Deck 12: Traditional Models for Understanding Leadership

Question 1

The textbook makes several distinctions between management and leadership. These distinctions include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)leadership is more involved in motivating and inspiring individuals.
B)management is more important in regards to creating and directing change.
C)leadership is more concerned with establishing direction.
D)management is more concerned with planning and budgeting.
E)management more often focuses on controlling and problem solving.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

One conclusion of the Ohio State studies was that a leader who focuses on subordinates' feelings and ideas is exhibiting

A)task-oriented leader behavior.
B)consideration behavior.
C)initiating-structure behavior.
D)delegating leader behavior.
E)job-centered leader behavior.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Recent renewed interest in the trait approach to leadership has suggested that all of the following are characteristics of leaders EXCEPT:

A)emotional intelligence.
B)cognitive ability.
C)motivation.
D)honesty and integrity.
E)concern for production.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of these is the ability to affect the perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, motivation, and/or behaviors of others?

A)Force
B)Influence
C)Coercion
D)Authority
E)Intuition

Question 5

According to the Leadership Grid, who would be the most effective leader?

A)The manager who always takes time to chat with employees
B)The manager who rarely takes time to get to know employees
C)The manager who is always trying to improve worker production
D)The manager who always chats with employees and constantly strives to improve worker production
E)The Leadership Grid does not identify a most effective style

Question 6

Which of these describes the basic premise of the early trait approach to leadership?

A)Leadership traits depended on the situation
B)Unique leadership traits could be identified, and used to select leaders
C)Traits could be used to predict appropriate management styles
D)Traits were far less important than activities
E)Traits were relatively volatile characteristics of individuals

Question 7

According to the Leadership Grid, a manager who is not concerned about production but exhibits high concern for people would be a ____ manager on the grid.

A)1,9
B)9,9
C)9,1
D)1,1
E)5,5

Question 8

Early studies of leadership focused on the traits, or personal characteristics, of leaders. Later research shifted to examine actual ______ behavior.

A)member
B)focus
C)leader
D)competitor
E)follower

Question 9

Researchers at Ohio State investigating the issue of stability of leader behaviors over time found that

A)an individual's leadership pattern did not change much in similar situations.
B)the situational context was not an important determinant of leader effectiveness.
C)employees whose supervisors ranked high on consideration had higher performance ratings.
D)leaders who exhibited high levels of consideration and structure- initiating behaviors were most effective.
E)employees whose supervisors ranked high in initiating structure had fewer absences from work.

Question 10

Leadership is

A)a process only.
B)neither a process nor a property.
C)a property only.
D)a universally understood characteristic.
E)both a process and a property.

Question 11

The Ohio State studies and the Leadership Grid are associated with the ____ approach to leadership.

A)interactive
B)contemporary
C)trait
D)contingency
E)behavioral

Question 12

One conclusion of the University of Michigan studies was that a leader who focuses on work procedures and performance is exhibiting

A)delegating leader behavior.
B)consideration behavior.
C)satisfycing behavior.
D)employee-centered leader behavior.
E)job-centered leader behavior.

Question 13

The goal of the behavioral approach to the study of leadership was to

A)categorize a set of behaviors as effective or ineffective in terms of making decisions.
B)match a set of behaviors with corresponding situations.
C)study the behavior patterns of several well-known historical leaders.
D)define a standard list of leader characteristics.
E)determine what behaviors were associated with effective leadership.

Question 14

The goal of the Michigan leadership studies was to determine the pattern of leadership behaviors that results in effective _____.

A)individual performance
B)leader performance
C)group performance
D)supervisor behavior
E)organizational productivity

Question 15

Rachel did not vote for a candidate because she thought he could not be a job-centered leader. This reflects which view of leadership?

A)The LPC theory
B)The behavioral approach
C)The Vroom-Yetton-Jago model
D)The trait approach
E)The focus approach

Question 16

Which statement best describes the current state of leadership research?

A)The exploration of leadership is in its infancy.
B)Research in the field was completed recently.
C)Research in the field was completed many years ago.
D)Many questions remain unanswered.
E)Researchers have, unfortunately, stopped research in this area due to human behavior impact concerns.

Question 17

The definition of leadership includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A)the ability to affect the perceptions, believes and attitudes of others.
B)the effective use of force and/or coercion.
C)a set of characteristics attributed to certain people.
D)both a process and a property.
E)the use of noncoercive influence.

Question 18

Although leadership and management are related, all of the following descriptions apply more to management than leadership EXCEPT:

A)producing a degree of predictability and order leading to expected results by various stakeholders.
B)establishing some structure for accomplishing plan requirements.
C)developing a vision of the future.
D)establishing detailed steps and timetables for achieving results.
E)monitoring results and identifying deviations.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a part of initiating-structure behavior, as identified in the Ohio State leadership studies?

A)Subordinates are aware of what is expected of them in their positions.
B)The leader clearly defines leader-subordinate roles.
C)There is mutual trust and respect between the leader and subordinate.
D)Methods for accomplishing the task are determined.
E)Channels of communication are established.

Question 20

Unlike the Ohio State studies, the University of Michigan studies on leadership

A)placed the defined dimensions of leadership behavior on opposite ends of a single continuum.
B)identified only two categories of leadership behavior.
C)placed the defined dimensions of leadership behavior in a grid.
D)placed all defined dimensions of leadership behavior on the same side of a single continuum.
E)saw the various defined dimensions as independent of one another.

Question 21

Vroom's current formulation includes two different decision trees. One tree is to be used when the manager is primarily interested in making a timely decision. The other tree is to be used when the manager is interested in

A)balancing task and relationship behaviors.
B)clarifying the path to desired rewards.
C)increasing subordinate motivation and performance.
D)helping subordinates develop their decision-making skills.
E)eliminating resistance to a chosen alternative.

Question 22

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, the two types of situational factors that influence how leaders should behave are

A)locus of control and perceived ability.
B)personal characteristics of the leader and environmental characteristics.
C)personal characteristics of the subordinates and locus of control.
D)personal characteristics of the leader and personal characteristics of the subordinates.
E)personal characteristics of the subordinates and environmental characteristics.

Question 23

The LPC theory of leadership was developed by

A)Charles Greene.
B)Fred Fiedler.
C)Arthur Jago.
D)George Graen.
E)Victor Vroom.

Question 24

Vroom's decision tree approach to leadership focuses on which aspect of leader behavior?

A)Clarification of lines of authority
B)Streamlining communication patterns
C)Meeting subordinates personal needs
D)Balancing task and relationship activities
E)Subordinate participation in decision making

Question 25

Fiedler contends that when a leader's style and the situation are mismatched, the only available course of action is to change the situation through

A)transferring the subordinates.
B)job engineering.
C)making a culture change.
D)a "laissez-faire" approach.
E)hiring a consultant.

Question 26

According to the path-goal theory, leaders can affect subordinates' performance by

A)clarifying what behaviors will lead to desired rewards.
B)identifying important traits of the leader and his or her subordinate.
C)establishing fixed responses to environmental situations.
D)allowing subordinates to set their own goals.
E)evaluating performance and communicating this to the employee.

Question 27

According to your text, what was the failure of the behavioral approach to studying leadership?

A)It did not move the field beyond the traditional trait theory approach.
B)It was too complicated for practical use.
C)The results of related studies were inconsistent.
D)It tended to specify a set of leader behaviors that would lead to effectiveness in all situations.
E)It only identified important leader behaviors.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Vroom-Yetton-Jago model?

A)It focuses on the degree to which the leader allows subordinates to participate in decision making.
B)It is presented in the form of decision trees.
C)It assumes that one leader may display various leadership styles.
D)It assumes a high level of participation in decision making is best for all situations.
E)It attempts to prescribe an appropriate leadership style for any given situation.

Question 29

Susan's position power would be considered to be low if

A)her subordinate is a member of the out-group.
B)her subordinate is a member of the in-group.
C)her subordinate's position is more powerful than Susan's position.
D)Susan must get job assignments approved by someone else.
E)Susan can assign work and recommend promotions.

Question 30

Tasks that are complex, nonroutine, and ambiguous are considered to be

A)easily understood.
B)favorable.
C)unstructured.
D)the most ideal for decision-making.
E)structured.

Question 31

Unlike LPC theory, path-goal theory assumes that

A)leaders can change their behaviors.
B)task motivation is the primary determinant of a leader's style.
C)decisions as to appropriate leader style should be made at the top of the organization.
D)the primary goal of leadership is employee satisfaction.
E)leaders operate best in one type of situation.

Question 32

In the LPC theory, the degree of task or relationship motivation is measured by the

A)Managerial Grid.
B)Lowest Performance Cycle scale.
C)Least Preferred Coworker scale.
D)Task-Relationship model.
E)Least Productive Coworker scale.

Question 33

A major difference between the behavioral approach and the LPC theory of leadership is that

A)the behavioral approach allows for the complex nature of a leader's personality.
B)the behavioral approach views the task-oriented and relationship-oriented traits of a given individual as constant.
C)the LPC theory contends a leader's effectiveness depends on the situation.
D)the LPC theory views the task-oriented and relationship-oriented traits of a given individual as variable.
E)the behavioral approach presumes that a task-oriented leader will usually outperform a relationship-oriented leader.

Question 34

According to the continuum of leadership behavior proposed by Tannenbaum and Schmidt, managerial characteristics include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)the manager's value system.
B)confidence in subordinates.
C)personal inclinations.
D)interest in the problem.
E)feelings of security.

Question 35

The path-goal theory and the Vroom-Yetton-Jago model are illustrative of the perspective in which

A)leadership is viewed as a set of behaviors displayed by effective leaders.
B)nearly all situations benefit from strong task-oriented leadership.
C)leadership effectiveness depends on characteristics of the situation.
D)leadership is viewed as a set of traits possessed by effective leaders.
E)leadership traits are seen to vary according to the situation.

Question 36

Jacob, a new hire in the traffic department of an advertising agency, has little confidence in his ability and believes he only got the job because his uncle is the owner of the firm. According to the path-goal theory of leadership, what type of leadership style is Jacob most likely to prefer?

A)Achievement-oriented
B)Cooperative
C)Supportive
D)Directive
E)Participative

Question 37

What factor is presumed to have the biggest effect on the favorableness of a situation?

A)Task structure
B)Leader-member relations
C)Leader position power
D)Leader personality
E)Organizational structure

Question 38

Path-goal theory has its roots in the ____ theory of motivation.

A)expectancy
B)behavioral
C)valence
D)contingency
E)leadership

Question 39

According to path-goal theory, a leader who is friendly and shows concern for subordinates' status and needs is exhibiting ____ leadership.

A)participative
B)achievement-oriented
C)supportive
D)directive
E)cooperative

Question 40

As a manager, Roger always makes the decision alone and then announces or "sells" it to his group. According to Vroom, Roger is using a ____ style of subordinate participation.

A)delegate
B)consult (group)
C)consult (individually)
D)facilitate
E)decide

Question 41

According to the Leadership Grid, a 9,1 leadership style is also called

A)impoverished management.
B)country club management.
C)middle-of-the road management.
D)authority-compliance.
E)team management.

Question 42

According to path-goal theory, ____ leadership involves setting challenging goals, expecting subordinates to perform at their highest level, and showing strong confidence that subordinates will put forth effort and accomplish the goals.

A)participative
B)achievement-oriented
C)supportive
D)directive
E)cooperative

Question 43

Leadership is a set of characteristics an individual actually possesses or is perceived to possess.

Question 44

According to years of research, a person is usually both a manager and a leader.

Question 45

Situational theories demonstrate there are a number of leadership styles that can have a positive impact on an organization's effectiveness.

Question 46

According to the Leadership Grid, impoverished management is named for a _____ leader style.

A)1,9
B)9,9
C)9,1
D)1,1
E)5,5

Question 47

A manager who exhibits employee-centered leader behaviors avoids conflict and strives for friendly relations with subordinates.

Question 48

According to the Leadership Grid, a 9,9 leadership style is also called

A)impoverished management.
B)country club management.
C)middle-of-the road management.
D)authority-compliance.
E)team management.

Question 49

Current study of leadership focuses almost exclusively on the traits, or personal characteristics, of leaders.

Question 50

Unfortunately, leadership usually involves some form of force and coercion.

Question 51

According to the Leadership Grid, a 1,9 leadership style is also called

A)impoverished management.
B)country club management.
C)middle-of-the road management.
D)authority-compliance.
E)team management.

Question 52

A manager who uses a team management style of leadership is concerned about people and production.

Question 53

Leader task structure is the power inherent in the leader's role itself.

Question 54

According to the LPC, relationship motivation closely parallels employee-centered and consideration leader behavior.

Question 55

Careful scientific research of leadership began in the late sixteenth century, so the existing literature is vast and comprehensive.

Question 56

According to path-goal theory, a leader who consults with subordinates about issues and takes their suggestions into account before making a decision is exhibiting ____ leadership.

A)participative
B)achievement-oriented
C)supportive
D)directive
E)cooperative

Question 57

The LPC theory assumes that a leader can change his or her style to fit the situation.

Question 58

According to the Leadership Grid, a manager who is not concerned about people but exhibits high concern for production would be a ____ manager on the grid.

A)1,9
B)9,9
C)9,1
D)1,1
E)5,5

Question 59

In Fiedler's theory, the degree of task or relationship motivation is measured by the expectancy scale.

Question 60

The highest numbers on the LPC scale are associated with a positive evaluation of the least-preferred coworker.

Question 61

Research indicates that individuals who attribute outcomes to their own behavior may be more satisfied with a participative leader.

Question 62

Although related, ______ and leadership are not identical.

Question 63

The end result of using the Vroom-Yetton-Jago model is a recommended decision style based on the situation.

Question 64

LPC theory, unlike path-goal theory, assumes that leaders can change their behaviors and exhibit a variety of leadership styles.

Question 65

Subordinates' locus of control and perceived ability are part of the path-goal theory of leadership.

Question 66

In Vroom's decision tree approach, there are five basic decision styles that correspond to five levels of subordinate participation in decision making.

Question 67

Position power refers to the personal relationship that exists between subordinates and their leader.

Question 68

The _______ approach to leadership attempted to identify stable and enduring character traits.

Question 69

When assessing situational favorableness, task structure is the most important factor.

Question 70

According to the Ohio State studies, a leader concerned with subordinates' feelings is engaging in ______ behavior

Question 71

The LPC theory indicates that a relationship-oriented leader is appropriate for very favorable and very unfavorable situations.

Question 72

Vroom's current formulation of the decision-tree model includes two types of decision trees.

Question 73

Leadership is both a(n) _______ and a(n) _______.

Question 74

The path-goal theory has its roots in the expectancy theory of motivation.

Question 75

Problems with the ______ approach prompted researchers to examine leader behaviors.

Question 76

Vroom's decision-tree model has been fully scientifically tested.

Question 77

The University of Michigan studies identified the _______-centered and _______-centered forms of leader behavior.

Question 78

The belief that taller people make better leaders reflects the ______ approach to leadership.

Question 79

When task structure is low, according to path-goal theory, directive leadership tends to be more effective.

Question 80

As a process, leadership is the use of ______ influence to direct and coordinate the activities of group members toward goal accomplishment.