Deck 2: Bacterial Genetics Metabolism and Structure

Question 1

In gene regulation and control, induction can be defined as

A)the mechanism of genetic control in which genes are induced only when the substrate to be degraded by enzymatic action is present.
B)the uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient's homologous DNA.
C)the mechanism of genetic control in which genes are not transcribed and therefore are not expressed in the presence of those target products in sufficient supply.
D)the change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another.

Answer 1

A
To avoid waste and overproduction of enzymes in the cell, some genes are "turned on" only by the presence of the substrate of that gene expression.

Question 2

A DNA sequence that encodes for a specific product (RNA or protein) is defined as a

A)gene.
B)genome.
C)nucleotide.
D)deoxyribonucleic acid.

Answer 2

A
The genome is the collection of all the genes of an organism. Nucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid are building blocks of genes.

Question 3

A pathway that generates ATP by substrate level phosphorylation that does not require oxygen and produces various end products, including alcohols, acids, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen, is

A)substrate level phosphorylation.
B)fermentative metabolism.
C)oxidative phosphorylation.
D)aerobic respiration.
E)anaerobic respiration.

Answer 3

B
Fermentative metabolism is one form of substrate-level phosphorylation that does not require oxygen. Oxidative phosphorylation, including both aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration, is an electron transport system.

Question 4

The term used when oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor is

A)substrate level phosphorylation.
B)fermentative metabolism.
C)oxidative phosphorylation.
D)aerobic respiration.
E)anaerobic respiration.

Question 5

The enzymes that add nucleotide bases to each growing daughter strand in the replication process are called

A)replication enzymes.
B)DNA polymerases.
C)insertion sequence enzymes.
D)transcriptases.

Question 6

Pieces of DNA that move from one genetic element to another and contain genes for movement as well as genes for other features are called

A)transposons.
B)insertion sequences.
C)plasmids.
D)chromatoids.

Question 7

The term used when oxidative phosphorylation uses final electron acceptors other than oxygen is

A)substrate level phosphorylation.
B)fermentative metabolism.
C)oxidative phosphorylation.
D)aerobic respiration.
E)anaerobic respiration.

Question 8

Transformation is defined as

A)the change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another.
B)an internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome.
C)the process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise from one genomic location and insert into another.
D)the uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient's homologous DNA.

Question 9

Mutation is defined as

A)the change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another.
B)an internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome.
C)the process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise from one genomic location and insert into another.
D)the uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient's homologous DNA.

Question 10

In gene regulation and control, repression is defined as

A)an internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome.
B)the mechanism in which genes are induced only when the substrate to be degraded by enzymatic action is present.
C)the change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another.
D)the mechanism of genetic control in which genes are not transcribed and therefore are not expressed in the presence of those target products in sufficient supply.

Question 11

The pathway of metabolism that involves a series of electron transfers from reduced carrier molecules such as NADH₂ and NADPH₂ to a terminal electron acceptor is

A)substrate level phosphorylation.
B)fermentative metabolism.
C)oxidative phosphorylation.
D)aerobic respiration.
E)anaerobic respiration.

Question 12

Genetic change in bacteria is accomplished by

A)mutation.
B)genetic recombination.
C)gene exchange between bacteria.
D)All of the above are correct.

Question 13

Teichoic acids, mycolic acids, peptidoglycan, and disaccharide-pentapeptide subunits are all building blocks of which bacterial structure?

A)Outer cell membrane
B)Flagella
C)Inner cell membrane
D)Cell wall

Question 14

The mechanism for ATP production in which high-energy phosphate bonds produced by the central metabolic pathways are donated to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to form ATP is

A)substrate level phosphorylation.
B)fermentative metabolism.
C)oxidative phosphorylation.
D)aerobic respiration.
E)anaerobic respiration.

Question 15

"Miniature" chromosomes composed of several genes in double-stranded, closed, circular structures are called

A)transposons.
B)insertion sequences.
C)plasmids.
D)chromatoids.

Question 16

The major difference between the cell walls of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is that

A)the peptidoglycan layer in gram-positive bacteria is substantially thicker.
B)the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria contains mycolic acids.
C)gram-positive bacteria contain a cytoplasmic membrane.
D)gram-positive bacteria may have a polysaccharide capsule as a covering.
E)All of the above are correct.

Question 17

Transduction is defined as

A)the change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another.
B)an internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome.
C)the process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise from one genomic location and insert into another.
D)a mechanism that is mediated by viruses, by which DNA from two bacteria may come together in one cell, thus allowing for recombination.

Question 18

Recombination is defined as

A)the change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another.
B)an internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome.
C)the process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise from one genomic location and insert into another.
D)the uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient's homologous DNA.

Question 19

Pieces of DNA that move from plasmid to chromosome or vice versa but are not found as separate entities are called

A)DNA polymerase.
B)transposable elements.
C)plasmids.
D)chromatoids.

Question 20

Teichoic acids are

A)waxy substances that are found in some bacterial cell walls that make their cells resistant to toxic substances, including acids.
B)glycerol or ribitol phosphate polymers that are combined with various sugars, amino acids, and amino sugars, which are a part of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria.
C)high-molecular-weight polysaccharides that coat some bacterial cells and protect the bacteria from attack by cells of the human defense system.
D)hairlike, proteinaceous structures that extend from the cell.

Question 21

The mechanism of genetic control in which genes are not transcribed and therefore are not expressed in the presence of those target products in sufficient supply is called

A)repression.
B)mutation.
C)transduction.
D)induction.

Question 22

An internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome is known as

A)mutation.
B)transduction.
C)transformation.
D)induction.

Question 23

The uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient's homologous DNA is known as

A)mutation.
B)transduction.
C)transformation.
D)induction.

Question 24

The change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another is known as

A)mutation.
B)transduction.
C)transformation.
D)recombination.

Question 25

The mechanism of genetic control in which genes are induced only when the substrate to be degraded by enzymatic action is present is called

A)repression.
B)mutation.
C)transduction.
D)induction.

Question 26

All genes within an organism comprise that organism's

A)chromosome.
B)genome.
C)nucleotide.
D)deoxyribonucleic acid.