Deck 2: Gender, Status, and Power

Question 1

________ can be defined as the traits making up masculinity and femininity.

A) Sex
B) Gender
C) Gender identity
D) Sexual identity

Answer 1

Gender

Question 2

The self-fulfilling prophecy is comprised of which of the following social mechanisms? Which of the following social mechanisms constitutes a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A) People acting to confirm beliefs that others have about them
B) People reducing behaviors that others expect, but confirming the ones they themselves expect
C) People interacting to elicit a reinforced behavior
D) People expecting others to behave the way they want them to

Answer 2

People acting to confirm beliefs that others have about them

Question 3

Mention the three levels at which gender distinctions tend to occur.

A) Developmental, societal, and universal
B) Individual, interactional, and universal
C) Societal, interpersonal, and individual
D) Biological, developmental, and social

Answer 3

Societal, interpersonal, and individual

Question 4

Churiah goes into a store to buy a computer. The sales clerk who assists her does not talk down to the male customer he just finished helping but does talk down to Churiah. In this scenario, the sales clerk is demonstrating ________.

A) sex discrimination
B) oppression
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) heterosexism

Question 5

________ is to ________ as nature is to nurture.

A) Gender; sex
B) Sex; gender
C) Gender-typing; gender
D) Sex-typing; sex

Question 6

Societies in which men are allocated more power and higher status are referred to as ________.

A) matriarchal
B) patriarchal
C) monarchical
D) partisan

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true about the dominant group in a hierarchical society?

A) It has better genes.
B) It has more of one sex than the other.
C) It has more power.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 8

When a little girl is born, she may be wrapped in a pink blanket. What does the color of the blanket represent?

A) sex
B) gender
C) gender-typing
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 9

In a study conducted by Grady (1977), people were asked to describe the person who had just sold them a subway token. Grady found that

A) people mentioned sex as the first or second characteristic half the times.
B) people were more likely to mentioned sex when it was statistically useful.
C) people mentioned sex as the first or second characteristic 100 percent of the time.
D) people mentioned race and age more frequently, as token sellers were all women.

Question 10

In most fairy tales, the heroine falls prey to an evil scheme and can only be saved by the arrival of her prince. These kinds of stories serve as ________.

A) oppression
B) legitimizing myths
C) attributional biases
D) self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true of gender and power?

A) Women have less access to education than men do.
B) Women have less control over public discourse than men do.
C) Women have less leisure time than men do.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 12

In a study conducted by Zanna & Pack (1975), women described themselves to men whose "ideal woman" was supposedly traditional or nontraditional. When they found that the man was attractive, women portrayed themselves as matching the man's "ideal woman." In this scenario, which of the following contributes to self-fulfilling prophecy?

A) cognitive matching
B) changes in self-presentation
C) behavioral confirmation
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 13

When the Taliban governed in Afghanistan, it denied women and girls basic human rights such as health care, education, and freedom of movement. This systematic pattern of prejudice and discrimination is called ________.

A) heterosexism
B) oppression
C) social dominance
D) visual dominance

Question 14

When women dress up in short skirts, wear makeup, and do their hair before going out to a club, they are ________.

A) doing gender
B) heterosexist
C) oppressed
D) discriminatory

Question 15

Davis works out at the gym. He wants to impress women, so he tells his workout friend to load extra plates onto the bench press. When finished, he slaps his friend on the back and challenges him to lift as much. In this scenario, Davis is ________.

A) doing gender
B) being immature
C) displaying the intergroup bias effect
D) displaying paternalistic prejudice

Question 16

In a study conducted by Zanna & Pack (1975), female college students were given a description of a male student who was either desirable or undesirable as a potential date and who was characterized as having traditional or more modern values. Which of the following statements is true about women's responses when the man was attractive?

A) They became more "catty" with each other.
B) They portrayed themselves as more traditional when they believed that the man was traditional.
C) They portrayed themselves as less traditional when they believed that the man was nontraditional.
D) They portrayed themselves as more traditional when they believed that the man was traditional and portrayed themselves as less traditional when they believed that the man was nontraditional.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true about distinguishing sex from gender?

A) It provided a means to the scientific study of topics like gender socialization of children.
B) It was an important step in recognizing that biology is not destiny.
C) It was an important step in recognizing that gender is learned.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 18

________ can be defined as biological differences in genetic composition and reproductive anatomy and function.

A) Sex
B) Gender
C) Gender identity
D) Sexual identity

Question 19

Adrienne sees the sales clerk in a store wearing jeans and a sweatshirt. She cannot decide whether the clerk is a man or a woman, so she searches for ________ such as makeup.

A) behavioral signals
B) gender cues
C) sex clues
D) sexual cues

Question 20

When people present themselves in a way that confirms others' beliefs about them, they create a ________.

A) fundamental attribution error
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) dispositional confirmation effect
D) self-categorization phenomenon

Question 21

When all but gender is equal, ________ initiated more touching.

A) men
B) women
C) neither
D) both

Question 22

To avoid being called names by the men working for her, Mikhala goes out of her way to appear warm and friendly. She is utilizing ________.

A) a double bind
B) visual dominance
C) a gender management strategy
D) neosexism

Question 23

What does the phrase "Women should be cherished and protected by men" demonstrate?

A) hostile sexism
B) benevolent sexism
C) nonsexism
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 24

Which behavior do most people see as the rudest?

A) a man interrupting a man
B) a man interrupting a woman
C) a woman interrupting a man
D) a woman interrupting a woman

Question 25

Which type of touch is a higher-status individual most likely to initiate?

A) handshakes
B) touching of the arm or shoulder
C) less intrusive touch
D) handshakes and touching of the arm or shoulder

Question 26

Janelle is more interested in her career than having children. When her sister has a baby, everyone begins to ask Janelle when she will. She is aware of the fact that many people perceive her to be selfish and unfriendly for prioritizing her career over her personal life. In this scenario, Janelle is ________.

A) in a double bind
B) doing gender
C) showing visual dominance
D) displaying neosexism

Question 27

What does the phrase "Women seek to gain power over men" demonstrate?

A) hostile sexism
B) benevolent sexism
C) nonsexism
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 28

Zimmerman & West (1975) found in male-female conversations that

A) interruptions were equally divided between the speakers.
B) over 95 percent of interruptions were by male speakers.
C) over 75 percent of interruptions were by female speakers.
D) men did not use conversation to assert their status.

Question 29

When people ascribe to themselves the traits, behaviors, and roles normative for people of their sex in their culture, they are becoming ________.

A) gender-typed
B) sexually typed
C) encultured
D) stereotyped

Question 30

Asja is proud to be the first woman in her family to get a graduate degree. When she considers taking time off from her career to have a child, her colleagues warn her; she will be throwing away the gains she has made in the corporate world. Meanwhile, Asja's mother is constantly reminding her that the "biological clock" is ticking. In this scenario, Asja is ________.

A) in a double bind
B) doing gender
C) showing visual dominance
D) displaying neosexism

Question 31

Which type of touch is a lower-status individual most likely to initiate?

A) handshakes
B) touching of the arm or shoulder
C) less intrusive touch
D) handshakes and less intrusive touch

Question 32

High-status individuals are more likely than low-status individuals to look away when the subordinate speaks. This tendency is called ________.

A) visual dominance
B) doing gender
C) self-presentation
D) more intrusive interruption by men of women

Question 33

Women often face situations in which they are "damned if they do, damned if they don't." These situations are called ________.

A) gender typing
B) neosexism
C) double binds
D) stereotype threats

Question 34

When asked if they have ever personally experienced discrimination, people are less likely to acknowledge discrimination has happened to them. This is termed ________.

A) rationalization of oppression
B) reaction formation
C) denial of personal discrimination
D) neosexism

Question 35

In most studies on whether men or women talk more in a cross-gender situation, it has been found that ________.

A) women talk more than men
B) men talk more than women
C) talking is equally distributed
D) the results depend on the setting

Question 36

Anderson & Leaper (1998) found that men make a larger proportion of intrusive interruptions in

A) the laboratory than in unstructured and naturalistic settings.
B) unstructured and naturalistic settings than in the laboratory.
C) unstructured settings and the laboratory than in naturalistic settings.
D) the laboratory and naturalistic settings than in unstructured settings.

Question 37

Zimmerman & West (1975) found in same-gender conversations that

A) interruptions were equally divided between the speakers.
B) over 65 percent of interruptions were by the older individual.
C) over 85 percent of interruptions were by the younger individual.
D) individuals did not interrupt each other at all.

Question 38

Men are more likely than women to try to take over the conversation using ________.

A) the outgroup homogeneity effect
B) androgyny
C) intrusive interruptions
D) body language

Question 39

When people become gender-typed, they

A) become aware of their biological sex.
B) realize their biological sex is permanent.
C) ascribe to themselves cultural traits, behaviors, and roles normative for people of their sex.
D) realize their gender is permanent.

Question 40

In the context of constructing gender in interaction, which of the following statements is true about nonverbal messages?

A) When talking with men, women are more likely to be the ones who look away while the man talks.
B) When talking with men, women are more likely to be the ones who smile.
C) When talking with men, women are more likely to be the ones who turn their faces or bodies away.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 41

Sexism involving both hostility and benevolence toward women is called ________.

A) ambivalent sexism
B) hostile sexism
C) modern sexism
D) benevolent sexism

Question 42

The statement "A good woman should be set on a pedestal by her man" demonstrates ________.

A) aversive sexism
B) benevolent sexism
C) entitled sexism
D) hostile sexism

Question 43

How do self-presentation and behavioral confirmation create the self-fulfilling prophecy? What research has demonstrated how the expectations of the observer and the reactions of the target person lead to the strengthening of stereotypes in both the observer and the target person?

Question 44

In the context of justifying gender inequality, identify a true statement about legitimizing myths.

A) They are attitudes, values, and beliefs that serve to justify hierarchical social practices.
B) They emphasize that women are fundamentally similar to men.
C) They are often so widely rejected that they seem to be undeniably false.
D) They are used by subservient groups in an attempt to gain power and maintain equity in the society.

Question 45

A woman is about to start a new job as an executive in a male-dominated company. She feels discouraged because she's heard about various studies that show that if she behaves in traditionally feminine ways she'll be devalued, but if she behaves in traditionally masculine ways she'll be disliked and negatively evaluated. Is she correct to be concerned?

Question 46

________ occurs when an individual's expectation about an event makes the expected event come true.

A) Self-fulfilling prophecy
B) Fundamental attribution error
C) Dispositional confirmation effect
D) Self-categorization phenomenon

Question 47

In the context of justifying gender inequality, which of the following statements is true about prejudice?

A) Prejudice includes admiration, love, or simply feeling comfortable around members of a valued group.
B) Prejudice is a negative attitude or feeling toward a person because of his or her membership in a particular social group.
C) Prejudice often excludes the belief that it is acceptable or right to treat others unequally.
D) Prejudice on the basis of sex or gender is termed intrusive interruption.

Question 48

The term ________ is defined as brief verbal or behavioral indignities that communicate hostile or derogatory attitudes toward a person because of their identity as part of a devalued group.

A) heterosexism
B) self-categorization phenomenon
C) micro-aggression
D) intrusive interruption

Question 49

Around the world, ________ are more likely than ________ to endorse hostile sexism.

A) women; men
B) men; women
C) children; adults
D) adults; children

Question 50

A teacher who pays more attention to the boys in class or a committee that preferentially awards scholarships to male students is engaging in ________.

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) intrusive interruptions
C) sex discrimination
D) heterosexism

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true about using gender as a social characteristic to classify and evaluate other people?

A) A natural need to make distinctions between sexes necessitates that the bulk of differentiation must take place through female appearance.
B) By far, the majority of gender construction in contemporary industrialized cultures takes place through men's appearance.
C) The burden of gender construction is equally borne by both male and female bodies.
D) Both femininity and masculinity are performances to some extent, but a feminine appearance is more of a put-on than a masculine appearance.

Question 52

The statement "Many women have a quality of purity that few men possess" demonstrates ________.

A) entitled sexism
B) aversive sexism
C) benevolent sexism
D) hostile sexism

Question 53

People who believe women can be intelligent and successful businesswomen but consider those same women as angry, selfish, and unfeminine are ________.

A) hostile sexists
B) benevolent sexists
C) ambivalent sexists
D) entitled sexists

Question 54

In the context of constructing gender in interaction, identify a true statement about conversational interruption.

A) A great deal of research shows that men use tactics such as interrupting and controlling the topic in conversation with other men more than they do with women.
B) If a woman does interrupt another speaker, she risks social disapproval-especially if she interrupts a man.
C) Studies show that women tend to take more than a fair share of talk time in task-oriented situations, such as committee meetings, classrooms, and problem-solving groups.
D) Women make a larger proportion of intrusive interruptions in unstructured and naturalistic settings than in the lab-settings that more closely resemble everyday interaction.

Question 55

________ involves the beliefs that women are inferior and that they are threatening to take over men's rightful (dominant) place.

A) Confirmation bias
B) Negativity bias
C) Benevolent sexism
D) Hostile sexism

Question 56

The term ________ refers to ways of behaving that are aimed at softening a woman's impact, reassuring others that she is not threatening, and displaying niceness as well as (not too much) competence.

A) gender management strategy
B) gender typing
C) double bind
D) dispositional confirmation effect

Question 57

The term ________ is defined as a negative reaction against women whose behavior violates gender norms.

A) gender typing
B) double bind
C) neosexism
D) backlash

Question 58

On dating websites, men's profiles often contain statements like "I want a woman I can treat like a princess" and "I want to be your Prince Charming." These are examples of ________.

A) ambivalent sexism
B) neosexism
C) nonsexism
D) benevolent sexism

Question 59

People who score high on ________ agree with statements like "Most women interpret innocent remarks or acts as being sexist."

A) hostile sexism
B) benevolent sexism
C) confirmation bias
D) negativity bias

Question 60

In the 1970s, second wave feminists developed ________ groups, in which women met informally to talk about their lives as women.

A) gender-typing
B) anti-oppression
C) consciousness raising
D) anti-sexism

Question 61

Give an example of a double bind involving the behavior of women interacting with other women.

Question 62

Explain both elements of ambivalent sexism, using examples.

Question 63

The self-fulfilling prophecy requires an interaction between two people. Briefly describe the social processes taking place when two people interact.

Question 64

Discuss the implications for women living in a patriarchal society.

Question 65

Discuss the concept of backlash against women. Give a suitable example.

Question 66

American girls are born into a society that tells them they are valued less than boys. Give evidence that girls and women internalize this sense of devaluation.

Question 67

Discuss how men communicate differently than women in a cross-gender conversation.

Question 68

How can gender-linked self-fulfilling prophecies potentially harm women in job interviews?

Question 69

In 2003, female cadets at the U.S. Air Force Academy alleged they had been the victims of sexual violence, and they were pressured or disciplined to keep quiet when they tried to report the incidents. How does this example reflect the gender system and the links among its different levels?

Question 70

Using a story you know from mythology or fairy tale books (e.g. Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, Snow White, Beauty and the Beast, King Arthur, etc.), describe how it serves as a legitimizing myth.

Question 71

How is sex different from gender?

Question 72

Explain what a double bind is and give an original example.