Deck 40: Plant Reproduction

Question 1

What is the similarity between spores and gametes?

A)They are produced by meiosis.
B)They are haploid.
C)They divide by mitosis.
D)They can fuse with another cell to form a new organism.
E)They are made by a sporophyte.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

If an ovary contains 50 ovules,what is the minimum number of pollen grains that must land in order to form 50 mature seeds?

A)25
B)50
C)100
D)It is impossible to tell.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

How are the life cycles of liverworts and angiosperms alike?

A)In both groups,the sporophyte is the dominant generation.
B)In both groups,the gametophyte is the dominant generation.
C)In both groups,the gametophyte is smaller than the sporophyte.
D)In both groups,the sporophyte is smaller than the gametophyte.
E)In both groups,the sporophyte produces spores.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The flowering hormone is made in _____ and alters development of _____.

A)flowers;leaves
B)flowers;root meristem
C)leaves;apical meristem
D)leaves;flowers
E)roots;flowers

Question 5

A gardener in Canada wants to surprise his mother on her birthday and make her favorite Shrubalthea bush flower in May instead of the end of June.The bush is growing in the greenhouse.Which of the following might make the Shrubalthea bush flower early?

A)fertilizing the bush
B)grafting leaves of a Shrubalthea that was exposed to long night
C)grafting leaves of a Shrubalthea that was exposed to short night
D)exposing flower buds of the Shrubalthea bush to long nights
E)exposing flower buds of the Shrubalthea bush to short nights

Question 6

Pollen from a plant with the S₁S₂ genotype is recognized and allowed to germinate on the stigma of the same plant with the S₁S₂ genotype.According to the S-system hypothesis,this indicates that the plant is _____.

A)self-compatible and can self-pollinate.
B)self-compatible and must cross-pollinate.
C)self-incompatible and can self-pollinate.
D)self-incompatible and must cross-pollinate.

Question 7

What is an essential part of alternation of generations in plants?

A)meiosis to produce gametes
B)meiosis to produce gametophyte
C)mitosis to produce gametes
D)fertilization to produce spores
E)fertilization to produce gametes

Question 8

During self-fertilization,which of the following is absent?

A)pollination
B)transfer of pollen from one plant to the other
C)presence of a gametophyte
D)all of the above

Question 9

What is not true about the carpel of a flower?

A)The stigma receives the pollen.
B)The style provides the pathway for the growth of the pollen tube.
C)Meiosis of the megaspore forms the eight nuclei of the embryo sac.
D)The ovary encloses one or more ovules,which contain the embryo sac.

Question 10

It is estimated that animal- or insect-pollinated plants produce 1000 pollen grains for each ovule;wind-pollinated plants produce 1,000,000 pollen grains for each ovule.What does that indicate about pollination systems?

A)Wind-pollinated plants rarely produce seeds.
B)Wind pollination is more efficient than animal-assisted pollination.
C)Wind pollination is less efficient than animal-assisted pollination.
D)Wind pollination is costlier to the plant than animal-assisted pollination.

Question 11

A summer occupation in the Corn Belt states is de-tasseling the corn:
Removing unwanted male flowers so that female flowers on the same plant are pollinated by the desired pollen for the hybrid corn.What does this tell you about corn?

A)The flowers are perfect and the plant is dioecious.
B)The flowers are perfect and the plant is monoecious.
C)The flowers are imperfect and the plant is dioecious.
D)The flowers are imperfect and the plant is monoecious.

Question 12

While looking at a flower in your garden,you notice that it has carpels with very long styles and stamens with very short filaments.This plant most likely to reproduce by _____.

A)cross-pollination
B)selfing
C)asexual reproduction

Question 13

Plants in crop fields such as corn are genetically very similar.What are benefits of this phenomenon? What are pitfalls of this phenomenon?

Question 14

Cottonwood,aspen,and willow trees have beige flowers,with no petals,that appear before the tree's leaves are out in the spring;and they are dioecious.What does that indicate about these trees?

A)Their insect pollinators are specialists.
B)Early emerging insects are probably the pollinators.
C)Their pollen is dispersed by wind.
D)The trees are self pollinating.

Question 15

What is the male gametophyte made of?

A)generative cell and polar nuclei
B)polar nuclei and tube cell
C)generative cell and two gametes
D)generative cell and tube cell
E)microspores

Question 16

Plants produce more seeds when they reproduce asexually than sexually.Yet most plants reproduce sexually in nature.What is the probable explanation for the prevalence of sexual reproduction?

A)Sexual reproduction is more energy efficient than asexual reproduction.
B)Sexual reproduction ensures genetic continuity from parents to offspring.
C)Sexual reproduction mixes up alleles contributing to variation in a species.
D)Sexual reproduction is not dependent on other agents of pollination.

Question 17

Which of the following correctly identifies the function of the flower part named?

A)Sepals protect the flower bud.
B)Petals attract seed-dispersing animals.
C)The stigma produces nectar.
D)The carpel produces pollen.
E)All of these answers are correct.

Question 18

Home flower gardeners in northern latitudes like to grow plants that flower only in the spring or flower only in the late summer and fall.They are planting flowers that are most sensitive to _____.

A)phototropins
B)night length
C)temperature differences
D)water availability
E)nutrient availability

Question 19

A population of flowers varies from deep blue to nearly white.Bees are active during the day and prefer color.Moths are active at night,when colors are not very visible and white is more conspicuous.Design a scenario in which the blue and white flowers form two species where there once was one species.You must end with a conclusion that the two new species cannot interbreed (a definition of a species).

Question 20

The sperm and egg each contribute 50% of the nuclear genetic material to the zygote that becomes the embryo and the new plant.Mitochondria and plastids that become chloroplasts are passed primarily from the female parent.What feature of the male or female gametophytes accounts for this?

A)The female gametophyte is small and mobile and can pack a lot of cytoplasm into a tiny space.
B)The female gametophyte is larger and formed from one surviving megaspore.
C)The male gametophyte is formed in the anthers.
D)Meiosis is not involved in the formation of the female gametophyte.

Question 21

If a hypocotyl does not elongate during seed germination and early seedling growth,where will the cotyledons be?

A)above ground and above the seed
B)above ground and below the seed
C)in the ground with the seed coat

Question 22

A researcher found a beautiful plant while traveling in Alaska and collected its seeds.When she came back to Florida,she soaked some seeds in pure water and some in water with the hormone gibberellin.When she put seeds to grow in soil,only seeds soaked with gibberellin germinated.The seeds that were soaked in pure water did not germinate because of _____.

A)no exposure to a cool temperature period
B)high concentration of ABA
C)thick seed coat
D)absence of nutrients in pure water
E)Any of the above might have prevented germination.

Question 23

The egg of a plant has a haploid chromosome number of 12 (n = 12).What is true about the number of chromosomes in the cells of other tissues of this plant?

A)The sperm has 6 chromosomes.
B)The leaves and stems have 12 chromosomes.
C)The zygote has 12 chromosomes.
D)The endosperm has 36 chromosomes.
E)All of these answers apply.

Question 24

Endosperm is a major part of monocot seeds.In most dicots,_____.

A)the same thing is true;there is a substantial amount of endosperm
B)endosperm never even starts to form after double fertilization
C)endosperm nutrients are repackaged into the cotyledons
D)endosperm replaces cotyledons in the seed

Question 25

After double fertilization in angiosperms,what development sequence is correct?

A)The embryo in the seed develops into endosperm.
B)The ovary wall becomes the fruit.
C)The ovule becomes the fruit.
D)The carpel develops into the cotyledons.

Question 26

Which of these events occurs first in seed germination?

A)Cell division occurs in the embryo,and growth starts.
B)Mitochondria multiply and provide energy for growth processes.
C)Water is taken up.
D)Oxygen is produced and proteins are synthesized.
E)New mRNAs and proteins are produced.

Question 27

Angiosperms are unique in having double fertilization that forms endosperm.What is true about double fertilization in angiosperms?

A)One pollen grain combines with the egg to form the zygote,and one pollen grain combines with the polar nuclei to form endosperm.Two sperm combine with a polar nucleus to form endosperm.
B)Two pollen grains combine with two ovules to form the zygote and endosperm.
C)One sperm combines with the polar nuclei to form the zygote,and one sperm combines with the egg to form endosperm.
D)One sperm combines with the egg to form the zygote,and one sperm combines with the polar nuclei to form endosperm.

Question 28

Mosses and ferns tend to be most abundant in warm,moist climates.Why do mosses and ferns have problems with reproduction in deserts?

A)Their pollen is not resistant to desiccation.
B)Their seeds are not resistant to desiccation.
C)Their sperm must swim for fertilization to occur.
D)Their ovules need water for fertilization to occur.

Question 29

Charles Darwin experimented with reactions of grass seedlings (monocots)relative to applied auxin (a plant hormone)and light.He used the youngest seedlings with a structure that dicots do not have.What is the name of that structure?

A)coleoptile
B)cotyledons
C)radicle
D)seed coat

Question 30

It is possible to make seedless tomatoes by removing the anthers of the flower and putting a hormone (auxin)on the stigma of the tomato flower.Weekly applications are required.Over the course of development,the stigma and style fall off,and the ovary develops into a normal-looking tomato with no seeds.Normally,seed and fruit formation are coordinated using hormone signaling.What does the application of auxin indicate?

A)The stigma of a tomato flower produces auxin that is necessary for pollination.
B)It stimulates the development of the pericarp into the ovary wall.
C)Applied auxin must substitute for an auxin source in a developing seed.
D)All of the above answers apply.

Question 31

Suppose that 100 pollen grains land on a stigma,and 50 mature seeds are formed in the fruit.What does this indicate about the pollination process and success?

A)50% success: 100 pollen grains grew to 50 ovules,and double fertilization occurred
B)50% success: evidently,only 50 sperm pollinated 50 anthers
C)50% success: 50 sperm fertilized 50 eggs,and 50 sperm fused with 50 polar nuclei
D)50% success: 50 sperm fertilized 50 eggs,and 50 sperm fused with 100 polar nuclei

Question 32

Which of these events happens first in nearly all seed germination?

A)The cotyledons appear above ground,turn green,and photosynthesize.
B)The radicle emerges from the seed to obtain water and nutrients from the soil.
C)The hypocotyl elongates to lift cotyledons above ground.
D)Lateral roots develop and expand into surrounding soil.

Question 33

Gardeners purchase packets of seeds that are put in the ground and germinate.Native plant seeds usually need a scarification treatment or a real or simulated winter (stratification),some seeds need light,and others need a smoke treatment.What do these adaptations to the environmental conditions reveal about where the plants grow?

Question 34

The hammer orchids resemble female thyranide wasps and release a chemical signal called pheromone to deceive male thyranide wasps and accomplish pollination.Compared to food-deceiving orchids,is it more or less likely that pollen of hammer orchid will be transferred to the flower of the same species than to flower of the different species?

A)more likely
B)less likely
C)similar probability

Question 35

Which of these is not a step in the formation of an embryo from a zygote in the seed?

A)The root and shoot systems emerge from the seed.
B)Basal cells form a connection between the parent plant and the developing embryo.
C)Mitosis produces a mass of cells that become the young embryo.
D)Cells differentiate to form the basic plant tissue types.
E)The early root-shoot axis is formed.

Question 36

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s).
Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis)is an important tree at timberline in the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevadas.Its large seeds provide food for grizzly bears,squirrels and other rodents,and many birds,including its major seed disperser,the Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana).The Clark's nutcracker has a pouch below its tongue for carrying seeds,which it deposits 10 m to 12 km from a tree.Clark's nutcrackers often store many more seeds than they need for survival;in a single year,one bird can store more than 30,000 seeds.They store 3-5 seeds from one cone in each cache and typically use the seeds for food during spring and summer.When these birds do not harvest the seeds,the seeds germinate and form new whitebark pine trees.(D.F.Tomback.1982.Dispersal of whitebark pine seeds by Clark's nutcracker: A mutualism hypothesis.Journal of Animal Ecology 51:451-67. )
Refer to the paragraph on whitebark pine seed dispersal by Clark's nutcracker.To conclude that the Clark's nutcracker is a mutualistic seed disperser,not just a predator,you would need to determine that _____.

A)if the birds are not present,whitebark pine cannot spread
B)the birds eat all the seeds they cache
C)seeds in the caches can germinate to produce seedlings
D)bears and squirrels do not eat any of the seeds

Question 37

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s).
Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis)is an important tree at timberline in the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevadas.Its large seeds provide food for grizzly bears,squirrels and other rodents,and many birds,including its major seed disperser,the Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana).The Clark's nutcracker has a pouch below its tongue for carrying seeds,which it deposits 10 m to 12 km from a tree.Clark's nutcrackers often store many more seeds than they need for survival;in a single year,one bird can store more than 30,000 seeds.They store 3-5 seeds from one cone in each cache and typically use the seeds for food during spring and summer.When these birds do not harvest the seeds,the seeds germinate and form new whitebark pine trees.(D.F.Tomback.1982.Dispersal of whitebark pine seeds by Clark's nutcracker: A mutualism hypothesis.Journal of Animal Ecology 51:451-67. )
Refer to the paragraph on whitebark pine seed dispersal by Clark's nutcracker.Clark's nutcracker stores seeds in caches.What type of spatial distribution of whitebark pine would you expect to find in an area with a high population of Clark's nutcrackers?

A)random
B)clumped
C)uniform

Question 38

Unripe fruits protect seeds from predation and early germination.What is the major function of ripe fruits?

A)attracting pollinators
B)dispersing seed
C)releasing nutrients to seeds
D)keeping the seed hydrated before germination

Question 39

You find a fruit that has little hooks around the outside of the pericarp.You can assume that _____ is/are the pollinator.

A)wind
B)birds
C)mammals
D)cannot answer based on the information given

Question 40

Before plowing a field,a farmer thought the bare field looked weed-free.Three days after plowing and turning over the soil,he was amazed to see thousands of tiny seedlings.What is the most likely reason for the mass germination of seeds?

A)large seeds that needed soil disturbance in order to germinate
B)small seeds that need light in order to germinate
C)small seeds that were scarified by exposure to plow
D)large seeds that needed exposure to higher levels of oxygen in order to germinate

Question 41

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s).
Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis)is an important tree at timberline in the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevadas.Its large seeds provide food for grizzly bears,squirrels and other rodents,and many birds,including its major seed disperser,the Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana).The Clark's nutcracker has a pouch below its tongue for carrying seeds,which it deposits 10 m to 12 km from a tree.Clark's nutcrackers often store many more seeds than they need for survival;in a single year,one bird can store more than 30,000 seeds.They store 3-5 seeds from one cone in each cache and typically use the seeds for food during spring and summer.When these birds do not harvest the seeds,the seeds germinate and form new whitebark pine trees.(D.F.Tomback.1982.Dispersal of whitebark pine seeds by Clark's nutcracker: A mutualism hypothesis.Journal of Animal Ecology 51:451-67. )
Refer to the paragraph on whitebark pine seed dispersal by Clark's nutcracker.Pines,including the whitebark pine,are pioneer-type trees.Which disperal conditions would be best for high germination rates and seedling survival?

A)animals that eat and deposit seeds in feces under trees
B)animals that cache the seeds in a field dominated by grasses
C)animals that cache the seeds under shrubs
D)birds that cache the seeds close to adult trees