________ may help parents decide whether to attempt to conceive,adopt,or choose from a variety of additional reproductive technologies.

A) gene therapy
B) genetic counseling
C) prenatal diagnosis
D) amniocentesis

Question 51

To inspect Jasmine's fetus for defects of the limbs and face,as well as to allow a sample of fetal blood to be obtained,permitting diagnosis of hemophilia and sickle cell anemia,her doctor should use

A) amniocentesis.
B) chorionic villus sampling.
C) ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging.
D) fetoscopy.

Question 52

Which of the following American children is the most likely to live in poverty?

A) Geoff, a Caucasian American
B) George, an African American
C) Pia, a Hispanic American
D) Pauline, a Native American

Question 53

As a group,wealthy parents

A) make fewer demands on their children than their less well-off counterparts.
B) are nearly as physically and emotionally unavailable to their youngsters as parents coping with serious financial strain.
C) value their children's character more than their accomplishments.
D) engage in parenting that promotes favorable development.

Question 54

Donor insemination

A) is 40 to 50 percent successful.
B) involves giving a woman hormones that stimulate the ripening of several ova.
C) is commonly used to overcome male reproductive difficulties.
D) is used to treat women whose fallopian tubes are permanently damaged.

Question 55

__________ is/are the longest-lasting context(s)for development.

A) Friends
B) Neighbors
C) The school
D) The family

Question 56

Amelia and Sam praise and stimulate their children,and they mutually support each other's parenting behaviors.Amelia and Sam engage in effective

A) induction.
B) permissive parenting.
C) coparenting.
D) niche-picking.

Question 57

Adopted children

A) have trouble developing feelings of trust and love toward their adoptive parents.
B) tend to have more learning and emotional difficulties than other children.
C) are more like their adoptive parents than their biological parents in intelligence and personality.
D) fare less well than children who return to their biological mothers.

Question 58

Which of the following statements about in vitro fertilization is true?

A) About 10 percent of American babies are conceived through this technique.
B) It cannot be performed on women whose fallopian tubes have been damaged.
C) Doctors are required to keep records of the characteristics of sperm donors.
D) The success rate of in vitro fertilization declines steadily with age.

Question 59

Gene therapy corrects genetic abnormalities by

A) mapping the sequence of all human DNA base pairs.
B) performing surgery to repair defects during the fetal period.
C) delivering DNA carrying a functional gene to the cells.
D) modifying gene-specified proteins involved in biological aging and disease.

Question 60

__________ can be routinely used to safely screen for abnormal fetal development.

A) Amniocentesis
B) Maternal blood analysis
C) Ultrasound
D) Fetoscopy

Question 61

Which of the following beliefs has emerged as a central American value?

A) It takes a village to raise a child.
B) The care and rearing of children is the duty of the parents, and only the parents.
C) When young adults decide to have children, their parents, employers, and communities should provide support for them.
D) As a society, we are responsible for taking care of each other.

Question 62

Compared to those in large urban areas,adults in small towns are __________ likely to __________.

A) less; have contact with their children's teachers
B) less; occupy positions of leadership
C) more; participate in civic groups
D) more; visit museums on a regular basis

Question 63

In __________,people hold different beliefs and customs from those held by the larger culture.

A) macrosystems
B) microsystems
C) subcultures
D) collectivist societies

Question 64

Neighborhood programs that provide enrichment activities

A) have little impact in low-income areas.
B) are unlikely to reach the neediest children and youth.
C) predict favorable development only in middle- to high-income areas.
D) improve social skills but have little impact on academic achievement.

Question 65

In __________ societies,people think of themselves as separate entities and are largely concerned with their own needs.

A) collectivist
B) interdependent
C) individualistic
D) tribal

Question 66

__________ is a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to the diversity in human traits and abilities.

A) Epigenesis
B) Behavioral genetics
C) Environmental genetics
D) Child development

Question 67

Which of the following statements about public policies for older adults in the United States is true?

A) During the 1960s, U.S. federal spending on programs for older adults was greatly expanded.
B) Social security and Medicare consume about half of the federal budget for older adults.
C) All Americans over age 65 are guaranteed a minimum income greater than the poverty level.
D) Social Security benefits are usually enough to serve as the sole source of retirement income.

Question 68

Relative to other industrialized nations,U.S.policies for __________ and __________ have been especially slow to emerge.

A) children; working adults
B) working adults; older adults
C) families; working adults
D) children; older adults

Question 69

Compared to older adults in large cities,older adults in small towns are __________ likely to __________.

A) more; move into planned housing for elders
B) less; develop warm relationships with nonrelatives
C) less; feel safe and secure
D) more; remain actively involved in the community

Question 70

Mr.and Mrs.Parsons feel that an important factor in promoting their children's academic success is frequent contact between teachers and parents.The Parsons would most likely find this offering in a(n)

A) urban neighborhood.
B) large urban area.
C) mid-sized city.
D) small town.

Question 71

The United States

A) has a higher infant death rate than Canada and Spain.
B) provides national standards and funding for child care.
C) spends more public funds on education than Sweden.
D) now has a universal, publicly funded health-care system.

Question 72

Which of the following countries has the higher childhood poverty rate?

A) Poland
B) Germany
C) the United States
D) Czech Republic

Question 73

Community resources have __________ impact on the development of young people in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods compared with those in well-to-do neighborhoods.

A) no measurable
B) a similar
C) a lesser
D) a greater

Question 74

Area Agencies on Aging

A) meet the needs of 96 percent of U.S. older adults.
B) provide health insurance for older Americans.
C) offer communal and home-delivered meals, and a wide range of other social services.
D) do not provide self-care education or elder abuse prevention services.

Question 75

Which of the following countries has the higher teenage birth rate?

A) Czech Republic
B) Slovakia
C) Hungary
D) the United States

Question 76

Attempts to help children and youths have been difficult to realize in the United States because

A) such government policies have failed in other Western countries.
B) cultural values of self-reliance and privacy have made government hesitant to become involved in family matters.
C) social programs are rarely cost-effective.
D) the United States already ranks at the top on key measures of children's health and well-being.

Question 77

In collectivist societies,people

A) think of themselves as separate entities.
B) define themselves as part of a group.
C) are largely concerned with their own personal needs.
D) stress individual goals over group goals.

Question 78

Which of the following statements about child care in the United States is true?

A) The United States ranks first in the industrialized world in public funding for child care.
B) The United States has been slow to move toward national standards and funding for child care.
C) Affordable child care is available for most families across the United States.
D) Although affordable child care is in short supply, nearly all programs are high quality.

Question 79

When reports indicate that many children are not achieving well in school,the state government grants more tax money to school districts.This is an example of a(n)__________ policy.

A) individualistic
B) collectivist
C) public
D) socialistic

Question 80

The Children's Defense Fund

A) provides free legal services to low-income families of children with disabilities.
B) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to helping children in poverty in non-industrialized nations.
C) releases The Policy Book every two years, providing an in-depth compilation of policies for children.
D) engages in public education, legal action, drafting of legislation, congressional testimony, and community organizing.