Deck 12: Applying Social Psychology to the Community

Question 1

The ecological perspective refers to the idea that

A) biologically speaking, people are closely related to fish
B) conservation of natural resources can produce psychological health
C) community activities such as gardening can promote psychological health
D) the fit between people and their environments can contribute to a sense of community

Answer 1

the fit between people and their environments can contribute to a sense of community

Question 2

The research by Dunham et al. (1998)on online support groups for young mothers suggested that online support groups

A) are not as effective as real-life support groups in helping to mitigate the stressors of being a young single mother
B) can be effective in helping to mitigate the stressors of being a young single mother
C) are more effective than real-life support groups in helping to mitigate the stressors of be a young single mother
D) only work for women who have well-developed computer skills

Answer 2

can be effective in helping to mitigate the stressors of being a young single mother

Question 3

Community psychology is explicitly not based on positivism.This means that community psychology

A) is never certain, or positive, of its research findings
B) explicitly recognizes how research and intervention are influenced by values
C) is not scientifically based
D) tries to maintain an objective stance with respect to community intervention

Answer 3

explicitly recognizes how research and intervention are influenced by values

Question 4

Obst and Stafurik (2010)studied adults who participated in online support groups,newsgroups,and discussion forums specific to people with physical disabilities.Which of the following findings is NOT true? Their results indicated that

A) the amount of time that participants spent on the disability-related online forums was positively related to their online sense of community and perception of online social support
B) a virtual sense of community did exist for these participants
C) a virtual sense of community did exist for these participants, and it was related to their individual well-being
D) all of these

Question 5

Reich (2010)studied the effects that social networking sites had on adolescents' online sense of community.Her results demonstrated which of the following?

A) The online environment created the same sense of community as is found in nonvirtual environments.
B) It was difficult to establish the boundaries of the community online.
C) Compared with nonvirtual environments, participants felt a stronger sense that the online networking community had influence over them.
D) The online environment created a stronger overall sense of community than nonvirtual environments.

Question 6

The bystander nonintervention effect is thought to occur partly as a result of a phenomenon known as ______.

A) diffusion of responsibility
B) conformity pressures
C) cognitive dissonance
D) lack of education

Question 7

According to Zimbardo (1969),the overwhelming amount of stimulation and crowding that occurs in cities can lead people to lose a sense of their individual personhood and become less concerned with self-evaluation.The process through which this occurs is called ______.

A) loss aversion
B) personification
C) evaluation negation
D) de-individuation

Question 8

Community psychology is concerned with enhancing the quality of ______.

A) communities
B) individuals
C) groups and teams
D) individuals, communities, and societies

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of community psychology?

A) views individuals as causing their own problems
B) focuses on prevention rather than treatment
C) emphasizes strengths as opposed to weaknesses
D) employs an ecological perspective

Question 10

One of the approaches in community psychology involves an ecological perspective.An ecological perspective entails examining

A) the effect of landscape on human functioning
B) the fit between people and their environments
C) how people are affected by their interaction with animals
D) how humans overcome challenges associated with natural environments

Question 11

According to Reich (2010),what term describes the sort of community that online environments,such as Facebook,produce?

A) integrated constructionism
B) pluralistic communalism
C) networked individualism
D) online collectivism

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT one of the values and approaches endorsed by community psychology?

A) empirical grounding
B) wellness and prevention
C) social activism
D) transtheoretical model

Question 13

Community psychology developed primarily out of the general area of ______.

A) crime prevention
B) mental health
C) environmental protection
D) residential psychology

Question 14

Community psychology stresses that the problems of living that people have are largely produced by ______.

A) disadvantaged circumstances
B) biological issues
C) psychopathology
D) social learning difficulties

Question 15

One of the values of community psychology is social justice.Social justice involves

A) strengthening the existing political structure in a community
B) punishing criminals using socially sanctioned penalties
C) the equitable distribution of resources and opportunities
D) balancing the needs of humans and the natural world

Question 16

Research on the effect of participating in online groups,such as support groups and health communities,suggests that overall,such groups

A) have little effect on participants
B) are only beneficial for people from disadvantaged groups
C) have positive effects on participants
D) are only effective if participants are official members of the group

Question 17

According to the text,which of the following elements is NOT involved in establishing a positive sense of community?

A) membership
B) influence
C) integration and fulfillment of needs
D) shared responsibility for the use of resources

Question 18

According to Milgram (1970),the stimulus overload that occurs in cities,in particular,leads to ______.

A) increased crime
B) diffusion of responsibility
C) social degeneration
D) psychological retreat

Question 19

According to Milgram (1970),which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of psychological retreat,which occurs in response to stimulus overload?

A) depersonalizing others
B) diffusion of responsibility
C) use of filters to avoid having to deal with people
D) rushing through social encounters

Question 20

Intersectionality refers to

A) the dangers of crossing the street, caused by distracted drivers
B) the different identity categories people occupy
C) methods used to conceal oneself while engaged in field research
D) the primary method to overcome the diffusion of responsibility

Question 21

Saul Alinsky's efforts to bring about social change by,for example,threatening to flush all the toilets in an airport,exploited the fact that powerful community groups and government representatives have ______.

A) psychological needs
B) constituents
C) public mandates
D) to go to the bathroom

Question 22

When Lewin declared,"Research that produces nothing but ______ will not suffice," he was criticizing psychology for being too focused on academics.

A) data
B) books
C) knowledge
D) facts

Question 23

Lobbying,or applying pressure to public officials in order to influence change,is called ______.

A) social action
B) popular education
C) citizen participation
D) public advocacy

Question 24

In what order should the steps of the action research cycle occur?

A) data gathering, planning, reassessment, implementation of intervention
B) implementation of intervention, data gathering, planning, reassessment
C) planning, data gathering, implementation of intervention, reassessment
D) implementation of intervention, assessment, data gathering, planning

Question 25

Kurt Lewin believed that to create long-lasting social change,an action plan needs to

A) involve the cooperation of the people from the setting of interest
B) be based on a broadly defined social problem
C) receive consistent government funding
D) be based on the interest of the stakeholders only

Question 26

One of the challenges in community-based participatory research is for the researcher to find community members who are

A) as educated as the researcher, so they appreciate how proper research is conducted
B) similar to the researcher in terms of demographics, so they tend to share the a similar perspective and work well together
C) fluent in the language the researcher uses
D) different from the researcher, so they can contribute meaningfully to the research

Question 27

Research by Russo and colleagues demonstrated that after women have abortions,they generally

A) immediately suffer from a condition known as postabortion trauma syndrome
B) suffer from postabortion trauma syndrome only after a period of time has elapsed
C) don't remember the experience
D) suffer no long-term ill effects to their well-being

Question 28

Kurt Lewin was concerned with the effectiveness of interventions for solving social problems.To accomplish effective interventions,he said an action research plan should

A) include a large sample of participants
B) be developed by three or more researchers
C) be comprehensive from the outset
D) be flexible and revised constantly

Question 29

Media portrayals of mentally ill people are generally ______ in that mentally ill people are ______.

A) accurate; usually violent and aggressive
B) inaccurate; usually not mentally ill
C) accurate; unstable and unpredictable
D) inaccurate; not usually violent or aggressive

Question 30

A technique that has been used successfully in some community-based participatory research is called photovoice.What is photovoice?

A) conducting online surveys with technology that allows people to speak their answers into a computer microphone
B) conducting face-to-face interviews and taking pictures of the respondents in order to better remember their responses
C) having community members take photographs to document their experiences
D) including photographs, sounds, and voices in online surveys in order to enhance people's ability to understand the survey questions

Question 31

Russo and colleagues examined women's self-esteem and adjustment in their study on youths' experiences in the labor market.Among other findings,the authors found that

A) women who had abortions had higher overall levels of well-being on follow-up than did women who had not had abortions
B) delaying childbirth was not related to higher levels of self-esteem and well-being
C) having fewer children spaced farther apart was not related to higher levels of self-esteem and well-being
D) women who had abortions had lower levels of well-being on follow-up than did women who had not had abortions

Question 32

As suggested by Maguire (1987),participatory research combines which three activities?

A) education, measurement, and action
B) investigation, education, and measurement
C) education, focus groups, and action
D) investigation, education, and action

Question 33

Social change researchers have to be particularly careful about the ethical implications of their research.In the child restraint study conducted by Jason and Rose (1984),what ethical risk did the researchers take?

A) They only sent the letter to half of the state senators.
B) They only investigated the use of car seats by children under five.
C) They only conducted the study in one state.
D) They only conducted two studies.

Question 34

A researcher wanted to know if white shoppers might be inclined to stay away from visible-minority salespeople.The researcher set up a hidden camera in a store in which both white and black salespeople were employed and counted the number of white shoppers who initiated conversations with the white and black salespeople.This type of study is best described as ______.

A) a field simulation
B) lab research
C) an experiment
D) unobtrusive research

Question 35

Paulo Freire is credited with beginning which of the following social change research traditions?

A) action research
B) achievement research
C) participatory research
D) activist research

Question 36

Action research was developed by ______.

A) Stanley Milgram
B) Kurt Lewin
C) Fritz Heider
D) Leon Festinger

Question 37

Photovoice refers to

A) overlaying an audio track on a digital photograph to explain the image online
B) displaying the frequency and amplitude of words in order to demonstrate the emotional content of people's speech
C) having community members to share their concerns by allowing them to spray-paint specific buildings and other structures in a community
D) having community members take photographs to document their experiences

Question 38

Which of the following is true?

A) Activist research is not always participatory research.
B) Activist research is always participatory research.
C) Participatory research is always survey research.
D) Field research is always activist research.

Question 39

A participatory researcher who is interested in investigating the lives of immigrant women would likely gather information about the issues facing these women by

A) asking prominent researchers in the field
B) brainstorming with immigrant women
C) performing an extensive literature review
D) following his or her "intuition"

Question 40

Social exchange theory is based on the idea that

A) people exchange psychological defense mechanisms during social interaction
B) communities must have viable economies in order to be healthy
C) sharing resources is a fundamental component of successful living
D) people calculate rewards and costs in deciding how to act with respect to other people

Question 41

Community psychology developed from the research and work associated with mental health.

Question 42

Explain what is meant by the term intersectionality.

Question 43

Action research combines three key activities: investigation,education,and action.

Question 44

Participatory research,whereby the research is working on behalf of the oppressed group,is also considered activist research.

Question 45

Explain what is meant by social justice,and describe how community psychologists advocate for social justice through research.

Question 46

Stimulus overload refers to a condition in which the nervous system becomes overwhelmed to the point that one cannot simultaneously respond to everything in the environment.

Question 47

The text outlines nine values or approaches that are deemed important to community psychologists; list five of the nine values.

Question 48

Describe community-based action research,and outline one challenge associated with this approach.

Question 49

The text outlines various strategies to aid community psychologists in bringing about social change.Name and describe three of these strategies.

Question 50

The text outlines that a community is not limited to a physical presence.Explain this statement in relation to the Internet as a community.

Question 51

Describe the social exchange theory referred to in the text.

Question 52

Community psychologists effect change by prioritizing the main goal,which is to overcome emotional and psychological barriers.

Question 53

In her work in helping to identify the accessibility needs of people with physical disabilities,what was Brydon-Miller's (1993)first step in collecting information about accessibility-related concerns and strategies for dealing with inaccessible environments?

A) conducting a questionnaire survey
B) conducting face-to-face interviews
C) conducting naturalistic observation
D) conducting a field experiment

Question 54

Community psychology focuses on the relationship between individuals and communities by integrating research and action.

Question 55

Describe two applied social psychology research traditions that have been most influential in community psychology.

Question 56

Community psychologists endorse particular values and approaches.Describe three of them in detail.

Question 57

One of the goals of community psychology is to analyze social change and to guide social action toward resolving social problems.

Question 58

Community psychologists mainly utilize quantitative research strategies so as to conduct quick thorough research.

Question 59

Physical barriers addressed by community psychologists include prejudicial attitudes and stereotypes.

Question 60

With community psychology,groups need research to take action.

Question 61

Community psychologists are concerned with creating a positive sense of community.Describe two elements involved in creating a positive sense of community.