Deck 37: Post-Colonial Challenges in Africa and the Middle East, 1939-Present

Question 1

Countries such as Ghana and Tanzania took what stance during the Cold War?

A) They were Communist, and deeply committed to Soviet rule.
B) They were Marxist, but used both sides in the Cold War to their own advantage.
C) They were Communist, and promoted the spread of Communism in Africa.
D) They were liberal democracies, and aided the U.S. fight against global Communism.

Answer 1

They were Marxist, but used both sides in the Cold War to their own advantage.

Question 2

All of North Africa was independent by

A) 1932
B) 1942
C) 1952
D) 1962

Answer 2

1962

Question 3

What was the purpose of the meeting called by Charles de Gaulle at Brazzaville in 1944?

A) discussion of autonomy in areas under French rule
B) raising troops for World War II
C) to announce immediate decolonization
D) to demand greater French authority over its African colonies

Answer 3

discussion of autonomy in areas under French rule

Question 4

The greatest challenge to Patrice Lumumba's rule in the Congo was

A) British opposition.
B) tribal divisions.
C) the region's poverty.
D) divisions among the region's Muslims.

Question 5

Libya was a monarchy until the king was overthrown in 1969 by

A) Habib Bourguiba.
B) Muammar al-Qaddafi.
C) Gamal Abdel Nasser.
D) Anwar Sadat.

Question 6

De Gaulle's position regarding Algeria was that

A) France should fight to retain control over Algeria.
B) France should work to negotiate independence for Algeria.
C) improved economic conditions would keep Algeria loyal to France.
D) Algerians were responsible for their own defense.

Question 7

What was the goal of African nationalists, announced at the Fifth Pan-African Congress in 1945?

A) autonomy
B) independence
C) commitment to the war effort
D) creation of a pan-African congress

Question 8

What was the goal of the KenyanMau Mau in the 1950s?

A) independence
B) redistribution of white-owned lands
C) division of Kenya into two states
D) implementing Communism

Question 9

Which of these countries instituted apartheid after World War II?

A) Algeria
B) South Africa
C) Kenya
D) Ethiopia

Question 10

De Gaulle believed that Algeria should be granted independence because

A) Muslim resistance was too great.
B) he believed that colonial holdings were no longer necessary.
C) he believed that the cost of maintaining the African territories was too great.
D) Algeria helped France in WWI and WWII.

Question 11

Which country controlled most of West Africa in 1945?

A) France
B) Germany
C) Britain
D) Portugal

Question 12

Neo-colonialism refers to

A) African colonization of neighboring peoples.
B) European efforts to hold onto their colonies in the face of independence movements.
C) European economic dominance of Africa after political independence.
D) Asian conquest of African nations.

Question 13

What African state was granted immediate independence by de Gaulle in the False hope that, without aid, it would be forced to return to the French Community?

A) Algeria.
B) Morocco.
C) Djibouti.
D) Guinea.

Question 14

Rwanda gained its independence from

A) France.
B) Britain.
C) Belgium.
D) Germany.

Question 15

Which country successfully resisted colonization, and became a symbol of African refusal to accept colonial rule?

A) Sudan
B) Ethiopia
C) Tanzania
D) South Africa

Question 16

What was used by Julius Nyerere to unite Tanganyika to gain independence in 1961?

A) Islam
B) the Swahili language
C) devotion to British traditions
D) connections to Indian Ocean trade

Question 17

Which country's colonies sought independence, resulting in conflict that took the lives of Patrice Lumumba and UN Secretary Dag Hammarskjöld?

A) France
B) Belgium
C) Britain
D) Germany

Question 18

Which country controlled large areas of the eastern and south Africa in 1945?

A) France
B) Germany
C) Britain
D) Portugal

Question 19

The last British colony in East Africa was

A) Libya.
B) Somaliland.
C) Kenya.
D) Zimbabwe.

Question 20

Habib Bourguiba was named "president for life" of

A) Morocco.
B) Egypt.
C) Tunisia.
D) Algeria.

Question 21

Which of these was the goal of the PLO?

A) organizing to control oil supplies
B) the destruction of Israel
C) the promotion of Arab culture
D) finding a homeland for the Palestinians

Question 22

Which country experienced a brutal war that turned into genocide between Tutsis and Hutus?

A) Kenya
B) Rwanda
C) Zimbabwe
D) Chad

Question 23

In what important way did Anwar Sadat change course in 1977?

A) He made Iran, not Egypt, the leader of the Arab world.
B) He chose to make peace with Israel.
C) He shifted his country away from orthodox Sunni Islam to Wahhabism.
D) He formed a coalition of Arab states.

Question 24

The goal of Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser was to

A) get Arab nations to recognize Israel's right to exit.
B) unite the Arab world under his leadership.
C) secularize and modernize Turkey.
D) restore Sharia and strict Islamic practice in Egypt.

Question 25

The Suez Canal was closed for several years after the

A) Six-Day War.
B) Yom Kippur War.
C) Iran-Iraq War.
D) terror attacks of 9/11.

Question 26

Which of these turned public opinion in the U.S. in favor of Zionism?

A) defeat of Germany
B) the Holocaust
C) the Great Depression
D) anti-Islamic feelings

Question 27

Which of these was the inspiration for 19th century Islamic reformism?

A) Wahhabism
B) Sufism
C) Sunni Islam
D) Shi'ism

Question 28

Anwar Sadat was assassinated in 1981 by

A) Jewish nationalists.
B) Orthodox Jews.
C) Islamic fundamentalists.
D) Islamic modernists.

Question 29

Kwame Nkrumah, Sékou Touré and Emperor Bokassa I were all African leaders that were also

A) Communists.
B) rulers of Sudan.
C) dictators.
D) presidents of democracies

Question 30

The Arab-Israeli war of 1948-49 led to which of these political changes in Arab nations?

A) The governments of Syria, Egypt, and Iraq were overthrown.
B) Several Arab nations moved to encourage Wahhabism.
C) Monarchies emerged in Syria and Egypt.
D) Egypt lost its strong position in the Arab world.

Question 31

The Six-Day War of 1967 resulted in a victory for

A) Egypt.
B) Syria.
C) Lebanon.
D) Israel.

Question 32

AIDS was first identified in

A) Sierra Leone.
B) Zambia.
C) Congo.
D) South Africa.

Question 33

After apartheid, the first black African president of South Africa was

A) Daniel Malan.
B) Nelson Mandela.
C) Oliver Tambo.
D) Kenneth Kaunda.

Question 34

The most powerful Arab nation following WWII was

A) Iran.
B) Iraq.
C) Kuwait.
D) Egypt.

Question 35

Which of these was a key cause of the 1952 revolution in Egypt?

A) the Mahdist movement
B) the reign of Gamal Abdel Nasser
C) the Arab-Israeli war
D) the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire

Question 36

Theodor Herzl, viewing the Dreyfus affair in France, concluded that Jews must

A) undergo religious reforms.
B) integrate more fully into European society.
C) retreat into European ghettos.
D) create their own country.

Question 37

Which European country was the last to grant independence to its African holdings?

A) Britain
B) France
C) Belgium
D) Portugal

Question 38

The Balfour Declaration stated that Britain supported

A) a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
B) independence for Middle Eastern Arab states.
C) home rule for Ireland.
D) giving up its African colonies.

Question 39

Which American president established the Peace Corps?

A) Dwight Eisenhower
B) John F. Kennedy
C) Ronald Reagan
D) Bill Clinton

Question 40

Daniel Malan's National Party campaigned for South African office on a platform of

A) equality.
B) religious toleration.
C) apartheid.
D) independence from Portugal.

Question 41

Who proclaimed an Islamic Republic in Iran?

A) the Shah of Iran
B) the Ayatollah Khomeini
C) King Abdullah
D) King Hussein

Question 42

Which country became the most powerful Persian Gulf nation as a result of the toppling of Saddam Hussein's government?

A) Iran
B) United Arab Emirates
C) Saudi Arabia
D) Kuwait

Question 43

In 1979, which country stormed its American embassy and took hostages?

A) Iraq
B) Iran
C) Pakistan
D) Afghanistan

Question 44

Israel won the Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, and Sinai Peninsula as a result of the Six-Day War.

Question 45

Who was the American president when the Iranian hostage crisis began?

A) Richard Nixon
B) Gerald Ford
C) Jimmy Carter
D) Ronald Reagan

Question 46

Islamic revival added which of these to Islamic reformism?

A) embrace of Western culture
B) a conservative cultural and social outlook
C) secularization of society
D) modernism

Question 47

Israel was defeated by Arab armies in its war for independence.

Question 48

Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated because of his

A) refusal to recognize Palestine.
B) refusal to negotiate with Egypt.
C) cooperation with Yasir Arafat.
D) cooperation with Anwar Sadat.

Question 49

Neocolonialism has led to new colonies under European rule in several African states.

Question 50

Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait's oil rich nation to recover economic losses caused by

A) the lack of demand for oil.
B) the war with Iran.
C) UN sanctions against Iraq.
D) World War II.

Question 51

Islamic reformism was especially opposed to

A) Wahhabism.
B) Islamic modernism.
C) Islamic revival.
D) traditional Islam.

Question 52

Which of the following statements about the Shah of Iran is INCORRECT?

A) He was a Shi'ite Muslim.
B) He was criticized for his secular approach to governing.
C) He was an ally of Washington.
D) He was criticized for allowing modernization in Iran.

Question 53

Which of these became president of Iraq in 2005?

A) Muammar Qaddafi
B) Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
C) Anwar Sadat
D) Hosni Mubarak

Question 54

The Young Turks were the first example of Islamic modernism.

Question 55

Nasser provoked an international crisis in 1956 by attempting to seize the Sinai Peninsula from Israel.

Question 56

Which of these groups is most likely to use terrorism?

A) weak groups against strong groups
B) religious groups against secular rulers
C) religious fanatics against moderates
D) religious fundamentalists against religious modernists

Question 57

In 1996, the Taliban gained control of

A) Pakistan.
B) Iran.
C) Iraq.
D) Afghanistan.

Question 58

Whose rule of 30 years was ended following protests in Cairo in 2011?

A) Muammar Qaddafi
B) Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
C) Anwar Sadat
D) Hosni Mubarak

Question 59

Which of these worked to create secular, nationalist states such as modern Turkey?

A) Islamic modernism
B) Islamic reformism
C) Islamic revival
D) Wahhabism

Question 60

Wahhabism was a reform movement that led to the establishment of

A) Egypt.
B) Syria.
C) Saudi Arabia.
D) Jordan.

Question 61

Discuss the problems facing the peace process in the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Question 62

What was the anti-apartheid organization led by Nelson Mandela in South Africa called?

Question 63

Israeli independence was immediately recognized by both the United States and USSR.

Question 64

Which 1950s African nation sought to bring Arabs together under its leadership?

Question 65

Discuss the declining British Empire following WWII.

Question 66

Who were the "Coloreds" in South Africa?

Question 67

Where was UN secretary general Kofi Annan from?

Question 68

Marxism in Africa following World War I brought many countries into the Soviet sphere.

Question 69

Discuss the problems faced by newly independent African nations.

Question 70

When black Africans regained control of southern Rhodesia, what did they rename it?

Question 71

Evaluate Egypt's role in the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Question 72

What was the American government's opinion of Patrice Lumumba?

Question 73

The Palestinian refugees were largely resettled in Saudi Arabia.

Question 74

The Balfour Declaration espoused intent to create a Jewish homeland regardless of Arab wishes.

Question 75

What was the name of the rural uprising in Kenya against white domination?

Question 76

Which British prime minister in 1960 spoke of the "wind of change" sweeping across Africa?

Question 77

The apartheid policy was developed in Congo after independence.

Question 78

Which French leader decided abruptly to give Algeria its independence?

Question 79

Discuss the main Muslim responses to the challenges of Western dominance and the permanent Israeli presence.

Question 80

The war against France - nicknamed "the dirty war" was in which country?