Deck 12: Generalizing Your Findings

Question 1

When estimating a population percentage all you need is:

A)the formula and the level of confidence
B)the formula, percentage from the sample (p), sample size (n), and you must know the level of confidence needed
C)the formula, the population parameter, p, M, and the alpha level
D)the Roman estimator and the confidence statistic, z
E)a crystal ball; you can't estimate a population percentage using statistical analysis

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The proper name for the population value is the ________.

A)population
B)generalized value
C)total value
D)parameter
E)statistic

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A ________ is a range (lower and upper boundary)into which the researcher believes the population parameter falls with an associated degree of confidence (typically 95% or 99%).

A)boundary estimation
B)hypothesis testing
C)parameter boundary determination analysis
D)confidence interval
E)range estimate

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which is not true of the zα,formula for a population percentage estimation?

A)The z stands for the z value for the level of confidence.
B)The z value will typically be for a 95% or 99% level of confidence.
C)The a equals the sample percentage.
D)The a will typically be for a 95% or 99% level of confidence.
E)The z value will normally correspond to ±1.96 or ±2.58 standard errors.

Question 5

Which of the following is the symbol for population mean?

A)µ
B)π
C)β
D)Ω
E)Σ

Question 6

The larger the sample,the more ________ you have when you generalize your sample findings to the population facts.

A)error
B)precision
C)parameters
D)means
E)weight

Question 7

________ is the act of estimating a population fact from a sample finding.

A)Summarization
B)Generalization
C)Comparison
D)Relating
E)Sample/population estimation

Question 8

If you have five friends who tell you they all have had great experience with their purchase of a Chevrolet,and you used this evidence to decide to buy a Chevrolet,you would be using:

A)consumer self-report and evaluation
B)deductive statistics
C)generalization
D)independent judgment
E)statistical logic

Question 9

Which of the following refers to a set of procedures in which the sample size and sample statistics are used to make estimates of population values or facts?

A)sample logic
B)deductive statistics
C)statistical deduction
D)generalization
E)deductive logic

Question 10

Whenever a percentage,average or some other analysis value is computed with a sample's data,we refer to it as:

A)a designated statistic
B)a sample finding
C)a computed value
D)a composite estimate
E)a confidential statistic

Question 11

What do statisticians use Greek letters to designate?

A)population statistics or parameters
B)population estimates or parameters
C)population facts or parameters
D)Roman population estimates
E)none of the above; only Roman letters are used by statisticians

Question 12

The most commonly used level of confidence when calculating a confidence interval is:

A)68%
B)90%
C)95% or 99%
D)100%
E)none of the above; there can be no confidence since we are dealing with statistics

Question 13

Estimates are estimates because they are always hindered by:

A)sample error
B)population error
C)statistical analysis error
D)the media
E)client's preferences

Question 14

The generalization process is often referred to as:

A)parameter estimation
B)statistical interval positioning
C)estimation of sample findings
D)deductive rationale statistics
E)Roman estimation

Question 15

Generalizations are greatly influenced by the:

A)population error
B)population means
C)population percentages
D)preponderance of evidence
E)clients intolerance for risk

Question 16

The true value found,if a census were taken of the population,is known as the:

A)population hypothesis
B)population finding
C)population statistic
D)sample statistic
E)population fact

Question 17

Which of the following is the symbol for population percentage?

A)µ
B)π
C)β
D)Ω
E)Σ

Question 18

With generalization analysis,there are just two types of evidence: ________ and ________.

A)variability; summary
B)summary; sample size
C)variability; sample size
D)variability; error
E)error; sample size

Question 19

Which of the following is correct?

A)Every sample contains information about its population and there is never any sampling error.
B)Few samples contain information about populations, demographics give you information about populations.
C)Every sample contains information about its population and there is always some sampling error.
D)Populations that contain information about samples are free of sampling errors.
E)Sampling errors are not free, they are costly and contain poor estimators.

Question 20

Estimating a population percentage is done when the variable is scaled as:

A)average
B)categorical
C)mean
D)metric
E)large

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT true of intuitive hypothesis testing?

A)It is defined as when someone uses something he or she has observed to see if it agrees with or refutes his or her belief about that topic.
B)Everyone uses intuitive hypothesis testing.
C)People do intuitive hypothesis testing all the time to reaffirm their beliefs.
D)Only people familiar with statistics use intuitive hypothesis testing.
E)People do intuitive hypothesis testing all the time to reform their beliefs to be consistent with reality.

Question 22

A ________ is a prediction about the population value based on prior knowledge,assumptions,or intuition.

A)theory
B)test
C)specification
D)marketing guess
E)hypothesis

Question 23

If a researcher wishes to have a 95% confidence interval,he or she should use a z value of:

A)±95
B)95%
C)1)96
D)2)58
E)1)64

Question 24

The proper command sequence using your XL Data Analyst to generate a confidence interval for an average is:

A)ANALYZE; GENERATE; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; AVERAGE
B)ANALYZE; COMPARE MEANS; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; MEAN
C)ANALYZE; COMPARE TWO AVERAGES; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
D)GENERALIZE; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; AVERAGE
E)GENERALIZE; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; ARITHMETIC MEAN

Question 25

If you theoretically took multiple samples and plotted the sample percentage,p,for all these samples as a frequency distribution,it would approximate a bell-shaped curve called the ________.

A)sampling distribution
B)standard error
C)limit
D)confidence interval
E)variability

Question 26

When calculating the confidence interval for an average,the standard deviation is used:

A)because it indicates lack of variability
B)because it is the appropriate measure of variability for a metric variable
C)because it is the appropriate measure of variability for a categorical variable
D)because it is smaller and less expensive to calculate
E)none of the above; standard deviation is not used to calculate confidence for an average

Question 27

The first step in estimating a population value for a percentage is to ________.

A)determine the sample percent
B)determine q
C)solve for the standard error of the percentage
D)multiply the standard error value by the z value
E)subtract the limit from p to obtain the lower boundary, then add the limit to p to obtain the upper boundary

Question 28

When computing standard error,if the sample size increases while the variability remains the same,then the standard error:

A)decreases
B)increases
C)remains the same
D)is about average
E)none of the above; there is no such thing as standard error

Question 29

Which of the following is true about hypothesis testing?

A)The sample is the only source of current information about the population.
B)Sample results determine whether or not the hypothesis about the population parameter has been accepted.
C)Hypothesis testing is a form of generalization.
D)Hypothesis testing is a statistical procedure.
E)all of the above are true

Question 30

What is the first step in estimating the population value for an average?

A)Calculate the standard error of the average.
B)Calculate the standard deviation of the metric variable.
C)Calculate the average of the metric variable.
D)Find the limit.
E)Find the upper and lower boundaries.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT used to test hypotheses?

A)sample statistic (mean or percentage)
B)Greek parameter
C)standard error of the statistic (mean or percentage)
D)hypothesized parameter value
E)a calculated value for z

Question 32

The ________ is a measure of the variability in a population based on the variability found in the sample.

A)sampling distribution
B)standard error
C)limit
D)p
E)q

Question 33

Confidence intervals may be very narrow when:

A)the sample size is large and variability is low
B)the sample size is small and the variability is low
C)the sample size is large and the variability is high
D)the sample size is small and the variability is high
E)the sample size is average and the variability is higher than average

Question 34

When computing standard error,if the variability (p times q)increases and the sample size remains the same,then the standard error:

A)decreases
B)increases
C)remains the same
D)is about average
E)none of the above; there is no such thing as standard error

Question 35

________ is a statistical procedure used to "support" (accept)or "not support" (reject)the hypothesis based on sample information.

A)Confidence analysis
B)Standard error analysis
C)Specification support/rejection
D)Hypothesis testing
E)Sampling acceptance

Question 36

If we used a confidence interval to estimate market potential,the lower and upper values could be used to create a(n):

A)correct, incorrect estimate
B)pessimistic, optimistic estimate
C)average, median estimate
D)likely, unlikely estimate
E)none of the above; confidence intervals may not be used to estimate market potential

Question 37

If the research question asked how much respondents believe they will spend on Internet purchases,which is most appropriate for calculating a confidence interval?

A)GENERALIZE; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; PERCENTAGE
B)ANALYZE; COMPARE MEANS; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; MEAN
C)ANALYZE; COMPARE TWO AVERAGES; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
D)GENERALIZE; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; AVERAGE
E)GENERALIZE; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; ARITHMETIC MEAN

Question 38

Which of the following is the best interpretation of the meaning of a 95% confidence interval?

A)if you took many samples, 95% of the sample findings would fall within your confidence interval
B)if you took many samples, 5% of the sample findings would fall within your confidence interval
C)if you took many samples, 95% of the sample findings would fall outside your confidence interval
D)if you took many samples, 99% of the sample findings would fall within your confidence interval
E)if you took many samples, 100% of the sample findings would fall within your confidence interval

Question 39

All other variables held constant,a 95% confidence interval will give us a ________ range than will a 99% confidence interval:

A)wider
B)narrower
C)the same
D)more standard
E)none of the above

Question 40

The proper command sequence using your XL Data Analyst to generate a confidence interval for a percentage is:

A)ANALYZE; GENERATE; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; PERCENTAGE
B)ANALYZE; COMPARE MEANS; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; MEAN
C)ANALYZE; COMPARE TWO PERCENTS; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
D)GENERALIZE; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; PERCENTAGE
E)ANALYZE; DESCRIPTIVES; CONFIDENSE INTERVAL

Question 41

Summarizing is the act of estimating a population fact from a sample finding.

Question 42

Typically,population parameters are designated by lowercase Roman letters.

Question 43

The proper name for a population fact is the parameter.

Question 44

Where do you enter the "hypothesized value" in XL Data Analyst to test a hypothesis about an average?

A)Hypothesized Value box
B)Hypo Val box
C)Hypothesized Average box
D)Hypothesized Data box
E)None of the above; XL Data Analyst does not test hypotheses for percentages.

Question 45

The generalization process used to estimate population parameters from sample findings is known as parameter estimation.

Question 46

When testing a hypothesis,if the computed value is 39.7 and the critical z is 1.96,then:

A)the hypothesis is not supported
B)the hypothesis is supported
C)the critical z value needs to be changed
D)a major assumption has been violated
E)no statement can be made about the hypothesis based on this information

Question 47

Sample findings (percentages or averages)are assumed to be approximations of population facts,due to sampling error.

Question 48

When you use XL Data Analyst to test a hypothesis for a percentage,the output:

A)indicates whether the hypothesis is Supported or Not Supported
B)includes information allowing you to test both non-directional as well as directional hypotheses
C)includes classical t values
D)includes classical z values
E)all of the above

Question 49

When you use your XL Data Analyst to test a hypothesis about a percentage you must do which of the following?

A)GENERALIZE-HYPOTHESIS TEST-PERCENTAGE
B)RELATE-HYPOTEST-PROPORTIONS
C)SUMMARIZE-HYPOTHESIS TEST-PERCENTAGE
D)GENERALIZE-HYPOTHESIS TEST-DESCRIBE
E)none of the above; you cannot test a hypothesis about a percentage using XL Data Analyst

Question 50

Which of the following is an accurate description of the null hypothesis?

A)a formal statement that there is a significant difference between the hypothesized value and the value we find in our sample
B)a formal statement that there is no difference between the hypothesized value and the value we find in our sample
C)a formal statement that there is a slight difference between the hypothesized value and the value we find in our sample
D)an informal statement that there is a large difference between the hypothesized value and the value we find in our sample
E)an informal statement that there is an average difference between the hypothesized value and the value we find in our sample

Question 51

Generalization is "stronger" when we use larger samples.

Question 52

In the authors' step-by-step approach to the presentation of hypothesis tests,the first step is:

A)state the hypothesis
B)by performing appropriate hypothesis test computations, state if the hypothesis is supported or not supported
C)test the hypothesis only on variables that are metric
D)if the hypothesis is not supported, compute confidence intervals to provide the client with the appropriate confidence intervals
E)none of the above; there is no step-by-step approach to the presentation of the hypothesis test mentioned in your textbook

Question 53

Where do you enter the "hypothesized value" in XL Data Analyst to test a hypothesis about a percentage?

A)Hypothesized Value box
B)Hypo Val box
C)Hypothesized Percentages box
D)Variable View Screen
E)none of the above; XL Data Analyst does not test hypotheses for percentages

Question 54

A toy store owner hypothesizes that parents spend less than $100 on toys per visit to her store.This is:

A)an ordinary hypothesis
B)a directional hypothesis
C)a negative hypothesis
D)a positive hypothesis
E)an average hypothesis

Question 55

A percentage can be used as the sample statistic for parameter estimation no matter what kind of variable - categorical or metric - is being used.

Question 56

A toy store owner hypothesizes,at the 95% level of confidence,that parents spend less than $100 on toys per visit to her store.A sample is taken and the hypothesis test shows a z value of -1.65.We:

A)accept the hypothesis
B)do not support the hypothesis
C)accept the alternative hypothesis
D)fail to support the hypothesis
E)none of the above; we do not have sufficient information

Question 57

Using summarization analysis is perfectly acceptable when the researcher wishes to quickly communicate the basic nature of the central tendency and variability of the findings in a sample.

Question 58

________ is one that indicates the direction in which you believe the population parameter falls relative to some hypothesized average or percentage.

A)A hypothesis
B)A directional hypothesis
C)A negative hypothesis
D)A positive hypothesis
E)An average hypothesis

Question 59

To estimate a parameter,you need to know the sample statistic,which is either a mean or percentage derived from sample data.

Question 60

When you use your XL Data Analyst to test a hypothesis about an average,you must do which of the following?

A)GENERALIZE-HYPOTHESIS TEST-AVERAGE
B)RELATE-HYPOTEST-MEAN
C)SUMMARIZE-HYPOTHESIS TEST-CENTRAL TENDENCY
D)GENERALIZE-AVERAGE-HYPOTHESIS TEST
E)none of the above; you cannot test a hypothesis about an average using XL Data Analyst

Question 61

Sometimes someone,such as the marketing manager or marketing researcher,makes a prediction about the population value based on prior knowledge,assumptions,or intuition.This statement,called a theory,commonly takes the form of an exact specification as to what is the population parameter.

Question 62

Hypothesis testing is a statistical procedure used to accept or reject the hypothesis based on sample information.

Question 63

The confidence interval for an average uses the standard deviation as the measure of variability.

Question 64

A confidence interval is always narrower for a 99% confidence interval than for a 95% interval when the sample size and variability are the same.

Question 65

Confidence intervals for averages should be calculated only on variables that are considered metric.

Question 66

The standard error of the percentage depends on two factors: the variability,denoted by p x q,and the sample size,n.

Question 67

The more evidence you have,the more precise you will be in your generalization.

Question 68

Intuitive hypothesis testing is the same as statistical hypothesis testing.

Question 69

When variability is decreased and sample size increases,the sampling distribution becomes more compressed (smaller).

Question 70

If you took many,many samples and plotted the sample percentage for all these samples as a frequency distribution,the distribution would approximate the normal curve and is called the sampling distribution.

Question 71

By far,the most commonly used level of confidence in marketing research is the 99% level corresponding to 2.58 standard errors.

Question 72

Constantly gathering information that either supports or refutes our beliefs is something only statisticians do; intuitive hypothesis testing is not done by persons who are not statisticians.

Question 73

The interpretation of a confidence interval estimate of a population average is identical to the interpretation of a confidence interval estimate for a population percentage.

Question 74

You can obtain a 95% confidence interval using XL Data Analyst.

Question 75

The way to interpret a confidence interval is as follows: If you repeated your survey multiple times (literally,thousands of times),and plotted your p,or percentage,found for each on a frequency distribution,it would look like a bell-shaped curve,and 95% of your percentages would fall in the confidence interval defined by the population percentage ±1.96 times the standard error of the percentage.

Question 76

To calculate a confidence interval for an average using your XL Data Analyst,you should use:
Generalize-Confidence Interval-Average.

Question 77

In hypothesis testing about a percentage,the sample percent is noted by the letter µ?

Question 78

The standard error will increase if the variation is increased.

Question 79

A confidence interval is a range (lower and upper boundary)into which the researcher believes the population parameter falls with an associated degree of confidence.

Question 80

When the standard deviation increases and the sample size decreases,the standard error of the average increases.