Deck 19: The Beginnings of Modernization: Industrialization and Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century

Question 1

Continuous, self-sustaining economic growth came to be accepted as a fundamental part of the new economy begun by the Industrial Revolution.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A significant difference between British and Continental industrialization was the use of joint-stock investment banks.​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Government financial aid to industries

A)was a basic element of industrialization on the continent.
B)was most extensive, by far, in the United States.
C)did not develop in Europe before the 1870s.
D)was not a factor in the industrialization on the European continent.
E)was opposed by the major powers, meeting at the Congress of Vienna.

Answer 3

was a basic element of industrialization on the continent.

Question 4

The Industrial Revolution required large movements of people to urban areas. ​

Question 5

By the middle of the nineteenth century, Henry Cort's system of puddling had resulted in

A)Britain greatly increasing its output of cotton.
B)a quadrupling of British coal production.
C)Britain becoming by far the world's leading iron producer.
D)the enhancement of pig iron impurities.
E)an improvement in agricultural production.

Question 6

Although the population of London was one million in 1800, by 1850 it had swollen to

A)1,500,000
B)2,363,000
C)2,151,000
D)2,770,000
E)more than three million

Question 7

The first steam-powered locomotive was pioneered by

A)Richard Trevithick.
B)Elihu Babbage.
C)James Watt.
D)George Stephenson.
E)Edmund Cartwright.

Question 8

The steam engine was developed by

A)Edmund Cartwright.
B)James Hargreaves.
C)Henry Cort.
D)James Watt.
E)Hans Krieger.

Question 9

The Second Industrial Revolution opened the door to new jobs for women, particularly in service or white-collar jobs.

Question 10

Industrial development in the United States before 1870

A)made no real impression on either the society or the economy.
B)included an efficient transportation network.
C)had Asian immigrants making up over half of the factory labor until the 1850s.
D)depended upon slave labor in the factories.
E)was mainly a development of the southern states.

Question 11

The unification of Germany in 1871 was the triumph of authoritarian and militaristic values over liberal constitutionalism.

Question 12

Over 75% of the Irish population was dependent on the potato for survival. ​

Question 13

Children were discouraged from working in cotton mills because their smaller size did not allow them to move among the machines and they were too difficult to train to do complex factory work.

Question 14

Great Britain depended almost entirely upon foreign investment to support its Industrial Revolution at the beginning.

Question 15

Continental European industrialization

A)started a full generation before it did in England.
B)began in Belgium, France, and the German states.
C)didn't gain momentum until the 1890s in France.
D)was centered in northwestern Piedmont until 1815.
E)was initiated by Bismarck, Napoleon III, and Friedrich and Hans Engels.

Question 16

Which of the following did not play a crucial role in making Britain the site of the first Industrial Revolution?

A)Over ninety-five percent of the population was literate.
B)A surplus of food gave its people extra buying power to purchase manufactured products.
C)Its increased population served as a labor source for the nation's new factories.
D)British manufactures were willing to accept and seek new methods of manufacturing.
E)Britain had, and was able to improve upon, an already adequate transport system.

Question 17

Greece achieved its independence from the Austrian Empire in 1830.

Question 18

The ability to make yarn at a much faster pace

A)was achieved by the development of George Stephenson's Rocket.
B)was retarded by adoption of the Lysenko Doctrine in 1808.
C)became possible after the development of the flying shuttle.
D)depended upon the inventions of Charles Seurat.
E)was the result of new resources of cotton from South America.

Question 19

The emergence of Britain's Labour Party forced the Liberals to offer social welfare programs, a reverse of nineteenth-century liberal laissez-faire.

Question 20

A country which was forced to reduce its industrial production by a more powerful competitor was

A)Argentina.
B)India.
C)Prussia.
D)Russia.
E)the United States.

Question 21

The Eastern European state that gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830 was

A)Serbia.
B)Greece.
C)Bosnia.
D)Romania.
E)Bulgaria.

Question 22

The policies of Otto von Bismarck before 1871

A)were based on the practice of Idealpolitik.
B)ignored domestic opposition and concentrated on foreign affairs.
C)used warfare as an instrument of policy, regardless of its consequences.
D)used parliament to endorse the policy of increased taxes, and used the new revenues collected to reorganize the Prussian military.
E)led to Prussia dominating the Second Austrian Reich.

Question 23

Population in Europe during the nineteenth century

A)remained steady until the 1830s, and then began to decrease steadily.
B)was notable for rapid overall growth and a far more rapid increase in city populations.
C)was dramatically reduced when the Great Famine killed thirty-five percent of the Russian, Irish, and Prussian populations.
D)decreased as peasants, reassured by falling death rates, reduced the rural birth rate by over sixty percent due to their adoption of birth control.
E)was numerically dominated by the landed aristocracy.

Question 24

The new Italian kingdom established in 1861

A)was created as a result of the Italo-Prussian Treaty of Halberstam in 1853.
B)was, to a significant degree, the result of the diplomatic and political work of Cavour and the military actions of Garibaldi.
C)was created as a result of the mass uprising of 1860 and 1861, when Russian and French troops were driven out.
D)seized Greece as soon as the Ottoman Empire withdrew from it.
E)owed its final success to the diplomatic and military success of Alexander II.

Question 25

By aiming at establishing legitimacy and a traditional balance of power in European political affairs, Metternich and his associates at the Congress of Vienna were advocates of the ideology known as

A)nihilism.
B)liberalism.
C)conservatism.
D)nationalism.
E)socialism.

Question 26

This brilliant inventor sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic in 1901.

A)Thomas Edison
B)Edwin H.Armstrong
C)Guglielmo Marconi
D)Nikolay Basov
E)Heinrich Hertz

Question 27

All of the following are correct about nineteenth-century liberalism except

A)having economic and political components.
B)supporting the idea of civil rights.
C)wanting to limit governmental power.
D)opposing limiting governmental power.
E)opposing votes for women.

Question 28

This act brought an end to the employment of children under nine years of age in Great Britain.

A)the Child Exploitation act of 1830.
B)the Factory Act of 1833
C)Brighton's Fair Labour policy.
D)the Uniform Working Hours Act.
E)the Compassion Act of 1837.

Question 29

The most multinational state in Europe in the nineteenth century, and thus the one most threatened by the new ideology of nationalism, was

A)France.
B)Britain.
C)Italy.
D)Germany.
E)Austria.

Question 30

Karl Marx believed that all of human history was the story of

A)the survival of the fittest.
B)the class struggle.
C)the ends justifying the means.
D)peasant rebellions.
E)nationalism.

Question 31

The key figure of Russian industrialization was

A)Alexander III.
B)Nicholas II.
C)Ivan Denisovich.
D)Sergei Eisenstein.
E)Sergei Witte.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is not true about the revolutions of 1848 in Europe?

A)The overthrow of the tsar in Moscow initiated the series of upheavals.
B)After uprisings in Budapest, Prague, and Vienna, Metternich had to flee Austria.
C)In France, Louis-Philippe was forced to abdicate.
D)The Austrians needed the help of the Russians to put down the Hungarian revolution.
E)All of the revolts in Italy failed.

Question 33

The British cotton manufacturer Robert Owens sought to:

A)reduce the number of women working in factories.
B)establish a socialist utopian working environment.
C)establish an eight-hour work day for all workers.
D)place a high tariff on imports in order to increase the profits of industrialists.
E)prohibit the construction of factories within city limits.

Question 34

The Crimean War

A)enormously strengthened Russia's military prestige.
B)strengthened the Concert of Europe, as well Russia's stature on the Continent.
C)resulted in Russian domination of European politics for the rest of the century.
D)isolated the Austrians from the rest of the great powers of Europe.
E)resulted in a situation that was detrimental to Italian and German unification.

Question 35

The "Eastern Question" in the nineteenth century concerned the fate of

A)the Austrian Empire.
B)Great Britain.
C)Germany.
D)the Ottoman Empire.
E)Russia.

Question 36

Nationalism

A)was a potential threat to the existing political order.
B)had major support only in western, Atlantic-coast Europe until the late 1860s.
C)was firmly opposed by Bismarck and Cavour.
D)won speedy acceptance across Europe because every government was helped by it.
E)died out by the late nineteenth century.

Question 37

The basic purpose of the Concert of Europe was to

A)obliterate the Ottoman Empire.
B)maintain conservative political control over Europe.
C)expedite liberal change in European governments.
D)allow the great powers of Europe to unilaterally intervene wherever they chose to.
E)enable nationalism to dominate European politics.

Question 38

Marxist revisionists believe that

A)violent revolution was inevitable.
B)the bourgeoisie would inevitably triumph.
C)were advocates of revolutionary socialism.
D)workers should organize mass political parties.
E)revolution would be led by the peasants.

Question 39

Which of the following was not a result of the brief 1866 war between Austria and Prussia?

A)A Russian and Austrian defensive alliance defeated the French and British in the Balkans.
B)Austria was no longer a major participant in German affairs.
C)Bismarck organized the north German states in the North German Confederation.
D)The south German states signed military agreements with Prussia.
E)The development of unified German strength began to worry the French.

Question 40

The Congress of Vienna in 1815

A)was attended by representatives of France, Britain, Italy, and the United States.
B)operated in accord with the principles of liberalism.
C)agreed to meet periodically to take steps to maintain Europe's peace and stability.
D)created the Concert of Europe, an interchange of musicians who presented a gala series of performances, with concerts given in a different capital each year.
E)was dominated by Camillo di Cavour.

Question 41

​The worst conditions for the industrial working class were found in

A)​coal mines
B)​cottton mills.
C)​steel production
D)​sugar factories
E)​the Wedgewood porcelain shops

Question 42

All of the following approaches by Japan are different in their industrialization EXCEPT​

A)​imperial finance of industry.
B)​adherence to a laissez-faire philosophy.
C)​ government built railways.
D)​importation of foreign experts for training
E)​instituting a universal education system based on applied science.

Question 43

Which of the following was NOT an impediment to industrialization on the Continent?​

A)​Customs barriers made transportation of goods expensive.
B)​Continental businessmen were less enterprising than British.
C)​Poor roads and difficulty with transportation.
D)Establishment of technical schools to train mechanics and engineers.
E)​Businessmen were less willing to take risks in investments.

Question 44

Which of the following was not a result of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870?

A)Louis Napoleon made himself Emperor of the Third Republic.
B)German unification was achieved.
C)The French suffered a military and political humiliation.
D)The south German states came under Prussian domination.
E)The loss of territory created a desire for vengeance on the part of the French.

Question 45

​The largest and most successful of the new trade unions was the

A)​New Harmony Community
B)​Amalgamated Society of Engineers
C)​British East India Workers Association
D)​Labour Party
E)​National Association of Textile Workers

Question 46

The majority of soldiers in the Crimean War died of ​

A)​starvation
B)​heavy artillary shelling
C)​chemical weapons
D)​disease (mainly cholera)
E)​bayonet wounds

Question 47

In Self Help, Samuel Smiles espoused the belief that ​

A)​the poor were able to be divided into "deserving" and "undeserving" poor based on their choices.
B)​the government had an obligation to provide the basic standards of living to all citizens.
C)​people succeeded through their own efforts and moral behavior.
D)​laissez-faire applied to social constructs as well as economic, and the government shouldn't intervene.
E)​none of these.

Question 48

All of the following were advantages of using children for labor EXCEPT:​

A)​children were acccustomed to working as part of the family household unit.
B)​children had a delicate touch in working as cotton spinnners.
C)​children were more educated after the requirement of mandatory education.
D)​children could be paid considerably less than adults.
E)​children were easier to train for factory work.

Question 49

Which of the following European countries did NOT benefit from an advanced industrialized core?​

A)​Spain
B)Britain
C)​Netherlands
D)​France
E)​Belgium

Question 50

Besides the internal combustible engine, what made the automotive industry expand rapidly was ​

A)​vulcanized rubber tires.
B)​unleaded gasoline.
C)Ford's mass production
D)​Mercedes-Benz shifting transmission
E)​state-constructed road systems

Question 51

The Second Empire in France

A)was a regime of economic hard times.
B)advanced progress made toward French socialism.
C)was brought down by the disastrous 1870 war with Prussia.
D)was replaced by the Third Empire after the Prussian defeat of 1870.
E)was established immediately after the Battle of Waterloo.

Question 52

The territory annexed by Austria in 1908, which enraged Serbia, was

A)Romania.
B)Montenegro and Wallachia.
C)Moldavia.
D)Bosnia and Herzegovina.
E)Hungary.

Question 53

In the mid-ninteenth century, the use of electricity spawned all of these new inventions​ EXCEPT:

A)trolleys
B)​light bulbs
C)​subways
D)​spinning machines.
E)​conveyor belts

Question 54

The goal of early utopian socialists was (to)​

A)​overthrow the monopolization of private property.
B)​assert equality for all by eliminating social classes.
C)​replace competition for cooperation within industry.
D)​create equal opportunities for all workers to maintain a basic standard of living.
E)​require the state to provide or subsidize basic necessities.

Question 55

Great Britain avoided the common problem of revolution in the nineteenth century by ​

A)​issuing a constitution
B)​increasing the number of male voters
C)​annexing India.
D)​forming the Labour Party
E)​allowing Socialism to be legal.

Question 56

The original role of the bourgeoisie was ​

A)​a town dweller of economic means.
B)​a landlord.
C)​a guild-master.
D)​factory owner
E)​commander of a local military garrison

Question 57

Overpopulation magnified existing problems of poverty and lack of resources in all of the following countries EXCEPT​

A)​Ireland
B)​Sweden
C)​Southern Germany
D)​Italy
E)​Spain

Question 58

In the early twentieth century, a flashpoint for major violence was the

A)Rhineland.
B)German-French border.
C)Polish-Russian border.
D)Middle East.
E)Balkans.

Question 59

By 1871, all of the following are correct about Great Britain except

A)it had a functioning two-party system for fifty years.
B)both political parties supported legislation to expand the right to vote.
C)the largest political party was the Labour Party.
D)both political parties were dominated by a ruling class of aristocratic landowners often involved in industrial and financial activities and upper-middle-class business people.
E)Queen Victoria was the long-reigning monarch.

Question 60

The emancipation of the Russian serfs

A)left peasants under the authority of the village commune to ensure payment to the State for land.
B)angered peasants because it only gave them six acres each, too little to support themselves.
C)led to Russian participation in the Crimean War in order to divert peasant complaints.
D)led to the 1867 Revolution.
E)was reversed by Czar Nicholas II.

Question 61

Identify the following terms.
India and cotton cloth

Question 62

Identify the following terms.
the industrial working class

Question 63

Identify the following terms.
Marxism and class struggle

Question 64

Identify the following terms.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels's The Communist Manifesto

Question 65

Identify the following terms.
German Social Democratic Party and Marxist revisionists

Question 66

In Russia, reforms focused on industrialization and parliamentary institutions were advocated by which group?​

A)​Westernizers
B)​Slavophiles
C)​Black Hand Organization
D)​The People's Will
E)​Social Democrats

Question 67

Identify the following terms.
Klemens von Metternich and the "principle of legitimacy"

Question 68

Identify the following terms.
utopian socialists and Robert Owen

Question 69

Identify the following terms.
the industrial middle class/bourgeoisie

Question 70

Identify the following terms.
Congress of Vienna

Question 71

Identify the following terms.
Henry Cort and puddling

Question 72

Identify the following terms.
George Stephenson's Rocket

Question 73

Identify the following terms.
Concert of Europe

Question 74

Identify the following terms.
Sergei Witte

Question 75

Identify the following terms.

-steel, electricity, the internal combustion engine

Question 76

The Red Shirt army of Italy was led by ​

A)​Francesco Salaverdi
B)​Giuseppi Garabaldi
C)​Camillo Cavour
D)​Guiseppi Mazzini
E)​Benito Mussolini

Question 77

Which of the following was NOT a true statement about politics in Great Britain by the early twentieth century?

A)​The Labour Party was created to further workers' interests.
B)​Queen Victoria reluctantly agreed to enter into war with Germany.
C)​Women had the right to vote.
D)​The Liberal Party sponsored the National Insurance Act of 1911
E)​Pensions were initiated for workers over age 70.

Question 78

Identify the following terms.
joint-stock investment banks

Question 79

Identify the following terms.
James Watt

Question 80

Identify the following terms.
"conservatism"