Deck 17: Culture and Conflict in the Great Islamic Empires, 1071-1707

Question 1

Bayezid was forced to abandon his plan of attacking the Byzantine Empire because

A) the pope's forces came to the aid of Byzantium.
B) his army staged a mutiny refusing to fight anymore.
C) he was preoccupied with the civil war in Turkey.
D) he was defeated by Timer Lenk.

Answer 1

he was defeated by Timer Lenk.

Question 2

In conquering Constantinople, Mehmed II laid claim to which of these titles?

A) Roman emperor
B) caliph
C) patriarch
D) sultan

Answer 2

Roman emperor

Question 3

What was the fate of Timur Lenk's conquests after his death?

A) They were divided among his sons.
B) They disintegrated.
C) They became the Ottoman Empire.
D) They emerged as a new Persian Empire.

Answer 3

They disintegrated.

Question 4

Mehmed II is known as "the Conqueror" because he took

A) Baghdad.
B) Constantinople.
C) Cairo.
D) Samarkand.

Question 5

Ottoman law, compared to other Muslim states was

A) more firmly based on the Shari`ah.
B) more flexible.
C) more rigid.
D) more influenced by Roman law.

Question 6

Timur Lenk conquered all of the lands once ruled by the Mongols except

A) Persia
B) Central Asia
C) the lower Volga
D) China

Question 7

Who benefitted most from the Fourth Crusade?

A) the Byzantines
B) the Ottomans
C) Salah al-Din
D) Shi'ite Muslims

Question 8

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the kanun?

A) They were based on Roman law.
B) They followed the strict letter of the Qur'an.
C) They were state laws shaped in response to issues not addressed by the Shari`ah.
D) They only applied to non-Muslims.

Question 9

Which of the following was NOT one of the Ottoman "pillars of empire"?

A) the grand vezir
B) the judiciary
C) the grand admiral
D) administrators who drew up edicts

Question 10

Timur Lenk benefited from the demise of which of these?

A) the Khanate of the Golden Horde
B) the Jagadai Khanate
C) the Ottoman Empire
D) the Persian Empire

Question 11

Timur Lenk considered himself the worthy heir of

A) Babur.
B) Genghis Khan.
C) Ögedei Khan.
D) Batu Khan.

Question 12

The ultimate goal of the Ottoman Turks was

A) control of Anatolia.
B) destroying the Sunnis.
C) Islamic expansion throughout the West.
D) conquering Southern India.

Question 13

The changing of the name Constantinople to Istanbul signified

A) Turkish acceptance of the sultan.
B) Turkish acceptance of Tamerlane.
C) Islam's conquest of Byzantium.
D) Islam's conquest of Persia.

Question 14

How did Timur justify his conquests?

A) God had granted him universal rule.
B) As heir of the Mongols, he was merely preserving their empire.
C) He considered himself the heir of the Roman Caesars.
D) He attacked only those disloyal to Islam.

Question 15

What were the origins of Timur Lenk?

A) Mongol
B) Turk
C) Persian
D) Arab

Question 16

Which man laid the foundations for the Pax Ottomanica?

A) Timur Lenk
B) Murad
C) Mehmed
D) Bayezid

Question 17

The word "Padishah" is a Persian word meaning

A) God's deputy on earth.
B) mighty warrior.
C) infidel or unbeliever.
D) he who must be destroyed.

Question 18

Why did Timur Lenk hope to conquer China?

A) Unconquered China put his eastern territories at risk.
B) The Mongols had done so.
C) The Ming emperor was a personal enemy.
D) China's Buddhism was a threat to his spiritual leadership.

Question 19

Before making a major political decision, the Ottoman sultan was expected to

A) consult the judiciary.
B) obtain permission from the grand vezir.
C) seek a fatwa.
D) make a pilgrimage to Mecca.

Question 20

What was the outcome of the Battle of Ankara?

A) The Byzantine Empire defeated the Ottoman Turks.
B) The Ottoman Turks defeated the Byzantine Empire.
C) The Holy Land was returned to the Muslims.
D) Timur defeated Sultan Bayezid.

Question 21

How did Iletmish cause controversy by choosing Radiya as his successor?

A) he was illegitimate
B) he was a Sunni.
C) he was a Shi'ite.
D) she was a woman

Question 22

Suleiman's efforts in the judiciary indicated his belief that

A) all men are entitled to a trial by jury.
B) religious law is superior to state law.
C) the leader is above the law.
D) kanun law should apply equally to all, regardless of religion.

Question 23

Who created the Mughal Empire?

A) Babur
B) Humayun
C) Sher Khan Sur
D) Akbar

Question 24

Shah Ismail's most lasting achievement was the

A) unification of Sunnis and Shi'ites.
B) codification of Islamic law.
C) conquest of Constantinople.
D) proclamation of Shi'ite Islam as Persia's official religion.

Question 25

The rulers of northern India were known as

A) caliphs.
B) Delhi sultans.
C) satraps.
D) rajahs.

Question 26

Muslim seers predicted glorious victories for Suleiman because

A) he was born with a birthmark that looked like a sword.
B) he was the son of Selim the Magnificent.
C) he was the tenth Ottoman sultan.
D) his name means "great warrior."

Question 27

Which of these was NOT part of the Ottoman Empire in 1566?

A) Egypt
B) Persia
C) Anatolia
D) the Balkans

Question 28

The Safavids avoided an alliance with the Ottoman Turks because

A) The Safavids were Sunni and the Ottomans were Shi'ites.
B) The Safavids were Shi'ite and the Ottomans were Sunnis.
C) The Safavids were Persian and the Ottomans were Turks.
D) Persia was Islamic and the Ottomans were Hindus.

Question 29

Kara Mustafa's most serious mistake was to attack

A) Turkey.
B) Vienna.
C) Persia.
D) Rome.

Question 30

The peak of Safavid Persian power and wealth was reached under which shah?

A) Abbas
B) Ismail
C) Tamasp
D) Selim

Question 31

What was the greatest barrier to Ottoman conquest of Central Europe?

A) Shi'ite resistance
B) poor organization
C) Christian religious animosity
D) indifferent Ottoman leadership

Question 32

Nanak tried to merge Hindu and Islamic ideology into the religion of the

A) Jains.
B) Assassins.
C) Sikhs.
D) Parsees

Question 33

The Battle of Lepanto was significant because it marked

A) the end of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean.
B) the destruction of European Christian naval power.
C) the end of Ottoman expansion to the west.
D) the end of the Ottoman Empire.

Question 34

Which of the following most accurately portrays Suleiman's foreign policy legacy?

A) He was a dismal failure in foreign affairs, but was much more successful in the domestic realm.
B) He failed to unify East and West, but he made the Ottoman Empire a world power.
C) He unified East and West and made the Ottoman Turks the leaders of the Islamic world.
D) He presided over the longest period of Shi'ite-Sunni peace.

Question 35

Which of the following was the primary factor in promotions or demotions in Ottoman society?

A) wealth
B) ancestry
C) religion
D) merit

Question 36

Why did Shah Tamasp move the Safavid capital from Tabriz to Qazvin?

A) he wished to make his state more Turkish and less Persian
B) the Ottomans had briefly occupied Tabriz
C) the closing of the Silk Roads left Tabriz impoverished
D) the tomb of Hussein was in Qazvin

Question 37

The Ottoman ruling class was unusual in being composed of

A) female.
B) foreigners.
C) slaves.
D) Christians.

Question 38

How did Ottoman Turks avoid the creation of a landed aristocracy, an institution that dominated European politics?

A) Land grants were valid only for the holder's lifetime.
B) They refused to allow ownership of land to anyone outside the royal family.
C) The government owned all the land and refused to grant land to anyone.
D) They only allowed people to own one acre of land per family.

Question 39

Safavid Persia was unusual in being founded as the result of

A) a commercial transaction.
B) a religious movement.
C) conquest.
D) inheritance.

Question 40

Which of the following accurately illustrates Suleiman's connections with Europe after his abandonment of his central European campaigns?

A) He continued to trade with Europe, but his connections were limited.
B) He ended all connections with Europe in hopes of destroying their trade.
C) He played a major role in European affairs through alliances with the French and later the Protestants.
D) He supported Spanish Muslims in their revolt against Christian rule.

Question 41

Aurangzeb differed significantly from Akbar on the issue of

A) Islamic expansion.
B) taxation.
C) religious toleration.
D) succession.

Question 42

Which of these facilitated Babur's overthrow of the Delhi sultan?

A) Hindu-Muslim divisions
B) local opposition to the sultan
C) the conquests of Genghis Khan
D) disintegration of the Mughal Empire

Question 43

Which of these cultural influences dominated under the Great Mughals?

A) Hindu
B) Persian
C) Mongol
D) Turkish

Question 44

The official language of Akbar's administration was

A) Arabic.
B) Latin.
C) Indian.
D) Farsi.

Question 45

The Taj Mahal and Pearl Mosque were both

A) tombs for Shah Jahan's wives.
B) built along traditional Indian lines.
C) built in the traditional Mughal capital, Delhi.
D) a fusion of Persian form and Indian craftsmanship.

Question 46

Timur Lenk took over all of the land once owned by the Mongols.

Question 47

Akbar was a Muslim butwas generally tolerant to other religions.

Question 48

How did Sikhism change during the reign of Aurangzeb?

A) It became his major ally in subduing rebellion.
B) It embraced many Islamic ideas.
C) It replaced Hinduism as the state religion.
D) It became militaristic in nature.

Question 49

Nomadic Turks from central Asia created all three of the great Islamic empires of the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries.

Question 50

The rise of the Ottoman Turks benefitted from fighting between Western Europe and Byzantium.

Question 51

Who held effective power under Jahangir?

A) Mumtaz Mahal
B) Nur Jahan
C) Salim
D) Akbar

Question 52

Under Akbar, Mughal culture became increasingly

A) Turkish
B) traditionally Indian
C) intolerant
D) Persian

Question 53

The Era of the Great Mughals began with the accession of

A) Akbar.
B) Timur.
C) Nur Jahan.
D) Jahangir.

Question 54

The purpose of the Maratha was to

A) make peace between Sunnis and Shi'ites.
B) resist Mughal rule.
C) resist Ottoman rule.
D) destroy mosques in India.

Question 55

The Taj Mahal is the greatest Sikh shrine in India.

Question 56

The greatest Islamic state in Indian history was the

A) Mughal Empire.
B) Indus Khanate.
C) Mongol Empire.
D) Delphi Sultanate.

Question 57

Which of these groups lost out when Aurangzeb came to power?

A) Persians
B) Hindus
C) Muslims
D) Turks

Question 58

Akbar was unpopular with some Muslims because he

A) refused to make a pilgrimage to Mecca.
B) condemned both Shi'ites and Sunnis.
C) was tolerant of other religions.
D) converted to Christianity.

Question 59

How did Akbar's reign differ from those of his predecessors?

A) His was the shortest reign in Indian history.
B) He attempted reconciliation with Hindus.
C) He forced all Indians to convert to Islam.
D) He was the first Hindu to rule an Islamic state.

Question 60

How did Akbar come to the throne?

A) He was Babur's oldest son.
B) He was Humayun's son.
C) He wasthe closest Hindu heir.
D) He won the battle of Panipat.

Question 61

Which man finally defeated the Mamluks in Egypt?

Question 62

Akbar could not read or write, but he became one of history's finest rulers.

Question 63

A fatwa is a legal opinion from the highest Islamic legal authority.

Question 64

Ottoman kanun are based strictly on the Shari`ah.

Question 65

Janissaries were the Ottoman administrative class.

Question 66

Mehmed changed the name of the Byzantine capital from Constantinople to Istanbul.

Question 67

Evaluate Akbar's domestic policies in India.

Question 68

What state's system of government was described as the "four pillars?"

Question 69

What branch of Islam was the state religion of the Safavid Persians?

Question 70

Evaluate Timur Lenk's legacy in central Asia.

Question 71

Which people called Timur Lenk "Timur the Lame"?

Question 72

Which Muslim ruler of India was known for religious tolerance?

Question 73

What branch of Islam was practiced by the Ottoman Turks?

Question 74

Which former Mongol territory was never conquered by Timur?

Question 75

Which religion attempted to reconcile Hinduism and Islam into one faith?

Question 76

What central European city was the site of two failed Ottoman attacks?

Question 77

Compare and contrast the reign of Akbar and the reign of Aurangzeb.

Question 78

Which Ottoman sultan was known both as "the Magnificent" and "the Lawgiver"?

Question 79

Discuss the origins of Sikhism and its evolution in India.

Question 80

Discuss the fall of the Byzantine Empire.