Deck 18: The West on the Eve of a New World Order

Question 1

Newton's Principia

A)placed the earth at the center of the universe.
B)rejected the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo.
C)mathematically disproved the universal law of gravitation.
D)supplied the new theory of the universe that combined the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo.
E)proved that Luther was correct regarding salvation by faith.

Answer 1

supplied the new theory of the universe that combined the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo.

Question 2

The philosophe who praised the checks and balances of the British constitution was

A)Diderot.
B)Voltaire.
C)Montesquieu.
D)Rousseau.
E)Descartes.

Answer 2

Montesquieu.

Question 3

In the geocentric universe model, the earth revolves around the sun.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The immediate cause of the French Revolution was the continuation of serfdom in France.​

Question 5

The Ptolemaic view of the universe believed all of the following to be true except

A)the planets were believed to be imperfect and material.
B)the imperfect, motionless earth was in a state of constant change at the center of the universe.
C)heavenly bodies, composed of a crystalline substance, resided in concentric spheres that moved in circular orbits around the earth.
D)God and all the saved souls resided in the Empyrean Heaven that lay beyond the outermost, or tenth, sphere.
E)God and the saved souls were at one end of the universe and humans at the center.

Question 6

A discovery made by Galileo was the

A)development of the calculus.
B)fallacy of the existence of sunspots and the phases of Venus.
C)five moons revolving around Pluto.
D)similarity of the material composition of other planets and the moon to that of the earth.
E)totally flat terrain of the earth's moon.

Question 7

Descartes became famous for his statement in Discourse on Method, "I think, therefore I am."

Question 8

Maria Winkelmann was the author of the Vindication of the Rights of Woman.

Question 9

The Catholic Church condemned the theories of Copernicus and Galileo because they

A)ended the spirituality of the earth.
B)threatened the Scriptures, as the heavens were no longer a spiritual world but a world of matter.
C)was simpler to accept it than to reject its doctrinal challenges.
D)conflicted with those of Newton.
E)were contrary to the Council of Constance.

Question 10

France's revolutionary army was an important step in the creation of modern nationalism.

Question 11

Catherine the Great ended serfdom in Russia.​

Question 12

Which of the following statements would John Locke find acceptable?

A)Some of us are born bad.
B)A positive environment will create positive results.
C)Everything that we are is in our genes.
D)Faith, not reason, determines what we know.
E)Original sin places limits on individual aspirations.

Question 13

The Enlightenment argued that the Scientific Method did not apply to human understanding, which could only be achieved through intuitive thinking.​

Question 14

Rene Descartes

A)was the developer of algebra.
B)had his writings approved by the Church.
C)claimed that "I think, therefore I am."
D)fled the Dutch Republic for the Holy Roman Empire.
E)discovered the moon of Jupiter.

Question 15

In the Enlightenment, many intellectuals argued that women were by nature inferior to men.

Question 16

Adam Smith is seen as one of the founders of the modern discipline of economics.​

Question 17

Which of the following was not one of the positive buzzwords of the Enlightenment?

A)reason
B)divine revelation
C)natural law
D)hope
E)progress

Question 18

Cartesian dualism

A)separated people on the basis of gender.
B)distinguished primarily between good and evil.
C)viewed mind and matter as two distinct and separate entities.
D)refuted the elipticism of Newton's rhetorical absolutes.
E)was initially developed by Bacon and Locke.

Question 19

The intellectuals of the Enlightenment advocated the

A)creation of a new religion of sciences.
B)use of the scientific method to foster progress toward a "better" society.
C)application of religious precepts to all knowledge.
D)inversion of human development.
E)abandonment of reason for the purpose of developing human knowledge.

Question 20

Isaac Newton was an inspiration for the Enlightenment in his contention that the world and everything in it worked like a giant machine.

Question 21

The formal event which led to the break between the American colonies and England was the

A)creation of the Articles of Confederation.
B)confrontation at Yorktown.
C)confrontation over the Stamp Act.
D)signing of the Declaration of Independence.
E)creation of the United States Constitution.

Question 22

Enlightened absolutism

A)was based more on practical measures to strengthen the power of the state than to "reform" and free their populations.
B)was best illustrated by the activity of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.
C)was truly applied only briefly, in the ten months before the death of Emelyan Pugachev.
D)was limited by the desires of the middle classes to retain their special advantages.
E)best describes the British government in the eighteenth century.

Question 23

All of the following were true about European population and food supplies except

A)as the eighteenth century progressed, European population declined.
B)food production increased in Europe during the eighteenth century.
C)the introduction of the potato and maize provided a much-needed staple foods.
D)the New World was a source of new vegetables for Europe.
E)more plentiful food led to improved nutrition.

Question 24

In line with mercantilist theory,

A)governments had nothing to do regarding trade and manufacturing policies.
B)Latin American countries traded exclusively with their "mother" countries.
C)Latin American colonies were encouraged to manufacture.
D)American colonies were viewed as sources of raw materials and markets by Europeans.
E)the production of heavy industrial products was instituted in Mexico in 1734.

Question 25

The most important product of European industry in the eighteenth century was

A)spices.
B)steel.
C)coal.
D)textiles.
E)oil.

Question 26

The Estates-General was convened in 1789 in order to deal with the

A)invasion of Silesia.
B)near bankruptcy of the French Treasury.
C)grievances of the French peasantry.
D)discontent in the French colonies.
E)Louis XVI's demand for more power.

Question 27

Enlightenment advocates of laissez faire economics championed the idea that

A)urged rulers to guide their societies in rationally determined directions.
B)were vigorously opposed by Adams Smith.
C)Absolutist rulers could levy whatever taxes were best for the State.
D)were led, unofficially, by Montesquieu and ideas contained in his Encyclopedia.
E)believed that individuals should be free to pursue their own economic self-interest.

Question 28

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A)was idealistic and honest and never deviated from his promises or commitments.
B)argued that children's education should be strict and regimented.
C)argued that, in accord with the "general will," people could be "forced to be free."
D)believed that women were "naturally" different from men.
E)both b and c

Question 29

Which of the following was not an element in eighteenth-century global trade?

A)Gold and silver were shipped to America by Spain.
B)Indian and Chinese products were purchased by the English, Dutch, and French.
C)American plantation products were purchased by the nations of Europe.
D)English manufactured goods were traded for African slaves, who were sold in Virginia for tobacco, which was then processed in England and sold for cash in Germany.
E)Overseas trade boomed.

Question 30

The Russian monarch whose policies favored the landed nobility, at the expense of the serfs, was

A)Alexander II.
B)Catherine the Great.
C)Peter II.
D)Peter the Great.
E)Ivan IV.

Question 31

In eighteenth-century Europe,

A)it was illegal for a noble-class male to marry a middle-class female without a government dispensation everywhere except in Prussia and the Netherlands.
B)noble and bourgeois women dressed in the same fashion and were visually indistinguishable.
C)the peasants composed less than forty percent of the populations of Austria and France.
D)nobles constituted approximately two or three percent of the population.
E)factory workers had replaced farmers as the majority of the population.

Question 32

The eighteenth-century ruler who called himself/herself "the first servant of the state" was

A)Joseph II of Austria.
B)George III of Great Britain.
C)Catherine the Great of Russia.
D)Frederick II of Prussia.
E)Louis XVI of France.

Question 33

The person viewed as one of the founders of modern economics and known for the doctrine of laissez-faire was

A)John McDonald.
B)Adam Smith.
C)Robert Walpole.
D)Robert Burns.
E)Lord Gordon Brown.

Question 34

Which of these leaders asserted, "I have made Philosophy the lawmaker of my empire"?

A)Louis XIV
B)Napoleon
C)Joseph II
D)George III
E)Peter the Great

Question 35

Which of the following was NOT a direct result of the Seven Years' War?

A)France ceded Canada to British control.
B)Spain ceded Florida to British control.
C)France ceded the Louisiana Territory to the Spanish.
D)The Dutch permanently withdrew from the New World.
E)Great Britain became the world's greatest colonial power.

Question 36

The system that came to be known as the "cottage industry" involved all except

A)the purchase, by an entrepreneur, of the raw materials needed for textile production.
B)country laborers producing yarn and cloth.
C)the selling of finished products by an entrepreneur.
D)peasants grew cotton on their farms and sold the raw material to entrepreneurs.
E)it was also known as the "putting-out" system.

Question 37

Britain decided to end its war against the Americans after a combined American and French force defeated General Cornwallis at

A)Cowpens.
B)Newburgh.
C)Saratoga.
D)Yorktown.
E)Boston.

Question 38

Which of the following descriptions best depicts the Rococo style?

A)the profuse use of strict geometric patterns
B)emphasis on largeness and majesty
C)a fondness for curves and emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action
D)a rejection of the effort to seek love, joy, and pleasure in favor of religious imagery
E)stress on formal order

Question 39

The Austrian ruler whose reform program abolished serfdom, eliminated internal trade barriers, and instituted a new penal code, among other things, was

A)Adolf III.
B)Maria Theresa.
C)Joseph II.
D)Frederick the Great.
E)Charles VI.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is an accurate depiction of the nature of the British Parliament in the latter half of the eighteenth century?

A)It was primarily composed of civil libertarians who advocated individual rights.
B)Its role was primarily that of a rubber stamp for the king.
C)It shared power with the king, gradually gaining the upper hand.
D)Uniquely, women could become Members of Parliament.
E)It failed to meet between 1753 and 1792.

Question 41

What is the meant by the idea of tabula rasa?

A)That people could exert free will to further their destinies.
B)People must rely on a "higher power" to provide structure in society.
C)Every person is born with a blank mind.
D)Each person is tainted by original sin.
E)Government exists for the will of the people.

Question 42

Which of the following was not an immediate result of the fall of Robespierre?

A)A period of stagnation and corruption ensued.
B)The Reign of Terror ended.
C)Moderate forces came to control the Revolution.
D)A new constitution was written that strove for stability by placing executive authority in the hands of the Directory.
E)Napoleon was elected President of France.

Question 43

In which area were townspeople NOT a distinct minority?​

A)​France
B)​Britain
C)​Austria.
D)​Spain
E)​Russia

Question 44

A significant means for spreading the ideas of the Enlightenment was​

A)​coffeehouse
B)Diderot's encyclopedia project.
C)​philosopher's clubs.
D)​trade guilds.
E)​debate societies.

Question 45

Which author is NOT correctly paired with his famous work?​

A)​Descartes, Essay Concerning Human Understanding
B)Newton, Principia
C)Copernicus, On the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies
D)​Galileo, Starry Nights
E)​Montesquieu, ​Spirit of the Laws

Question 46

The Committee of Public Safety was established to

A)negotiate a military alliance with England.
B)combat the dual threat of internal rebellion and foreign invasion.
C)provide the nation with a renewed monarchy.
D)negotiate the safe return of French emigres.
E)control the ambitions of Napoleon.

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT an example of popular culture like festivals?​

A)​collective activity
B)​Carnival
C)​feast days of local patron saints
D)​heavy consumption of food and drink
E)​salacious theater mocking nobility.

Question 48

The illegal event that constituted the start of the French Revolution was the

A)meeting between Quesnay and Adam Smith.
B)storming of the Bastille.
C)mutiny of the French army.
D)action of the Third Estate in declaring itself to be a National Assembly.
E)revolts of French peasants in the countryside.

Question 49

What was the most important commodity of the West Indies for the French and British?​

A)​Sugar.
B)​Cotton.
C)​Rice.
D)​Tobacco.
E)​Indigo.

Question 50

Mary Wollstonecraft challenged traditional Enlightenment thinkers by arguing that

A)scientific work was a field for men.
B)Maria Winkelmann should be allowed to graduate from the University of Berlin
C)if all people innately possessed reason, all should be equal in rights.
D)the government of each country had an obligation to allow universal suffrage.
E)heliocentrism was invalid.

Question 51

Napoleon gained control of the executive authority of the French government by

A)becoming President of the Committee of Public Safety.
B)being elected as first director of the Directory.
C)seizing power in a coup d'etat.
D)capitalizing on his military victories to become a popularly elected president.
E)his appointment to the post by a newly restored monarch, Louis XVII.

Question 52

Which work is the most important work of Baroque​ architecture?

A)​Versailles Palace
B)​Vierzehnheiligen
C)Neuschwanstein Castle
D)​Tuilleries Palace
E)​Der Residenz

Question 53

The religious outlook shared by most philosophes was

A)Catholicism.
B)Deism.
C)Lutheranism.
D)Atheism.
E)Zoroastrianism.

Question 54

​Which astronomer argued for an elliptical motion of the planets around the sun?

A)​Nicholas Copernicus
B)Ttycho Brahe
C)​Isaac Newton
D)​Johannes Kepler
E)​Galileo Galilei

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the "Consumer Revolution" of the eighteenth century?​

A)​it depended on products brought from other parts of the world.
B)​It allowed former luxury goods to be available to ordinary families.
C)​It was predicated on slave labor.
D)​It resulted in enormous prosperity for some European countries.
E)​Some commodities became more affordable as production was moved to Europe.

Question 56

The French Revolution

A)was precipitated by a noble-bourgeois dispute over the best way to deal with the large budgetary surpluses of 1788 and 1789.
B)actually had no real impact on either the economic or political status of peasants.
C)created no major gains, even temporarily, for women in such areas as divorce and inheritance.
D)created a "nation in arms" and an army of 650,000.
E)failed in its attempt to restore divine right monarchy to France.

Question 57

As a direct result of the French Revolution, this nation became the first Latin American state to win its independence from European colonialism.

A)Ecuador.
B)Brazil.
C)Nicaragua.
D)Haiti.
E)Puerto Rico.

Question 58

What accounted for the drop of Spain's importance as a commercial power in the seventeenth century?

A)Focus on the South American empire
B)Overextension as they tried to control the Asian market.
C)A drop in the output of the silver mines and poverty of the Spanish monarchy
D)Overthrow of the Bourbon dynasty during the Seven Year's War
E)Piracy of Spanish galleons by British Man o' War ships.

Question 59

Which of the following was NOT characteristic of Napoleon's Grand Empire?

A)Absolute freedom of the press.
B)Loss of privilege by nobility and clergy.
C)Equality of opportunity with offices open to talent.
D)Equality before the law.
E)Religious toleration.

Question 60

Who were the philosophes ?

A)French aristocracy.
B)Neo-Platonic humanists.
C)Intellectuals inspired to change the world.
D)Supporters of Absolutism.
E)Capitalists endorsing laissez-faire economics.

Question 61

Identify the following terms.
Rococo and Antoine Watteau

Question 62

The most successful British colony in North America was ​

A)​Roanoke
B)​Massachussetts Bay
C)​Jamestown
D)​Hudson Valley
E)​Charleston

Question 63

Identify the following terms.
philosophes

Question 64

Identify the following terms.
Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Question 65

Identify the following terms.
Nicholas Copernicus

Question 66

Identify the following terms.
geocentric and heliocentric

Question 67

Identify the following terms.
Isaac Newton's Principia

Question 68

Identify the following terms.
Voltaire and "Crush the infamous thing"

Question 69

Identify the following terms.
Balthasar Neumann's church of the Vierzehnheiligen

Question 70

Identify the following terms.
Diderot's Encyclopedia

Question 71

Which of the following accurately describes European colonial development in the New World?​

A)​The English took New Netherland from the Dutch and changed its name to New York.
B)The French expelled the Dutch from the Hudson Valley.
C)​The Spanish ceded all claim to North America.
D)​The Dutch fought an entrenched war with the British for New Amsterdam
E)​Russia lay claim to the West Coast of the New World, initiating war with Napoleon.

Question 72

Identify the following terms.
daily newspapers and coffeehouses

Question 73

Identify the following terms.
the Enlightenment

Question 74

Identify the following terms.
Descartes and Cartesian Dualism

Question 75

Identify the following terms.
Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws

Question 76

Identify the following terms.
Galileo Galilei

Question 77

Identify the following terms.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract

Question 78

Identify the following terms.
John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Question 79

Identify the following terms.
Adam Smith and laissez-faire

Question 80

Identify the following terms.
the Scientific Revolution