Question 1

Campylobacter spp.can sometimes be detected by direct Gram stain examination of fecal sample, which would reveal many&#10;A)large, faintly staining gram-negative bacilli.&#10;B)small, curved or seagull-winged gram-negative bacilli.&#10;C)small gram-negative coccobacilli.&#10;D)plump, faintly staining gram negative bacilli.

Accepted Answer

Because of their characteristic microscopic morphology, that is, small, curved or seagull-winged, faintly staining, gram-negative rods, Campylobacter spp. can sometimes be detected by direct Gram stain examination of stool.

Question 2

Parenteral therapy can be defined as that which&#10;A)must be approved and given by a parent under close supervision.&#10;B)is not taken through the alimentary canal.&#10;C)is taken orally.&#10;D)is taken in the form of suppositories.

Accepted Answer

Therapy that is not taken through the mouth but by some other route such as intravenous is called parenteral and is used to treat systemic infections caused by Campylobacter.

Question 3

Virulence determinants of Helicobacter pylori include&#10;A)motility.&#10;B)urease enzyme.&#10;C)adhesions.&#10;D)All of the above are correct.

Accepted Answer

H. pylori is an effective and significant bacterial pathogen. Motility allows H. pylori to escape the acidity of the stomach and burrow through and colonize the gastric mucosa in close association with the epithelium. Urease enzyme likely plays a significant role in the survival and growth of H. pylori in the stomach by creating an alkaline microenvironment. Other possible virulence determinants include adhesins for colonization of mucosal surfaces, mediators of inflammation, and a vacuolating cytotoxin that causes damage to host cells.

Question 4

Making sure that all foods derived from animal sources are thoroughly cooked, all milk is pasteurized, and all drinking water is chlorinated are ways to avoid becoming infected with&#10;A)Helicobacter.&#10;B)Arcobacter.&#10;C)Enterobacter.&#10;D)Campylobacter.

Accepted Answer

No vaccines are available for Campylobacter spp. Because many infections caused by Campylobacter spp. are acquired by ingesting contaminated foodstuffs or water, all foods derived from animal sources, particularly poultry, should be thoroughly cooked. All milk should be pasteurized and drinking water chlorinated. Care must be taken during food preparation to prevent cross-contamination from raw poultry to other food items.

Question 5

Organisms belonging to the genus Campylobacter are&#10;A)gram-positive diplococci.&#10;B)gram-positive diphtheroid bacilli.&#10;C)gram-negative curved bacilli.&#10;D)gram-negative straight-sided bacilli.

Accepted Answer

Campylobacter spp. can be easily recognized by direct Gram stain because of their characteristic microscopic morphology, that is, small, curved or seagull-winged, faintly staining, gram-negative bacilli.

Question 6

Curved, microaerophilic, gram-negative rods, with most species having strong urease activity and the majority of which colonize mammalian stomachs or intestines describes which group of bacteria?&#10;A)Campylobacter&#10;B)Helicobacter&#10;C)Arcobacter&#10;D)Enterobacte

Accepted Answer

In 1983, spiral-shaped organisms resembling campylobacteria were isolated from the human stomach; these organisms were named Campylobacter pylori. Based on many studies, the genus Helicobacter was established in 1989 and C. pylori was renamed Helicobacter pylori. At least 22 species are now included in this genus, the majority of which colonize mammalian stomachs or intestines. The genus Helicobacter consists mostly of curved, microaerophilic, gram-negative rods, with most species having strong urease activity.

Question 7

Antimicrobial therapy for H.pylori infection consists of&#10;A)metronidazole.&#10;B)bismuth.&#10;C)tetracycline.&#10;D)All of the above.

Accepted Answer

Therapy for H. pylori infection is problematic. H. pylori readily becomes resistant if metronidazole, clarithromycin, azithromycin, rifampin, or ciprofloxacin is given as a single agent. Current regimens usually use triple-drug therapy that usually includes metronidazole, a bismuth salt, and either amoxicillin or tetracycline. An alternative and more simple regimen for patients with metronidazole-resistant strains is omeprazole or lansoprazole (proton pump inhibitors that cause rapid symptom relief while working synergistically with the antibiotics) and amoxicillin or clarithromycin. Relapses occur often. Helicobacter spp. associated with enteritis and proctitis may respond to quinolones, but ideal therapy has not been established.

Question 8

The majority of human infections with Campylobacter species are caused by&#10;A)direct contact with carriers of the bacterium.&#10;B)contamination of food, milk, or water with animal feces.&#10;C)multiplication of the organism in food products.&#10;D)direct contact with persons infected with the bacterium.

Accepted Answer

Within the genus Campylobacter, C. jejuni and C. coli are most often associated with infections in humans and are usually transmitted via contaminated food, milk, or water. Outbreaks have been associated with contaminated drinking water and improperly pasteurized milk, among other sources.

Deck 33: Campylobacter, Arcobacter, and Helicobacter