Deck 16: Therapeutic Agents for the Endocrine System

Question 1

Which of the following hormones is a protein?

A)Insulin
B)Estrogen
C)Thyroxine
D)Epinephrine

Answer 1

A
Protein hormones include insulin, growth hormone (GH), and calcitonin. Steroids include cortisol and aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries, and testosterone from the testes. The hormones thyroxine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are examples of amines.

Question 2

Which of the following types of diabetes is the least common?

A)T₁DM
B)T₂DM
C)Diabetes insipidus
D)All occur equally in the population

Answer 2

C
Diabetes insipidus is a rare disorder caused by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin).

Question 3

Pioglitazone is used to treat:

A)Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T₁DM)
B)Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T₂DM)
C)T₁DM and T₂DM
D)None of the above

Answer 3

B
Since pioglitazone (Actos) is an oral hypoglycemic medication used to increase the body's sensitivity to insulin, using it in the treatment of T₂DM is appropriate since T₂DM is caused by a reduced ability to respond to the effects of insulin, also known as insulin resistance. Those with T₁DM do not produce insulin; therefore Actos would be ineffective.

Question 4

Steroid hormones include:

A)Cortisol and aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
B)Estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries
C)Testosterone from the testes
D)All of the above

Question 5

Which of the following insulin products is(are) long acting?

A)Humalog
B)NovoLog
C)Lantus
D)A and B

Question 6

The essential element for triiodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxin (T₄) production is:

A)Iodine
B)Potassium
C)Calcium
D)Sodium

Question 7

Calcium levels are maintained by:

A)Calcitonin
B)Vitamin D
C)Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D)All of the above

Question 8

Which medication(s) contain(s) the generic ingredient levothyroxine?

A)Synthroid
B)Levoxyl
C)Armour Thyroid
D)A and B

Question 9

All of the following are true of Graves disease except:

A)Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder.
B)Common symptoms of Graves disease are goiter and exophthalmos.
C)Although rare, Graves disease is more common in women than men.
D)Graves disease can be treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy.

Question 10

Insulin is released in response to ____________________, and glucagon is released in response to ____________________.

A)High blood glucose levels; low blood glucose levels
B)Low blood glucose levels; high blood glucose levels
C)Exercise; eating meals
D)None of the above

Question 11

Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, have all of the following effects except:

A)Increases glucose levels.
B)Increases inflammation.
C)Increases the capacity to cope with stress.
D)All of the above are effects of glucocorticoids.

Question 12

Hypokalemia means:

A)Low potassium
B)Low vitamin K
C)Low calcium
D)High potassium

Question 13

Which of the following hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex?

A)Glucocorticoids
B)Mineralocorticoids
C)Sex hormones
D)All of the above

Question 14

What is the largest gland of the endocrine system?

A)Pituitary
B)Adrenal
C)Thyroid
D)Pancreas

Question 15

Which one of the following statements is true about hypothyroidism?

A)Hypothyroidism is a rare medical condition.
B)Symptoms include weight loss.
C)Hypothyroidism is a life-threatening disorder.
D)It can be treated with a thyroid hormone replacement medication.

Question 16

The prime regulatory mechanism used by the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis is:

A)Endocrine mechanism
B)Negative feedback
C)Exocrine mechanism
D)Homeostasis feedback

Question 17

What auxiliary labels are needed for thyroid hormone replacement medications?

A)Take as directed, and take with water on an empty stomach.
B)Take after eating.
C)May cause dizziness and drowsiness.
D)Both B and C auxiliary labels are needed.

Question 18

The catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine are secreted by and stored in the:

A)Pituitary gland
B)Adrenal medulla
C)Parathyroid gland
D)Pancreas

Question 19

Aldosterone:

A)Is a glucocorticoid.
B)Maintains sodium and magnesium levels.
C)Stimulates the kidneys to conserve sodium and excrete potassium.
D)Is all of the above.

Question 20

Which of the following medications is estrogen replacement therapy?

A)Levoxyl
B)Premarin
C)Synthroid
D)Evista

Question 21

Doxercalciferol (Hectorol), which is used to treat hyperparathyroidism, is a form of vitamin ____.

A)A
B)D
C)E
D)K

Question 22

The classic symptoms of hyperglycemia that can lead to a diagnosis of T₁DM include:

A)Polydipsia
B)Polyuria
C)Polyphagia
D)All of the above

Question 23

Endocrine glands produce hormones that:

A)Are sent to target organs through a tube or duct.
B)Enter the bloodstream to reach their target.
C)Act at target sites near the site of hormone release.
D)Both B and C are true.

Question 24

Which type of diabetes involves a complete lack of insulin secretion, resulting in the need for insulin injections for treatment?

A)T₁DM
B)T₂DM
C)Diabetes insipidus
D)All of the above

Question 25

Which agent(s) can be used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism?

A)Propylthiouracil
B)Methimazole
C)Desiccated thyroid
D)A and B

Question 26

What is the first-line treatment for T₂DM?

A)Lifestyle changes
B)Oral hypoglycemic medications
C)Insulin
D)All of the above

Question 27

Catecholamines produced in adrenal glands:

A)Help the body respond to stress.
B)Increase the heart rate.
C)Include epinephrine and norepinephrine.
D)Perform all of the above.

Question 28

Vasopressin is another term for which of the following hormones?

A)ADH
B)Calcitonin
C)Follicle-stimulating hormone
D)GH

Question 29

Which of the following products is available in a 75/25 mix of long-acting and rapid-acting types of insulin?

A)Humalog
B)NovoLog
C)Humulin
D)Novolin

Question 30

Which oral hypoglycemic agent is frequently used in combination products?

A)Carbose
B)Metformin
C)Pioglitazone
D)Sitagliptin

Question 31

Secretion of too much aldosterone by the adrenal glands can lead to:

A)Hypertension from the retention of sodium and water
B)Hyperkalemia from the retention of potassium
C)Hypokalemia from the excretion of potassium
D)A and C

Question 32

Which one of the following is primarily considered a mineralocorticoid?

A)Methylprednisolone
B)Hydrocortisone
C)Prednisone
D)Fludrocortisone acetate

Question 33

The symptoms of Cushing disease, excess secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), are similar to overmedication side effects of what type of drug?

A)Thyroid hormones
B)Insulin
C)Corticosteroids
D)Vitamin D