Deck 27: Communication and Control 1: the Nervous System

Question 1

Axons of motor neurons first leave the spinal cord through the:

A)spinal nerve.
B)ventral roots.
C)dorsal roots.
D)dorsal root ganglion.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Inrushing sodium ions trigger the opening of nearby channels and movement of sodium inward at that neighboring section of the membrane.What is occurring?

A)normal resting potential
B)an action potential
C)neurotransmitter release
D)protein movement

Answer 2

B

Question 3

When a neuron is at its "resting potential," which of the following is true about the concentration of sodium ions?

A)Sodium ions have a greater concentration inside the neuron's cell membrane.
B)Sodium ions have a greater concentration outside the neuron's cell membrane.
C)The sodium concentration is the same outside and inside the neuron's cell membrane.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Cells in the central nervous system that are important for functions such as memory are the:

A)interneurons.
B)sensory neurons.
C)motor neurons.
D)glial cells.

Question 5

Any collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS is called a:

A)ganglion.
B)afferent nerve.
C)efferent nerve.
D)dendrite.

Question 6

The parts of the central nervous system are the:

A)afferent and efferent.
B)nerves and receptors.
C)brain and spinal cord.
D)autonomic and somatic.

Question 7

In a reflex such as the "knee jerk" or patellar reflex,the efferent signal travels through the:

A)spinal cord.
B)motor neuron.
C)sensory neuron.
D)interneuron.

Question 8

A drug that causes potassium to leak out of the neuron would:

A)make it harder to trigger action potentials in the neuron.
B)cause the inside of the neuron to become more positive.
C)cause the outside of the neuron to become more negative.
D)make it easier to trigger action potentials in the neuron.

Question 9

Which statement best describes how one neuron stimulates another?

A)Sodium ions jump across to the next neuron's membrane.
B)The neurons are physically connected, so the action potential continues movement.
C)Calcium ions diffuse across the synapse.
D)Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synapse.

Question 10

The autonomic nervous system is a part of the:

A)central nervous system.
B)somatic nervous system.
C)peripheral nervous system.
D)appendicular nervous system.

Question 11

Part of the reason for the charge difference inside and outside a neuron's membrane is:

A)excess potassium outside the membrane.
B)excess sodium inside the membrane.
C)negatively charged proteins inside the membrane.
D)positively charged proteins inside the membrane.
E)positively charged proteins outside the membrane.

Question 12

Spinal nerves emerging from the spinal cord are named for:

A)their basic function.
B)the organ they supply.
C)the portion of the vertebral column around them.
D)strictly the number sequence 1-30.

Question 13

Nerves would be best described as:

A)collections of motor neuron dendrites and cell bodies.
B)collections of sensory neuron dendrites and cell bodies.
C)bundles of dendrites in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
D)bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Question 14

Which of the following does the central nervous system use for the action of pulling your hand away from a hot object?

A)receptors
B)sensory neurons
C)motor neurons
D)glial cells

Question 15

An organ or group of cells that responds to a motor neuron is a/an:

A)effector.
B)receptor.
C)glial cell.
D)sensory organ.

Question 16

The portion of the nervous system that most directly controls skeletal muscles is the:

A)somatic.
B)autonomic.
C)sympathetic.
D)parasympathetic.
E)afferent.

Question 17

White matter areas of the nervous system mostly contain:

A)neuron cell bodies.
B)myelinated axons.
C)cerebrospinal fluid.
D)ganglia.

Question 18

The cells of the nervous system that transmit nervous system messages are the:

A)glial cells.
B)dendrites.
C)synapses.
D)neurons.

Question 19

A section of a neuron's membrane becomes temporarily positive on the inside when:

A)ion channels open and sodium ions rush in.
B)ion channels open and potassium ions rush in.
C)negatively charged proteins exit the cell.
D)neurotransmitters enter the cell.

Question 20

Which of the following would send a signal to the central nervous system that you had touched a hot object?

A)motor neuron
B)sensory neuron
C)interneuron
D)glial cell

Question 21

The iris of the human eye is composed partly of:

A)nervous tissue.
B)empty space.
C)rods.
D)connective tissue.
E)smooth muscle.

Question 22

A person is blindfolded and then given a piece of apple to eat while the scent of pineapple is wafted around his or her nose.The person would most likely guess that he or she is eating a/an:

A)apple.
B)pineapple.
C)new type of fruit.
D)50-50 mixture of apple and pineapple.

Question 23

Which statement about the sense of smell in humans is most accurate?

A)Smell is about equally as strong as taste.
B)One hundred different receptor varieties allow us to discern about 100 scents.
C)Combinations of over 300 receptors allow us to discern thousands of scents.
D)Ciliated cells rapidly move scent molecules to the brain for rapid analysis.

Question 24

The basic taste sensations are different in that each sensation works through:

A)a different chemical reaction route in a taste cell.
B)a similar chemical reaction route in a taste cell.
C)different ciliated receptor varieties, just like smell receptors.
D)different taste nerves.

Question 25

The value of the three small bones of the middle ear is that they:

A)translate vibration into nerve impulses.
B)translate solid vibration into internal liquid vibration.
C)amplify vibrations by concentrating them into a smaller area.
D)connect the eardrum to the nerves of hearing.

Question 26

The cochlea is part of the:

A)inner ear.
B)outer ear.
C)brain.
D)eye.

Question 27

Routine activities and energy conservation are controlled by the:

A)peripheral nervous system.
B)parasympathetic division.
C)sympathetic division.
D)thalamus.

Question 28

You are giving first aid to a semiconscious person who (before your arrival)told a bystander something about taking a drug overdose.The person has dilated pupils and a dry mouth.You recall reading that many drugs "mimic" the effects of nervous system functions,and you quickly size up which part of the nervous system is being mimicked here.The bystander is calling 911.In order to save time and best advise the emergency dispatcher about the treatment EMTs should be prepared to begin when they arrive,you tell the bystander to tell the 911 operator that the drug taken probably mimics which nervous system division?

A)somatic
B)parasympathetic
C)sympathetic
D)sfferent

Question 29

Proprioceptors provide us with:

A)sight.
B)hearing.
C)the sense of touch.
D)information about the position of the joints.

Question 30

When light enters the eye,it is bent,or refracted,first by the:

A)retina.
B)cornea.
C)lens.
D)vitreous body.

Question 31

Most sensory information is routed through which structure before arriving in the cerebrum?

A)pons
B)medulla oblongata
C)midbrain
D)hypothalamus
E)thalamus

Question 32

The term "brain dead" may refer to the fact that all brain centers have ceased to function except the:

A)cerebrum.
B)cerebellum.
C)thalamus.
D)hypothalamus.
E)medulla oblongata.

Question 33

How do hair cells of the cochlea translate vibration into nervous impulses?

A)Bending cilia lead to ion flow and neurotransmitter release.
B)Pulling hairs trigger an action potential.
C)Vibrating hairs open voltage sensitive channels.
D)Moving cilia break molecules at their bases.

Question 34

Our "oldest" sense,which works in a very similar way in insects,is the sense of:

A)vision.
B)hearing.
C)smell.
D)touch.

Question 35

Which of the following would be a function of the sympathetic division?

A)stimulate the stomach
B)constrict the pupils
C)stimulate the gallbladder
D)accelerate heart rate

Question 36

Which part of your brain processes the information in this question and,you hope,retrieves the information necessary to answer it?

A)cerebellum
B)cerebral cortex
C)pons
D)hypothalamus
E)midbrain

Question 37

Which part of the human eye detects colored light?

A)enzymes in ganglion cells
B)rhodopsin molecules
C)aqueous humor
D)cones
E)cornea

Question 38

Which of the following best describes the structural aspect of the cerebral cortex?

A)a thin band of gray matter making the outer layer of the cerebrum
B)a thick band of white matter making the outer layer of the cerebrum
C)a core of fast, myelinated axons in the interior of the brain
D)a cap of white matter over the spinal cord, made mostly of the thalamus

Question 39

The Pacinian corpuscle is important to:

A)sight.
B)hearing.
C)the sense of touch.
D)information about the position of the joints.

Question 40

Which of the following best describes sensory receptors?

A)Sensory receptors interpret sensation.
B)Sensory receptors translate action potentials into stimuli.
C)Sensory receptors translate stimulation into action potentials.
D)Sensory receptors work through efferent pathways.

Question 41

The neuron being stimulated by a neurotransmitter comes after the synaptic cleft.

Question 42

Our visual system creates images as well as perceiving them.

Question 43

Motor neurons,which tell muscles to move,leave the spinal cord through the ________.

Question 44

The action potential moves across the synaptic cleft as an electrical signal.

Question 45

Damage to the medulla oblongata in the brain could interfere with breathing.

Question 46

Different parts of the tongue are responsive to different tastes.

Question 47

Which division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates digestion?

Question 48

When a neuron is resting,it has a higher concentration of Na⁺ ions inside the cell membrane than outside.

Question 49

The human body has more sensory input to the CNS than the traditional "five senses."

Question 50

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system would be key in preserving an individual who is escaping from a dangerous situation.

Question 51

Any nerve that carries messages from the brain and spinal cord is an afferent division of the PNS.

Question 52

Neurons are not true cells because they aren't spherical in shape.

Question 53

The cilia that respond to sounds in the cochlea have "trapdoor" channels for K+ ions.

Question 54

Voluntary movement of the legs is controlled by the somatic nervous system.

Question 55

A nerve is larger than a neuron.

Question 56

The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system (CNS).

Question 57

If the left side of the body is paralyzed by a stroke or other brain injury,the damage occurred on the left side of the brain.

Question 58

In which part of the inner ear are vibrations converted into action potentials?

Question 59

Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows.

The missing label indicated by a "2" corresponds to the:

A)malleus.
B)oval window.
C)cochlea.
D)tympanic membrane.

Question 60

Novocain,or procaine,is a chemical that dentists use to numb your mouth before drilling.The chemical blocks the sodium gates on sensory neurons,preventing them from opening.Describe how this chemical decreases (One hopes!)the perception of pain.

Question 61

Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows.

The part of the brain indicated by a "1" corresponds to the:

A)thalamus.
B)hypothalamus.
C)medulla oblongata.
D)cerebellum.

Question 62

Humans have sophisticated,highly evolved brains that would be useful in directing all body activities.Yet we have the autonomic division and reflexes that intentionally bypass the conscious centers of the brain and directly handle some responses.Evaluate why this is useful.Also,propose situations to the contrary in which it might be useful to use the brain rather than an autonomic response,and explain why we respond as such anyway.

Question 63

In which layer of cells in the eye is light converted into an electrical signal?

Question 64

Imagine a person's spinal cord has been severed high enough that they feel nothing from their legs.Do the sensory neurons in their legs stop functioning? Explain your answer.

Question 65

A person is diagnosed with a brain tumor that is treated with radiation.The treatment is successful,but the doctor believes some brain damage occurred.The patient is constantly complaining of being thirsty,even though she has had plenty of water to drink.Which part of the brain is damaged in this patient and why?

Question 66

Which part of the brain is probably most involved with dreaming?

Question 67

Why are sensory receptors often called transducers?