Deck 9: An Age of Nationalism and Realism 1850-1871

Question 1

What event precipitated the end of the Second French Republic in 1851?

A)Prussia invaded and occupied France.
B)The army overthrew the Republic in a coup.
C)The legislature voluntarily disbanded.
D)A tornado tore about the government buildings.
E)The voters abolished it in a vote.

Answer 1

The voters abolished it in a vote.

Question 2

In which area did Napoleon's most disastrous foreign policy adventure occur?

A)The Crimea
B)Italy
C)Palestine
D)Schleswig-Holstein
E)Mexico

Answer 2

Mexico

Question 3

How did Napoleon III respond to mounting opposition in the 1860s? How successful was he in maintaining power and control? How did his foreign policy contribute to the unification of Italy and Germany

Answer 3

Answers will vary.

Question 4

Compare and contrast Cavour and Garibaldi's vision of a united Italy, as well as Bismarck's goal of a unified Germany. What steps did Cavour, Garibaldi, and Bismarck take to bring about unification in Italy and Germany?

Question 5

Who was the prime minister of Piedmont who organized the Italian unification movement?

A)Giuseppe Mazzini
B)Giuseppe Garibaldi
C)Camillo di Cavour
D)Victor Emmanuel
E)the Duke of Alba

Question 6

What was an overall result of the Crimean War?

A)The maintenance of peace in Europe until World War I
B)Continued Russian expansionism in Europe for the next two decades
C)Increased involvement for Great Britain in continental affairs
D)The destruction of the Concert of Europe and the creation of opportunities for Italian and German national unification
E)The breakup of the Holy Alliance

Question 7

In 1699, the Ottoman Empire lost Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia to

A)Egypt.
B)Russia.
C)Greece.
D)Austria.
E)Prussia.

Question 8

What was Napoleon III most interested in during the Second Empire?

A)Fostering the industrial development of France
B)Avoiding wars and foreign adventures
C)Enhancing civil liberties like free speech
D)Encouraging people to get involved in politics
E)Enhancing the position of the Catholic Church in French culture

Question 9

How would you explain Britain's relative political stability in the second half of the nineteenth century?

Question 10

Discuss the reform efforts in Great Britain, Russia and the Austrian Empire from 1850 to 1870. How successful were they?

Question 11

What were the causes and consequences of the Crimean War?

Question 12

How did the role of science in society change over the course of the nineteenth century?

Question 13

After the disappointments of 1848-1849, many Italian nationalists turned to ____ for leadership in the unification of northern Italy.

A)Florence
B)Piedmont
C)Austria
D)Naples
E)Britain

Question 14

Why was slavery a threat to American unity in the mid-nineteenth century?

Question 15

What was one of Napoleon III's great domestic projects?

A)The building of the Eiffel Tower
B)The rededication of the Cathedral of Notre Dame
C)The reconstruction of Paris with broad boulevards, public squares, and municipal utilities
D)The damming of the Seine River below Paris for flood control
E)The construction of the Maginot Line against German militarism

Question 16

How did the Austrians deal with the problem of Hungarian nationalism in the aftermath of defeat in the Austro-Prussian War?

Question 17

Which country's incursions into the Black Sea prompted England and France to enter the Crimean War in 1854?

A)Russia
B)Turkey
C)Germany
D)Austria
E)The United States

Question 18

How did Realism differ from Romanticism? How was Realism a reflection of the economic and social realities of Europe during the middle decades of the nineteenth century?

Question 19

What were the consequences of the emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861? What were the limits of their newly acquired freedom?

Question 20

How did Marx explain historical change? How did he apply his theory of historical change to the times in which he lived?

Question 21

From 1862 to 1866, Bismarck governed Prussia by

A)courting labor unions and the working class.
B)working closely with opposition politicians.
C)popular referendum.
D)ignoring parliament.
E)ignoring King William I.

Question 22

The Danish War was fought over

A)control of the Baltic Sea.
B)Alsace-Lorraine.
C)the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.
D)Saxony and Mecklenburg.
E)Bavaria.

Question 23

What was the historical significance of Prussian leadership during German unification?

A)It marked a new era of peaceful European interstate relations.
B)It marked the triumph of authoritarian and militaristic values over liberal and constitutional values in the new German state.
C)Austrian bureaucrats would have new opportunities to shape the political culture of the new German Empire.
D)True parliamentary democracy would triumph in the new German state.
E)It marked a new era of peace in Europe.

Question 24

Bismarck was appointed prime minister by

A)Frederick III.
B)William I.
C)Frederick William II.
D)Otto V.
E)William II.

Question 25

In which city was William I proclaimed Kaiser, or emperor, of the Second Reich in 1871?

A)Berlin
B)Frankfort
C)Paris
D)Versailles
E)Rome

Question 26

Bismarck is best seen as a

A)realist.
B)romantic.
C)war monger.
D)classical liberal.
E)republican idealist.

Question 27

A dispute over ____ sparked the Franco-Prussian War.

A)alleged debts
B)colonial prerogatives
C)trade and commerce
D)territorial waters
E)the Spanish throne

Question 28

Which two states did German nationalists believe were powerful enough to achieve the unification of Germany?

A)Austria and Prussia
B)Austria and Poland
C)Austria and France
D)Prussia and Italy
E)Italy and France

Question 29

As a consequence of its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, France had to

A)abandon Algeria.
B)give up the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine.
C)demilitarize.
D)agree to an defensive alliance with Prussia.
E)give up its Asian colonies.

Question 30

On January 18, 1871, William I of Prussia was proclaimed

A)supreme leader.
B)kaiser.
C)king.
D)tsar.
E)pontiff.

Question 31

What did German-speaking Austrians and Hungarian Magyars do under the Dual Monarchy of Austria and Hungary?

A)They destroyed national minorities through genocide.
B)They dominated national minorities within their boundaries.
C)They cooperated in freeing other national minorities.
D)They forced national minorities to emigrate or assimilate.
E)They treated ethnic minorities as they treated each other.

Question 32

Which country did Piedmont align with during the Italian War of 1859?

A)Russia
B)England
C)Austria
D)Prussia
E)France

Question 33

Who was the dominant foreign power in Italy prior to unification?

A)France
B)Spain
C)Papal States
D)Savoy
E)Austria

Question 34

Around what issue did the reforms of Tsar Alexander II center?

A)Government sponsorship of popular societies like the Bolsheviks
B)Improvements in the military
C)The abolition of serfdom
D)The formation of local, self-governing assemblies called "dumas"
E)Nationalizing all the lands of Russia, putting them under state control

Question 35

Who was the romantic nationalist who challenged Cavour for control of southern Italy?

A)Matteotti
B)Mazzini
C)Garibaldi
D)Sforza
E)Cavour

Question 36

What did the Ausgleich or Compromise of 1867 achieve?

A)It created a loose federation of ethnic states within the Austrian Empire.
B)It freed the serfs and eliminated compulsory labor services with the Austrian Empire.
C)It made Austria part of the North German Confederation.
D)It granted the Czechs and Slovenes home-rule.
E)It created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

Question 37

For whom did the Red Shirts fight?

A)Bismarck
B)Cavour
C)Garibaldi
D)Mazzini
E)Marx

Question 38

Why was Prussia more likely than Austria to provide leadership in the cause of German unification?

A)Prussia lacked a strong military.
B)Austria had few ethnic Germans living within its borders.
C)Austria feared the creation of a strong German state in central Europe.
D)Prussia was a large multinational empire.
E)Prussia had lagged behind the rest of Europe in industrialization.

Question 39

What were the Russian zemstvos?

A)Radical, populist societies that supported all revolutionary causes
B)Local assemblies with limited self-governing powers
C)Agreements between peasants and landlords concerning work rules
D)The emancipation proclamations that set groups of serfs free
E)Russia's two national parliaments, one in Moscow and the other in St.Petersburg

Question 40

What was a result of Bismarck's Austro-Prussian War?

A)The incorporation of Austria into the North German Confederation
B)A harsh treaty against Austria that reduced it to a second-rate power
C)The Prussian liberals' disgust over Bismarck's unscrupulous policies
D)The exclusion of Austria from the North German Confederation
E)The immediate establishment of the German Empire

Question 41

What was an important characteristic of Realist art?

A)A focus on emotion and the inner life
B)A desire to depict everyday life
C)A desire to present an ideal world
D)An emphasis on color and drama
E)A belief in the genius of the individual artist

Question 42

What was the original reason that the North fought the Civil War?

A)To preserve slavery
B)To end slavery
C)To preserve the Union
D)To eliminate the Democratic Party
E)To demonstrate its technological superiority over the South

Question 43

The German physician Robert Koch is best known for his contributions to

A)evolutionary biology.
B)organic chemistry.
C)bacteriology.
D)knowledge about heart disease.
E)anesthesia.

Question 44

What convinced Tsar Alexander II that reform was necessary?

A)Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War
B)A mutiny in the Russian navy
C)Socialist victories in the Russian Duma
D)Defeat in the Crimean War
E)Serious social upheaval in Russia

Question 45

What was one of the key political consequences of Disraeli's Reform Act of 1867?

A)The outbreak of mass strikes by industrial workers in Britain
B)A large increase in the number of voters
C)The emergence of female suffrage movements in other European countries
D)The freeing of the last British serfs on northern landed estates
E)The incorporation of India into the British Empire

Question 46

Mid-nineteenth century literary Realists

A)embraced aspects of Romanticism.
B)avoided flowery and sentimental language.
C)found few readers during their lifetimes.
D)were closely aligned with political conservatives.
E)often drew on medieval literature for inspiration.

Question 47

What was the subject of Charles Darwin's The Descent of Man?

A)It questioned the new evolutionary theories.
B)It proposed the first theory of genetic mutations.
C)It argued for the animal origins of human beings, who had evolved by adapting to their environment over time.
D)It placed humans in the center of a rational universe.
E)It predicted the extinction of man and the rise of a new creation that would dominate nature.

Question 48

Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation

A)was a moral victory but a military disaster.
B)had little real impact.
C)ended the Civil War.
D)declared that most of the slaves in the United States were now free.
E)convinced Britain to ally with the South.

Question 49

Which statement best describes industrialization on the Continent by 1870?

A)It remained limited in its development.
B)It had come of age based upon innovations from the British Industrial Revolution.
C)It was never marked by depressions or recessions.
D)It did not see the rise of trade unions.
E)It was not challenged by socialism.

Question 50

In Madame Bovary, ____ told the story of a woman trapped in loveless marriage.

A)Jean-Francois Millet
B)Gustave Courbet
C)Gustave Flaubert
D)Charles Dickens
E)William Thackeray

Question 51

Marx saw his own times as a period in which the bourgeoisie faced off against the

A)church.
B)monarchists.
C)trade unionists.
D)proletariat.
E)nobility.

Question 52

Who was the leading realist novelist of the nineteenth century?

A)Rudyard Kipling
B)Gustave Flaubert
C)Thomas Gainsborough
D)Gustave Courbet
E)Anthony Powell

Question 53

Which scientist provided a working foundation for the use of electricity?

A)Friedrich Engels
B)Louis Pasteur
C)Michael Faraday
D)Charles Darwin
E)Charles Dickens

Question 54

According to Darwin, all organisms

A)are descended from three distinct foundation organisms.
B)evolve from complexity toward simplicity.
C)evolved over a long period of time from earlier and simpler forms of life.
D)existed shortly after the earth came into existence.
E)except human beings follow general rules of biological development.

Question 55

After emancipation, who was responsible for paying for the land given to freed serfs?

A)The tsar's government
B)The Russian people as a whole
C)The former landowner
D)The village commune
E)Individual landowners

Question 56

According to Marx, the history of all previous societies is the history of

A)slow decline.
B)blood and iron.
C)enlightenment.
D)progress.
E)class struggle.

Question 57

Which statement best applies to Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory?

A)His ideas were readily accepted by religious fundamentalists and cultural conservatives.
B)His works were truly revolutionary in that they were the first to propose a theory of evolution.
C)His theory emphasized the idea of the "survival of the fit" in which advantageous natural variants and environmental adaptations in organisms determine their survival.
D)His On the Origin of Species described man's evolution from animal origins through natural selection.
E)He envisioned utopian evolution, unlike Marx who predicted materialistic revolution.

Question 58

Which statement best describes the First International?

A)It failed due to Marx's preoccupation with Das Kapital.
B)It became the largest working-class trade union in Europe in the nineteenth century.
C)It was rejected by Marxism as a "bourgeois-dominated institution."
D)It served as a type of umbrella organization for all European labor interests.
E)It led the various revolutionary movements in the uprisings of 1848.

Question 59

What proved a turning point in the drive towards Canadian independence?

A)The Napoleonic Wars
B)The War of 1812
C)The revolutions of 1848
D)The American Civil War
E)The Crimean War

Question 60

Who was primarily responsible for the germ theory of disease?

A)Charles Darwin
B)Joseph Lister
C)Louis Pasteur
D)Friedrich Engels
E)Samuel Gross

Question 61

Marx believed that organic evolution was the driving force behind historical change.

Question 62

Michael Faraday worked out the theoretical foundations of the steam engine.

Question 63

France and Russia faced off against Britain and the Ottomans in the Crimean War.

Question 64

In The Stonebreakers, ____ shocked viewers with its depiction of human misery.

A)Jean-Francois Millet
B)Gustave Courbet
C)Gustave Flaubert
D)Charles Dickens
E)William Thackeray

Question 65

Count Camillo di Cavour led the unification movement in southern Italy.

Question 66

Literary Realists often explored the social issues of their day through their novels and stories.

Question 67

Real wages for British laborers increased more than 25 percent between 1850 and 1870.

Question 68

The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary had two monarchs.

Question 69

Napoleon III installed Maximilian of Austria as the emperor of Mexico.

Question 70

The Prussians enjoyed significant technological advantages over the Austrians in the Austro-Prussian War.

Question 71

The zemstvos system was designed to enhance the power of the Russian central government.