Deck 14: How Proteins Are Made: Genetic Transcription, translation, and Regulation

Question 1

Which of the following is not an RNA transcript?

A)AUGCGU
B)ATGCGT
C)UACGCA
D)UAGCGU
E)GCGUUU

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is a codon?

A)three genes in a bacterium that are all regulated together
B)a segment of a chromosome that encodes an RNA
C)three amino acids in a row in a protein
D)a three-base sequence of mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid
E)a sequence in DNA that is the binding site for RNA polymerase

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Proteins differ from one another because:

A)the bonds linking amino acids differ from protein to protein.
B)the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein.
C)the number of nucleotides found in each protein varies from molecule to molecule.
D)the tRNA attached to the protein differs from protein to protein.
E)of the length of the mRNA.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which process or processes occur in the nucleus?

A)DNA replication and transcription
B)DNA replication
C)transcription and translation of RNA
D)transcription
E)DNA replication, transcription, and translation

Question 5

If a base sequence in DNA reads GCA,what will be the corresponding codon in the mRNA?

A)CGT
B)GCT
C)GCU
D)CGU
E)ACG

Question 6

Insulin is a protein that is made up of 51 amino acids.It would have been translated from an mRNA transcript that had at least:

A)153 nucleotides.
B)1153 nucleotides.
C)1530 nucleotides.
D)300 nucleotides.

Question 7

The enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA is:

A)DNA polymerase.
B)RNA polymerase.
C)helicase.
D)DNA transcription factor.

Question 8

If a DNA segment has the sequence GCTAA,what RNA sequence will be made from it?

A)GCTAA
B)CGATT
C)UGATT
D)CGUTT
E)CGAUU

Question 9

The genetic code:

A)tells us how RNA is assembled on a DNA template.
B)is a list of all the possible proteins that can be made.
C)describes the mechanics of translation.
D)shows the connection between nucleotide triplets and the amino acids they code for.
E)shows the connection between nucleotide triplets in DNA and their corresponding codons in RNA.

Question 10

How many different types of amino acids are found in proteins?

A)100
B)200
C)1,000
D)20
E)4

Question 11

When an mRNA moves into the cell's cytoplasm,it first becomes associated with a:

A)protein.
B)tRNA.
C)ribosome.
D)transcription factor.

Question 12

The process that converts the information in DNA into RNA is:

A)translation.
B)replication.
C)transcription.
D)duplication.
E)meiosis.

Question 13

Wherever there is an adenine on a DNA strand,during transcription it will be base-paired with a ________ on an RNA strand.

A)thymine
B)adenine
C)guanine
D)cytosine
E)uracil

Question 14

The form of RNA that carries the information from DNA to the site of protein assembly is called:

A)messenger RNA.
B)small nuclear RNA.
C)ribosomal RNA.
D)transfer RNA.
E)primary mRNA script.

Question 15

If a DNA sequence reads TTGCGATCG,what mRNA will it encode?

A)TTGCGUTCG
B)AACGCTAGC
C)AACGCUAGC
D)TTGCGATCG
E)UUCGCTUGC

Question 16

Transcription:

A)occurs on the ribosome.
B)is the final process in the assembly of a protein.
C)is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.
D)is catalyzed by DNA polymerase.
E)occurs in the cytoplasm.

Question 17

How many bases does it take to code for a single amino acid?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four
E)six

Question 18

What is the sugar found in an RNA nucleotide?

A)uracil
B)deoxyribose
C)ribose
D)glucose
E)thymine

Question 19

Which molecule is the product of transcription?

A)nucleotides
B)DNA
C)proteins
D)amino acids
E)RNA

Question 20

Which of the following is a component of an RNA nucleotide?

A)uracil
B)deoxyribose sugar
C)thymine
D)glycine

Question 21

The set of nucleotides on a tRNA that base-pairs with nucleotides on an mRNA is the:

A)anticodon.
B)codon.
C)template.
D)primary transcript.
E)P site.

Question 22

Introns in genes are:

A)redundant codons.
B)base sequences not required to make the protein.
C)regions where the RNA polymerase binds.
D)regulatory regions of the genome.
E)coding portions of the genome.

Question 23

In the sequence of events during translation,what is the next step after an amino acid on the tRNA in the P site is linked to an amino acid on the tRNA in the A site?

A)The tRNA is released from the A site.
B)The small ribosomal subunit attaches to the mRNA.
C)A tRNA binds to the start codon, and the large ribosomal subunit joins the ribosome.
D)The tRNA in the A site moves to the E site.
E)The ribosome shifts down the mRNA by one codon.

Question 24

tRNAs will move from the A site to the P site to the E site during protein synthesis.These sites are found in:

A)mRNA.
B)tRNA.
C)the large ribosomal subunit.
D)the small ribosomal subunit.
E)the nucleus.

Question 25

The process in which polypeptide synthesis requires information in the form of a nucleotide sequence to be changed into amino acid sequence information is known as:

A)the genetic code.
B)transcription.
C)translation.
D)genetic regulation.

Question 26

Which component of transcription or translation has the anticodon?

A)mRNA
B)RNA polymerase
C)tRNA
D)rRNA
E)ribosome

Question 27

What does the RNA polymerase enzyme complex do?

A)It unwinds the DNA.
B)It brings complimentary RNA nucleotides to DNA.
C)It synthesizes RNA molecule.
D)It splices introns out of mRNA.
E)It unwinds the DNA, brings complementary RNA nucleotides to DNA, and synthesizes an RNA molecule.

Question 28

The first amino acid of a new polypeptide chain is:

A)serine.
B)cysteine.
C)variable.
D)phenylalanine.
E)methionine.

Question 29

If we create the figure: DNA → RNA → Polypeptide [Protein],what do the arrows indicate?

A)replication
B)transcription
C)translation
D)replication and transcription
E)transcription and translation

Question 30

A three-nucleotide sequence on an mRNA that codes for an amino acid is referred to as a/an:

A)anticodon.
B)primary transcript.
C)tRNA.
D)template.
E)codon.

Question 31

If a codon is three nucleotides and there are four different nucleotides,how many different codons can be made?

A)3
B)12
C)28
D)64
E)120

Question 32

Which segment of an mRNA transcript is removed before it is translated?

A)exons.
B)operators.
C)introns.
D)Alu sequences.
E)stop codons.

Question 33

If a codon has the sequence CAG,tRNA with which anticodon will bind to it?

A)CTG
B)UGA
C)GTC
D)CAG
E)GUC

Question 34

Transfer RNA (tRNA)differs from other types of RNA because it:

A)transfers genetic instructions from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm.
B)carries the codons for amino acid sequence of a particular protein.
C)carries an amino acid at one end of the molecule and binds with the mRNA with the anticodon at the other end.
D)is made up of amino acids instead of nucleotides.

Question 35

Translation of mRNA into protein always starts at:

A)a termination codon.
B)the E site.
C)an AUG codon.
D)the A site.
E)the first anticodon on the mRNA.

Question 36

In the sequence of events during translation,what is the next step after an mRNA binds to the ribosome's small subunit?

A)A tRNA enters the A site of the ribosome.
B)An amino acid from a tRNA in the P site attaches to an amino acid on the tRNA in the A site.
C)A tRNA binds to the start codon, and the large ribosomal subunit joins the ribosome.
D)A tRNA is released from the E site.
E)The ribosome shifts down the mRNA by one codon.

Question 37

Which of the following brings amino acids to the ribosomes?

A)exons
B)messenger RNA
C)transfer RNA
D)introns
E)ribosomal RNA

Question 38

What are the products of translation?

A)polypeptide chains/proteins
B)DNA
C)nucleotides
D)ribosomes
E)RNA

Question 39

How many codons can act as termination codons?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 40

The process of translation is completed when:

A)a stop codon moves into the A site.
B)the cell runs out of amino acids.
C)the cell runs out of ribonucleotides.
D)the translation machinery reaches the end of the DNA molecule.
E)the stop codon is severed at the P site.

Question 41

Hoxc8 is nearly identical in all animals,but Hoxc8 enhancer differs in:

A)the sequence of amino acids.
B)the RNA base sequence.
C)the DNA base sequence.
D)DNA-binding proteins.
E)the DNA base sequence and its DNA-binding proteins.

Question 42

The human genome codes for 20,000 to 25,000 proteins,but any given cell might produce only 5,000 different proteins.How is this possible?

A)Every cell contains a different fraction of the genome.
B)All possible proteins are made in all cells, but those that are not needed are degraded.
C)Some cells use introns to produce proteins, and some cells use exons.
D)Genes are regulated so that not all genes are transcribed in all cells.
E)Not every cell has the machinery for transcription and translation.

Question 43

What accounts for the fact that cells in different tissues and organisms have different functions and respond differently to their environments?

A)The cells use the same genes to make different proteins.
B)The cells have different genes.
C)The cells are expressing (using)different genes.
D)The cells use different genetic codes.
E)The cells DNA is different.

Question 44

Approximately what percent of the human genome codes for protein?

A)less than 2 percent
B)97 percent
C)75 percent
D)12 percent
E)21 percent

Question 45

tRNA and rRNA are not translated into proteins.

Question 46

The process by which genetic information in DNA is copied into RNA is called translation.

Question 47

The first anticodon on a tRNA that binds to an mRNA transcript is complementary to AUG.

Question 48

Alternative splicing is:

A)removing introns and retaining exons.
B)removing exons and retaining introns.
C)when a single primary transcript is edited in different ways to yield multiple mRNAs.
D)converting an exon into an intron.

Question 49

Hoxc8 genes are responsible for the development of:

A)abdominal structure in vertebrates.
B)thoracic structures in vertebrates.
C)cranial structures.
D)limbs in vertebrates.
E)the whole vertebrate body.

Question 50

During translation,one mRNA can be translated by many ribosomes at once.

Question 51

Dietary factors are now being studied for how they regulate gene activity and how this contributes to disease.For example,how does a diet high in unsaturated fatty acids help maintain a healthy blood lipid profile? Within hours of feeding animals with diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs),there is an increase in the activity of genes responsible for making enzymes that break down fats and a reduction of the activity of genes responsible for making enzymes that make fats.This has the effect of changing fat metabolism,which leads to a lowering of blood lipid levels.The control of what type of DNA sequence would PUFAs most likely be affecting?

A)intron sequences
B)exon sequences
C)enhancer sequences
D)micro-RNA sequences

Question 52

How large is the human genome?

A)3)2 billion base pairs
B)10 billion base pairs
C)1 million base pairs
D)1 trillion base pairs
E)3 million base pairs

Question 53

Which of the following is considered "non-coding" DNA?

A)rRNA genes
B)exons
C)genes that are not constantly transcribed but may be turned on in some cells
D)introns

Question 54

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)The more complex the organism, the more DNA it has.
B)The simpler the organism, the less DNA it has.
C)The more complex the organism, the higher the percentage of the non-coding DNA.
D)The simpler the organism, the lower the percentage of the non-coding DNA.

Question 55

Which of the following is the best description of a gene?

A)a protein whose amino acid sequence is encoded in a segment of DNA
B)a collection of millions or billions of base pairs of DNA, encoding many proteins
C)a segment of DNA that is transcribed into an mRNA, a tRNA, or an rRNA
D)a segment of mRNA that is translated into a protein
E)A section of the nucleus where transcription takes place.

Question 56

There are between 20,000 and 25,000 genes in the human genome,yet our cells are capable of producing more than 90,000 different proteins.How is this possible?

A)Many genes are actually yet to be discovered.
B)Introns are spliced back together to form mRNAs.
C)Micro-RNAs can also be used to make proteins.
D)Primary transcripts can be edited in different ways by alternative splicing to produce different mRNAs.

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true about micro-RNAs?

A)Alternative splicing converts them into mRNAs.
B)They bring amino acids to the ribosome.
C)They regulate the amount of protein in a cell by interfering with mRNAs.
D)They are too small to be of any use to the cell.

Question 58

The full complement of DNA found in a cell of your body constitutes your:

A)coding sequences.
B)non-coding sequences.
C)genome.
D)genetic code.

Question 59

In order for a gene to be transcribed,a multipart protein complex must bind to the ________ to help RNA polymerase align with it.

A)enhancer
B)promoter
C)intron
D)exon

Question 60

The genomes of human beings and chimpanzees are nearly identical,so why are humans and chimps so different?

A)The genes of chimps make different proteins.
B)Out of 907 genes in the liver of both humans and chimps, only half are active in chimps.
C)The micro RNAs destroy mRNAs in chimps.
D)The micro RNAs destroy DNAs in chimps.
E)The regulatory sequences are different in the two species.

Question 61

In translation,when an incoming tRNA with the next amino acid comes into the ribosome,it enters the ________ site,while the tRNA with the growing polypeptide chain is located in the ________ site.

Question 62

What are the different types of RNA that are found in a cell,and what are their functions?

Question 63

Arabidopsis thaliana is a small plant commonly known as the thale cress or mouse-ear cress and has approximately 25,000 genes.The human genome also contains approximately 25,000 genes,yet a human is clearly more complex than this plant.Both species have introns in their genes.Formulate a hypothesis to explain why a human is more complex than Arabidopsis even though the human and the plant have a similar number of genes.

Question 64

The larger an organism is,the larger its genome must be.

Question 65

Mutations in regulatory DNA sequences may be more important to evolution than mutations in genes.

Question 66

Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows.

Primary transcripts are spliced by enzymes that recognize base sequences at the beginnings and ends of introns.A mutation changes the base sequence in a segment of DNA.If a mutation changed the base sequence at the beginning of the first intron so that it was no longer recognized by a splicing enzyme,how would that affect translation?

Question 67

How does the protein synthesis occur?

Question 68

The codon AAC in mRNA will match with the tRNA anticodon sequence ________.

Question 69

What are the basic differences between DNA and RNA molecules?

Question 70

During translation,the tRNA binds to the mRNA using its ________.

Question 71

The process of ________ enables DNA to pass its information to RNA.

Question 72

You are an evolutionary biologist analyzing the evolution of embryo development in different species.You identify an important gene that controls the placement of body regions in fruit flies,mice,and chickens,and you find the gene is exactly the same in each species.You then determine it is the enhancer sequence of the genes that is different in each species.Why would such very different species have the same gene sequence but a different enhancer sequence?

Question 73

What is the relationship between DNA,chromosomes,genes,RNA,proteins,transcription,and translation?

Question 74

A portion of a gene has the following DNA sequence: GAAGGAGTAGCA,which when translated gives the amino acid sequence leucine-proline-histidine-arginine.Assume a mutation causes a C to be inserted into the sequence in between the second A and the second G.Predict how this would affect the protein produced when it is translated.

Question 75

Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows.

During translation,a tRNA with its bound amino acids is in the P site.What processes happen once a new tRNA is in the A site?

Question 76

What signals the end of the translation of an mRNA?