Deck 14: Determining Relationships

Question 1

The chi-square test is useful for determining:

A)if a relationship exists between three categorical variables
B)if a relationship exists between two metric variables
C)if a relationship exists between two categorical variables
D)if a duotonic relationship exists between two variables
E)if a beta is present in the relationship

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The term ________ implies that the scale is metric,whereas the term ________ implies that the scale is categorical.

A)levels; labels
B)labels; levels
C)levels; variances
D)labels; variances
E)variances; labels

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is the intersection of a row and a column in a cross-tabulation table called?

A)a "cross-tabulation cell"
B)a dangerous intersection
C)a chi-square
D)a "cross-cell interaction"
E)an intersect cell

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A table that contains the raw counts of various relationships possible in a cross-tabulation is called:

A)a frequencies table
B)a possibility table
C)a Boolean possibility table
D)a frequent Boolean possibility table
E)a stacked bar table

Question 5

When a scale has "labels" as opposed to "levels" we can normally assume the level of measurement is:

A)metric
B)in small increments
C)categorical
D)to scale
E)average

Question 6

What is the intersection cell for the Row Totals column and the Column Totals row in a cross-tabulation table called?

A)the Row and Column Totals Cell
B)the Grand Total
C)the Total cell
D)the Grand Column
E)none of the above; rows and columns do not intersect

Question 7

In the chi-square test,for a significant relationship to exist:

A)the computed expected frequencies should exceed the critical chi-square table value
B)the chi-square value should exceed 1.96
C)there should be no differences between the observed and expected frequencies
D)the calculated chi-square value should exceed the critical chi-square table value
E)the chi-square value must be greater than .05

Question 8

The best communication vehicle for cross-tabulation analysis is a ________.

A)table
B)cross-tabulation table
C)lengthy discussion
D)graph
E)there is no "best" communication vehicle for cross-tabulation analysis.

Question 9

You do not have a "relationship" that links the labels (or levels)for two variables unless the relationship is:

A)based upon effect
B)consistent
C)systematic
D)both consistent and systematic
E)based upon strength

Question 10

In chi-square analysis,the formula for an expected cell frequency shows the cell column total * by the cell row total in the numerator and ________ in the denominator.

A)the cell column total
B)the cell row total
C)p*q
D)n
E)the grand total

Question 11

Relationship analyses determine whether:

A)stable patterns exist between two or more variables
B)significant differences exist between two or more variables
C)stable generalizations exist between 12 or more variables
D)two variables have the same level of measurement
E)none of the above; relationships occur between clients and researchers

Question 12

A ________ is a consistent and systematic linkage between the levels or labels for two variables.

A)variance
B)correlation
C)coefficient
D)difference
E)relationship

Question 13

With cross-tabulation,two variables are arranged in a:

A)consistent and significant pattern
B)cross-tabulation cell
C)chi-square cell
D)cross-tabulation table
E)stacked bar table

Question 14

________ are the totals observed by counting the number of respondents who are in each cross-tabulation cell.

A)Observed frequencies
B)Expected frequencies
C)Cell column totals
D)Cell row totals
E)Grand totals

Question 15

A question that asks how often a respondent purchases plane tickets would be considered:

A)categorical levels
B)metric levels
C)metric labels
D)categorical labels
E)average levels

Question 16

The chi-square test is performed by:

A)comparing a metric variable with a categorical variable
B)comparing one frequency table with one cross-tabulation table
C)comparing the difference among categories of more than three variables
D)comparing observed frequencies with expected frequencies
E)comparing the pie chart with the stacked bar chart

Question 17

A question about choice of drink with the answers being "coffee" or "soft drink" would be considered to have:

A)categorical levels
B)metric levels
C)level metrics
D)categorical labels
E)average labels

Question 18

________ is the analytical technique that assesses the statistical significance of categorical variable relationships.

A)A stacked pie chart
B)Cross-tabulation analysis
C)Cross-label analysis
D)Cross-category analysis
E)A stacked bar chart

Question 19

When a scale has "levels" as opposed to "labels" we can normally assume the level of measurement is:

A)metric
B)in small increments
C)categorical
D)to scale
E)average

Question 20

________ is the examination of frequencies for two categorical variables in a cross-tabulation table to determine whether the variables have a significant relationship.

A)Chi-square analysis
B)Correlation
C)ANOVA
D)Regression
E)MANOVA

Question 21

________ is defined as the amount of change in one variable systematically associated with a change in another variable.

A)Correspondence
B)Covariation
C)Covariable change analysis
D)An alpha relationship
E)A beta relationship

Question 22

The stronger a relationship the:

A)larger the absolute size of the correlation coefficient
B)larger the strength coefficient
C)closer to zero is the correlation coefficient
D)larger, positive size of the correlation coefficient
E)larger the beta

Question 23

Which type of relationship is described by the formula: y = a + bx?

A)causal relationship
B)linear relationship
C)categorical relationship
D)Boolean relationship
E)a beta relationship

Question 24

Which type of relationship is a "straight-line" relationship between two variables which allows us to know one variable if we have knowledge of the other?

A)causal relationship
B)linear relationship
C)categorical relationship
D)Boolean relationship
E)a beta relationship

Question 25

What is the name of the statistical procedure to determine if a systematic linear relationship exists between two metric-scaled variables?

A)chi-square
B)correlation coefficient
C)Pearson chi-square
D)Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient
E)Pearson Beta coefficient

Question 26

Bivariate regression analysis is defined as a predictive analysis technique in which:

A)a pattern in one variable is identified over time and projected into the future
B)a relationship between three variables that exists across time is observed to make a prediction
C)one variable is used to predict the level of another variable
D)two variables are used to predict two others by the use of a scatter diagram
E)three or more variables variances are analyzed

Question 27

Which of the following is true of the dependent variable in regression analysis?

A)used to predict the independent variable, and it is the x in the regression formula
B)used to predict the independent variable, and it is the y in the regression formula
C)predicted, and it is usually termed x in the regression formula
D)predicted, and it is usually termed y in the regression formula
E)predicted by the categorical variable, termed i, in the regression formula

Question 28

The null hypothesis for a correlation states that:

A)the population correlation coefficient is equal to zero.
B)the population correlation coefficient is +1.
C)the population correlation coefficient is -1
D)the population correlation coefficient is ±1.
E)the population correlation coefficient is positive.

Question 29

A ________ (where the target variable is clearly indicated,probably in the title,and the statistically significant positive and negative correlations are identified and separated)is suggested when presenting correlation findings.

A)table
B)cross-tabulation table
C)lengthy discussion
D)graph
E)none of the above; there is no "best" communication vehicle for cross-tabulation analysis.

Question 30

Should XL Data Analyst find there is no significant relationship in a cross-tabulation table,it:

A)presents Column or Row Percents with a warning
B)presents both Column and Row Percents
C)presents only Column Percents
D)presents an asterisk
E)none of the above; inspecting a table of non-significant relationships is not productive

Question 31

If you wished to perform correlation analysis using your XL Data Analyst,which command sequence would you use?

A)Relate-Correlate
B)Correlate-Summarize
C)Coefficient-Relate
D)Correlate-Pearson-Beta
E)none of the above; XL Data Analyst will not run correlation analysis

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the independent variable in regression analysis?

A)It is used to predict the dependent variable.
B)It is the x in the regression formula.
C)The term independent variable is an arbitrary designation.
D)It is predicted by the dependent variable.
E)There is no cause-and-effect relationship or true dependence between the dependent and the independent variables.

Question 33

In the formula for a straight line,the b stands for the ________.

A)intercept
B)dependent variable
C)independent variable
D)slope
E)predicted variable

Question 34

A correlation coefficient is an index number constrained to fall between the range of:

A)0 to 1.00
B)0 to 100
C)-1.00 to +1.00
D))05 to .95
E)none of the above; it is not constrained

Question 35

Assume you run a correlation analysis and your XL Data Analyst informs you that you have a significant relationship.What can you use to determine how strong the relationship is?

A)the strength coefficient, which ranges from 1 to 10, with 10 being the strongest
B)the strength coefficient, which ranges from 1 to 5, with 5 being the strongest
C)the size of the correlation coefficient
D)the size of the beta
E)none of the above; correlation is not measured in terms of strength

Question 36

What is the command sequence for the XL Data Analyst to perform cross-tabulation analysis and generate row and column percentage tables?

A)Go-Boolean
B)Summarize-Boolean-Cross
C)Relate-Crosstabs
D)Relate-2 Variables
E)Relate-Boolean-Stacked Bar

Question 37

Correlation coefficients that fall between -1.00 and -.81 or between -1.00 and -.81 are generally considered to be:

A)weak
B)moderate
C)strong
D)nonexistent
E)very weak

Question 38

If a correlation coefficient is not statistically significant:

A)you can still use the size of the coefficient to indicate the amount of the association though you know it is not significant
B)you can use the direction of the coefficient to indicate the nature of the association though you know it is not significant
C)you must assume the correlation is zero; the coefficient has no meaning at all
D)you should rerun the analysis to see if the beta is significant
E)none of the above; all coefficients are statistically significant

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT true of a scatter diagram?

A)It plots data pairs in an x- and y-axis graph.
B)It will portray the amount of covariation between two metric variables.
C)It plots the points corresponding to each matched pair of x and y variables.
D)When there is no apparent association or relationship between two variables, the points on a scatter diagram fail to create any identifiable pattern.
E)There is no relationship between scatter diagrams and correlation coefficients.

Question 40

A predictive analysis technique in which variables are used to predict the level of another by use of the straight-line formula,y= a + bx is:

A)chi-square
B)Pearson correlation
C)digression analysis
D)regression analysis
E)summarization analysis

Question 41

If you enter more than one independent variable in XL Data Analyst while performing regression,you are running:

A)bivariate regression
B)single variable analysis
C)multiple regression analysis
D)polyvariable regression
E)none of the above; you cannot enter more than one independent variable in XL Data Analyst

Question 42

Regression analysis provides a measure of accuracy for predictions of the regression equation through the:

A)standard error of estimate
B)standard error of accuracy
C)standard error of percentage
D)standard error of average
E)standard error of the error term

Question 43

The more precise the prediction in a linear relationship,the closer the R-square value will be to:

A)0
B)-1
C)+1
D)infinity
E))01

Question 44

What are the intercept and the slope computed on the basis of in regression analysis?

A)parsimony
B)the least squares' criterion
C)the most squares' criterion
D)the size of the coefficients
E)none of the above; the intercept and slope are not computed in regression analysis

Question 45

When a question has labels,i.e."yes" or "no" answers,we can say the scale is metric.

Question 46

The intersection of a row and a column is called a cross-tabulation cell.

Question 47

A relationship is a consistent and systematic linkage between the levels or labels for two variables.

Question 48

What Greek symbol denotes the true slope in regression analysis?

A)β
B)α
C)π
D)Σ
E)Ω

Question 49

Which of the following is a form of regression analysis where more than one independent variable is used in the regression equation?

A)regression planes
B)additivity
C)multiple regression analysis
D)independence assumption
E)polyvariable analysis

Question 50

What Greek symbol denotes the true intercept in regression analysis?

A) β
B)α
C)π
D)Σ
E)Ω

Question 51

A ________ is defined as one that is scaled with a categorical 0-versus-1 coding scheme.

A)screening variable
B)dummy independent variable
C)standardized beta coefficient
D)binary independent variable
E)p value

Question 52

In regression analysis,the statistical significance of the intercept and the slope are deemed significant if they are significantly different from:

A)their values on a previous test
B)the least squares' criterion
C)the most squares' criterion
D)zero, the null hypothesis
E)the .05 criterion

Question 53

Independent variables are normally measured in different units.To determine the relative importance of the beta weights between independent variables,we would use:

A)a screening variable
B)a trimmed model
C)standardized beta coefficients
D)betas measured in "like-units"
E)p values

Question 54

The analytical technique that assesses the statistical significance of categorical variable relationships is regression analysis.

Question 55

Multiple R is also called the ________.

A)PVS
B)MR
C)coefficient of determination
D)standardized beta coefficient
E)p value

Question 56

The term labels implies that the scale is metric,whereas the term levels implies that the scale is categorical.

Question 57

In multiple regression,________ is a handy measure of the strength of the overall relationship.

A)adjusted R
B)multiple R
C)multicollinearity
D)VIF
E)PVS

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT one of the items to report when regression is used as a screening device or for understanding?

A)dependent variable
B)statistically significant independent variables
C)signs of beta coefficients
D)standardized beta coefficients for the significant variables
E)dummy coded variable

Question 59

Assume the regression equation is y=$75 + $25x and we are predicting the weekly grocery expenditures where x=number of family members.How much would a family of 4 spend on groceries per week?

A)$700
B)$400
C)$175
D)$100
E)$425

Question 60

If you wanted your XL Data Analyst to perform regression analysis,which command sequence would you use?

A)Summarize-Regress
B)Relate-Multiple/Linear
C)Relate-Regress-Multiple/Linear
D)Relate-Regression
E)Relate-Polyvariable Prediction

Question 61

If we determine a precise linear relationship between two variables,then by knowing the value of one variable,we should be able to predict the other variable.

Question 62

Chi-square analysis can determine if there is a significant relationship between two categorical variables.

Question 63

The formula holds that each cross-tabulation cell expected frequency be subtracted from its associated observed frequency,and then that difference be squared to avoid a cancellation effect of minus and plus differences.

Question 64

A frequencies table contains the raw counts for the cells based on the complete data set.

Question 65

Raw counts appearing in a frequency table are used by chi-square analysis as "expected frequencies."

Question 66

Expected frequencies in chi-square analysis are found in the sample; observed frequencies are computed.

Question 67

A chi-square analysis is the examination of frequencies for two metric variables in a cross-tabulation table to determine whether the variables have a significant relationship.

Question 68

We would use cross-tabulation if we wanted to assess the statistical significance of categorical relationships.

Question 69

A chi-square value is significant when it exceeds 1.96.

Question 70

The expected frequencies perfectly embody the null hypothesis for chi-square analysis.

Question 71

The expected frequencies perfectly embody the alternative hypothesis for chi-square analysis.

Question 72

Gender is not an appropriate column variable for a cross-tabulation analysis in XL Data Analyst.

Question 73

Frequencies' tables,part of cross-tabulation,contain raw data.

Question 74

The straight-line formula for a linear relationship is y=a + bx.

Question 75

In a linear relationship formula,the intercept = b.

Question 76

Perhaps the most intuitive relationship between two metric variables is a linear relationship,sometimes called a straight-line relationship.

Question 77

As with normal distributions,there are numbers that you can memorize that allow you to determine if a chi-square value is significant.

Question 78

When you run a cross-tabulation analysis,using XL Data Analyst,you must calculate the row and column percentages tables by hand; all else is automatically calculated for you.

Question 79

Relate-Crosstabs allows your XL Data Analyst software to perform a cross-tabulation analysis.

Question 80

The XL Data Analyst performs cross-tabulation analysis and generates row and column percentage tables so that users can see the relationship patterns when they encounter a significant cross-tabulation relationship.