Deck 6: The Self: Mind, Gender, and Body

Question 1

Through the process of ________, people try to "manage" what others think of them by strategically choosing clothing and other products that will convey a positive image.

A) impression management
B) self-extension
C) self-esteem
D) social comparison

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Jim Smith thinks he should be more outgoing. He is looking at his ________.

A) ideal self
B) self-concept
C) looking-glass self
D) self-esteem

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A person's physical appearance is large part of his or her ________.

A) inner pattern
B) self-concept
C) group status
D) cultural right

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to the sociological tradition of ________, relationships with other people play a large part in forming the self.

A) self-image congruence
B) self-completion theory
C) symbolic interactionism
D) body cathexis

Question 5

"Casual Fridays" in American workplaces encourage the expression of a person's ________.

A) virtual self
B) dual self
C) cultural self
D) unique self

Question 6

Consumers who have ________ are particularly good targets for marketing communications that use fantasy appeals.

A) self-fulfilling prophecies
B) looking-glass selves
C) a small gap between their real and ideal selves
D) a large gap between their real and ideal selves

Question 7

If a person's identity is derived in large measure from his or her social group. This is called ________.

A) the inner self
B) the occupational self
C) the collective self
D) the dynamic self

Question 8

________ is the way we assume others expect us to act.

A) Looking-glass self
B) Self-fulfilling prophecy
C) Collective self
D) Self-concept

Question 9

If a female consumer sees an ad about a woman who can no longer fit into her old bathing suit, the consumer might think about her own situation and make a personal pledge to lose weight before summer arrives. This would be an example of marketing communications that attempt to influence a consumer's level of ________.

A) doubt and regret
B) self-esteem
C) dedication and control
D) strength and conviction

Question 10

The ideal self is a person's conception of how she ________.

A) adapts to play different roles
B) imagines other think of her
C) would like to be
D) realistically thinks she is

Question 11

The ________ refers to our more realistic appraisal of the qualities we have and don't have.

A) ideal self
B) inner self
C) actual self
D) outer self

Question 12

________ summarizes the beliefs a person holds about his own attributes and how he/she evaluates their self on those qualities.

A) Actual self
B) Self-esteem
C) Self-concept
D) Self-ego

Question 13

________ is the promotional strategy that involves select consumers altering some aspects of their selves to advertise for a branded product.

A) Halo effect
B) Identity marketing
C) Impression management
D) Self-extension

Question 14

________ is when the person tries to evaluate their appearance by comparing it to the people depicted in these artificial images.

A) Social comparison
B) Self-esteem
C) Real self
D) Ideal self

Question 15

Bart was a mortuary worker who noticed that there seemed to be a social class difference in what people placed on the graves of departed family members. What Bart observed was a class difference in how people manifest the relationship between external objects and the ________ self.

A) extended
B) actual
C) social
D) looking-glass

Question 16

College student Jeff Barnes sees himself as a rich banker who drives a top of the line BMW. This fantasy is an expression of the ________.

A) ideal self
B) actual self
C) looking-glass self
D) collective self

Question 17

A person's conception of how he/she would like to be is called ________.

A) self-image
B) ideal self
C) self-concept
D) self-esteem

Question 18

________ is where a person derives his or her identity in large measure from a social group.

A) Nano frame
B) Micro frame
C) Looking-glass self
D) Collective self

Question 19

Many ________ cultures stress the importance of a collective self, in which an individual's identity is derived in large measure from his or her social group.

A) Eastern
B) American
C) Western
D) European

Question 20

If Volkswagen owners see themselves as being more economical and conservative than do owners of the Buick Regal, ________ is probably at work.

A) self-image congruence model
B) self-concept
C) self-image
D) looking-glass self

Question 21

People across all cultures appear to favor physical features that are associated with ________.

A) intellect
B) wealth
C) youth
D) confidence

Question 22

Define self-concept.

Question 23

When we act the way we assume others expect us to act we are practicing a ________.

A) looking-glass self
B) self-image
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) real self

Question 24

Studies suggest that men and women who are exposed to beautiful models in advertisements are likely to alter their perceptions of their own body shapes.

Question 25

Social comparison is a basic human tendency.

Question 26

The U.S. government estimates that approximately ________ of American adults are overweight or obese.

A) 25 percent
B) 35 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 66 percent

Question 27

The looking-glass self is molded by elements of pop culture, such as comic book heroes.

Question 28

Self-esteem refers to the intensity and stability over time of a person's self-concept.

Question 29

Men are more likely to use a woman's body shape as a sexual cue. One explanation of this phenomenon is that feminine curves provide evidence of ________.

A) compatibility
B) reproductive potential
C) intellectual capacity
D) sociability

Question 30

Western cultures tend to subscribe to an independent understanding of the self, which emphasizes the inherent separateness of each individual.

Question 31

A person's actual self is a person's conception of how he/she would like to be.

Question 32

Dove's campaign for Real Beauty features women with imperfect bodies modeling in advertisements for skin and hair care products The nature of the social comparison that occurs when a consumer uses these marketing images as a benchmark is likely different than the social comparison that occurs when a consumer sees advertisements for similar products that use professional models.

Question 33

People tend to pattern their behavior on the perceived expectations of others, which is a form of self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 34

Lars has developed an online, multiplayer game that he thinks could be the next big hit in computer-mediated environments. Lars is in the process of looking for financial backers as he moves from the prototype of his game to the finished product. To encourage financial backers, Lars should explain that for most people interested in playing online games, the gap between their online and offline selves is narrowing.

Question 35

The symbolic self -completion theory suggests that people who have an incomplete self-definition will tend to complete this identity by buying products that are associated or symbolic of their self-definition.

Question 36

One of the most important levels of the extended self is the family level.

Question 37

Self-esteem refers to the positivity of a person's self-concept.

Question 38

A consumer wearing a temporary tattoo of a company's brand logo is an example of ________.

A) identity marketing
B) market targeting
C) compensatory consumption
D) an extended self

Question 39

Self-concept refers to the beliefs a person holds about his or her own attributes and how he or she evaluates these qualities.

Question 40

Ideal beauty refers to a consumer's subjective evaluation of his/her physical appearance.

Question 41

Explain how the concept of self-esteem is used in advertising.

Question 42

Explain the concept of "social comparison."

Question 43

A consumer is attached to an object to the extent that she relies upon it to maintain her self-concept.

Question 44

A professor came to class dressed in a formal shirt and tie. He stated that he would like to explain the concept of self. He took off his tie and shirt. Underneath he had a on a t-shirt with a picture of a handsome tennis player on the front. Then the professor turned around to show a picture of a cartoon clown on the back. "All of these express who I am," he said. What point was the professor trying to make? What did his choice of varying dress forms and associated iconic symbols most likely represent?

Question 45

Promotions featuring fantasy appeal have been found to be effective with customers whose real self and ideal self are close and consistent.

Question 46

Rudi Gonzalez sees himself as being handsome rather than intellectual. Which of the following self-concept dimensions best applies to Rudi's view of himself?

A) Content
B) Positivity
C) Intensity
D) Stability over time

Question 47

Fred Johnson lives, eats, and breathes pro football. His favorite team is the Dallas Cowboys. His home looks like a Dallas Cowboy's museum. Which level of the extended self would most likely apply to Fred's situation?

A) family level
B) individual level
C) community level
D) group level

Question 48

Understanding our social roles are part of our ________.

A) self-image
B) self-esteem
C) looking-glass self
D) extended self

Question 49

________ refers to the positivity of a person's self-concept.

A) Content
B) Self-esteem
C) Intensity
D) Stability over time

Question 50

The ideal self is a reference to our more realistic appraisals of the qualities we have and don't have.

Question 51

Describe the self-concept. Next, discuss and describe the dimensions that can be used to describe the attributes of the self-concept.

Question 52

Mary Ann reads fashion magazines weekly. Many times she is frustrated because she has been unable to achieve "a look" that she thinks features the "real her." When Mary Ann thinks this way, she is going through a social comparison process.

Question 53

Which of the following is a level of a people extended self?

A) Individual level
B) Family level
C) Community level
D) All of the above

Question 54

Personal objects, places, and things allow people to feel that they are rooted on their larger social environments. The home can be symbolic for the extended self. Which of the following categories or levels of the extended self would be the home most likely be associated with ________.

A) family level
B) individual level
C) community level
D) group level

Question 55

Discuss the terms "symbolic interactionism" and "looking-glass self." Give an example of each term.

Question 56

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy? Provide an example as illustration.

Question 57

The self-image congruence model helps to explain why it is a deal killer in the Japanese business culture to mishandle a business card for a prospective client.

Question 58

Many of the props and settings consumers use to define their social roles become part of themselves. For example, one of Mary Bennett's last requests was that when she died, she wanted to be buried in her favorite dress. This situation illustrates ________.

A) real self
B) ideal self
C) extended self
D) looking-glass self

Question 59

Explain the concepts of the ideal and actual self. How do we bridge the gaps between these two selves?

Question 60

Mary Jane is a very conservative businesswoman by day. However, when she decides to "go out on the town," she likes to party and "kick up her heels." This would be an example of a reaction due to the fact that many consumers ________.

A) have low self-image
B) have multiple selves
C) are not confident with their real selves
D) prefer their ideal selves

Question 61

Briefly discuss gender differences in socialization, female sex roles, and male sex roles in our society.

Question 62

________ refers to a consumer's subjective evaluation of his or her physical self.

A) Looking-glass self
B) Actual self
C) Ideal self
D) Body image

Question 63

If products take on masculine or feminine attributes, they are said to be ________.

A) sexy
B) sexually explicit
C) sex-typed
D) androgynous

Question 64

The body is adorned or altered in some way in every culture. Decorating the self serves a number of purposes. Which of the following is NOT one of those purposes?

A) To indicate negative feelings towards oneself
B) To separate group members from nonmembers
C) To place the individual in the social organization
D) To provide a sense of security

Question 65

The looking-glass self is modeled by elements of the pop culture, such as comic book heroes.

Question 66

Luv's color changing diapers (blue for boys and pink for girls) are an example of a product that emphasizes its androgynous characteristics.

Question 67

A Unilever-sponsored survey which asked American women how they felt about their appearance reported which of the following?

A) Positive feelings about the self were lowest in ethnic groups such as African American and Hispanic women.
B) Older women were more likely to describe themselves as beautiful.
C) The majority of respondents believe women in ads are not realistic.
D) The majority of respondents believe that beauty comes from women's physical appearance.

Question 68

"Maleness-femaleness" and "masculinity and femininity" -do these terms basically mean the same thing? Discuss and illustrate with sex-typed products.

Question 69

The preference in a culture for a particular model of beauty (or exemplar) is called a(n) ________.

A) ideal of sexuality
B) ideal of beauty
C) narcissism
D) amorphous

Question 70

Both Eastern and Western cultures see the self as divided into a(n) ________.

A) single, group, and dynamic self
B) single, extended, and group self
C) relational, occupational, and religious self
D) inner, private self, and an outer, public self

Question 71

Explain and give a brief example of symbolic self-completion theory.

Question 72

Pamela Ortiz rarely makes eye contact with others in social settings. Though by many standards she is physically attractive, she perceives that others find her plain and uninteresting. By not making eye contact, she is somewhat creating a self-fulfilling prophecy with respect to males in her social circle. This situation matches occurrences in which of the following "self" situations?

A) The dynamic self
B) The dependency self
C) The frustrated self
D) The looking-glass self

Question 73

Anna Jones thinks she should lose some weight even though she is skinny. Anna is concerned about her ________.

A) looking-glass self
B) body image
C) actual self
D) ideal self

Question 74

________ refers to a consumer's subjective evaluation of his or her physical self.

A) Body dialect
B) Body tone
C) Body fantasy
D) Body image

Question 75

Discuss the extended self and provide a description of each level of the extended self.

Question 76

________ refers to the possession of both masculine and feminine traits.

A) Heterosexual
B) Homosexual
C) Amorphany
D) Androgyny

Question 77

A(n) ________ is a particular model, or exemplar, or appearance.

A) ideal of beauty
B) self-concept
C) cathexis
D) ideal self

Question 78

Every time Tim goes to bat in his baseball game, he rubs the charm on the necklace that his professional baseball player uncle gave him. This charm has never failed to help him get a good hit. The charm has become part of Tim's extended self.

Question 79

The modern use of high heels (which can cause knee and hip problems) may be compared to the traditional Asian practice of foot binding. According to the text, which of the following purposes best describes why high heels are worn?

A) To separate group members from non-group members
B) To place the individual in the social organization
C) To place the person in a gender category
D) To enhance sex-role identification

Question 80

If Chen Ho follows a Confucian perspective and dresses according to accepted rules of the group (where others' perceptions of the self and maintaining one's desired status in their eyes is important), then he is recognizing the importance of ________.

A) conformity
B) "face"
C) force and will
D) politeness