Deck 24: Nationalism, Revolution, and Dictatorship: Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America From 1919 to 1939

Question 1

The Indian National Congress

A)began as an armed, anti-British guerrilla movement in South India.
B)had leaders who represented both the secular, educated elite, such as Nehru, and those who rejected many Western traditions, such as Gandhi.
C)did not have any of its leaders imprisoned, due to satyagraha, or non-violent resistance.
D)advocated the creation of a separate Muslim state in southern India in 1933 in order to avoid a major split in nationalist ranks.
E)had became hopelessly divided between Nehru's traditionalists and Gandhian modernists by 1936.

Answer 1

had leaders who represented both the secular, educated elite, such as Nehru, and those who rejected many Western traditions, such as Gandhi.

Question 2

The Young Turks

A)were the victims of bad timing, as minority unrest in the Balkans caused the army to step in as well as the desire for ethnic Turks for a Turkish state.
B)were motivated primarily by Islamic zeal.
C)borrowed at least some their ideas from the earlier "Young Greek" movement.
D)established modern Turkey.
E)were exiled to Algeria.

Answer 2

were the victims of bad timing, as minority unrest in the Balkans caused the army to step in as well as the desire for ethnic Turks for a Turkish state.

Question 3

The Comintern, established in 1919, was dedicated to the advancement of the world-wide Marxist revolution.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Gandhi used the spinning wheel as a symbol of his protest against

A)British religious policies.
B)textile imports from Britain.
C)import duties against wheels of all types.
D)discrimination against Indian women.
E)rickshaw requirements.

Question 5

To pacify fears of US domination in Latin America, in 1936, President Franklin Roosevelt announced the Hayes Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine to protect all nations within the Western Hemisphere.​

Question 6

In Mexico, Emiliano Zapata gained wide popularity among the peasantry for ordering land redistribution.​

Question 7

Jawaharlal Nehru, a defender of traditional Hindu culture, criticized Gandhi's commitment to modernization and industrialism.

Question 8

Nationalist movements

A)all began as traditionalist, religiously based movements.
B)were called "tongs" in China.
C)were usually led by people with extensive knowledge of Western ideas and values.
D)did not begin in Southeast Asia until the 1930s.
E)usually started among elite foreign students on European holiday.

Question 9

Many nationalists in European colonies found themselves engulfed in personal turmoil because they

A)were often more Westernized than the countrymen whom they wanted to liberate.
B)had no knowledge of the local traditions.
C)wanted to accept all Western culture.
D)totally rejected any efforts at modernization.
E)were completed undecided about which path to pursue.

Question 10

In his reforms to modernize Turkey on the western model, Atatürk established a constitutional monarchy.

Question 11

Indian nationalism

A)was initially founded by people who were educated, socially elite urbanites.
B)was sharply divided, Muslim against Buddhist, from the beginning.
C)had an articulate peasant, Sutan Sjahrir, as its first prominent leader.
D)had no organization until the arrival of Gandhi in 1931.
E)was fomented by dissatisfied peasants in the Punjab.

Question 12

Gandhi

A)was never imprisoned, in spite of his ongoing political activity.
B)wanted to convince the Pakistanis to leave and, at the same time, to enhance Indian unity.
C)used his march to the sea to try to convince Indians to ignore the increased British salt tax.
D)ultimately abandoned his non-violence tactics.
E)supported the British in World War II.

Question 13

The first expression of modern nationalism in Burma came from students protesting anti-Buddhist practices by the British.​

Question 14

In 1928, Chiang Kai-shek established a new Chinese republic at Beijing.

Question 15

In appraising the work of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, one can say that

A)he finally succeeded in unifying Persian society.
B)he maintained a strict Islamic consistency in all aspects of Turkish life.
C)he created a secular Turkish state that embraced many aspects of a modern Western nation.
D)no real change from the traditional Ottoman ways ever occurred under his rule.
E)he retained the Islamic practices that his Ottoman predecessors had adhered to for centuries.

Question 16

The term Mahatma means

A)Commander.
B)Highly Intelligent One.
C)Great Soul.
D)Mighty Savior.
E)Saint.

Question 17

The Indian National Congress, formed in 1885, consisted mostly of upper-class Muslims.

Question 18

By the 1930s, militant right-wing nationalists had begun to dominate the Japanese government.

Question 19

The two goals that anti-imperialist nationalists were forced to choose between were

A)ethnic purity or assimilation.
B)religion or philosophy.
C)urban or rural lifestyles.
D)gender or political equality.
E)modernization or independence.

Question 20

During the 1920s, Iraq was ruled by Britain, under a League of Nations mandate.

Question 21

The so-called "May Fourth Movement" was

A)a reaction by Chinese business leaders to the policies of Yuan Shikai.
B)the effort on the part of Sun Yat-sen to gain control of the Peking government.
C)demonstrations by Chinese students and others in opposition to the Japanese being awarded Germany's sphere of influence in Shandong province.
D)an effort by peasants to show support for the radical reform program of Yuan Shikai.
E)the first, unsuccessful attempt by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to stage a coup.

Question 22

The New Culture Movement at Peking University

A)attempted to "Modernize China in Four Years."
B)advocated a return to the study of classical Confucian concepts.
C)rejected all Western thought.
D)advocated the study of science and democracy and "new" and largely Western ideas.
E)sought a balance between existential philosophy and Confucian values.

Question 23

To avoid eradication by Chiang's army, Mao led his PLA from South China to the North China town of Yan'an. This journey has come to be called the

A)Great Leap Forward.
B)Long March.
C)Northern March.
D)Northern Expedition.
E)Long Expedition.

Question 24

Which of the following is not correct regarding Chiang's programs in China?

A)His dependence on gentry support neutralized his ability to achieve major land reform.
B)Confucianism was no longer generally accepted in the country.
C)His repressive policies alienated many intellectuals and political moderates.
D)He was able to solve China's economic and social problems.
E)The pressures of the Japanese presence in northern China, and the effects of the Great Depression, undermined his efforts.

Question 25

How did the Bolshevik victory in Russia alter Asian ideas about Marxism?

A)Nationalists from Asia rejected it because of Russia's imperialistic past.
B)Arab nationalists were much more receptive as "Islamic Marxism" became known.
C)Nationalist leaders became receptive because they saw their "pre-modern" societies as like that of "backward Russia," thus making Russian developments relevant.
D)It had no impact in China during the 1920s and 1930s.
E)China adopted a Marxist constitution.

Question 26

A famous alliance between communist and nationalist parties in the 1920s took place in

A)Burma.
B)Syria.
C)the Dutch East Indies.
D)China.
E)Vietnam.

Question 27

The Japanese term for the industrial and financial conglomerates that controlled much of the nation's industry was

A)autarkas.
B)kokutai.
C)genro.
D)zaibatsu.
E)modan boyu.

Question 28

In the Middle East during the interwar period,

A)a massive oil discovery at Dhahran in 1938 moved Saudi Arabia from being an area of chronic poverty to one of unexpected national affluence.
B)the achievement of the "Nile breakthrough" in electricity generation opened the possibility of almost cost-free electric power to much of the entire Middle East.
C)the award of a mandate to the World Zionist Congress by the League of Nations constituted the first step in creating a Jewish state in the eastern Mediterranean.
D)the Balfour Declaration was made null and void.
E)Lawrence of Arabia was made the first king of Saudi Arabia.

Question 29

Chiang's "New Life Movement" was an effort to

A)eradicate Confucianism from China.
B)blend Confucianism and Islam with Western capitalism.
C)use Daoism to strengthen his government.
D)promote Confucian social ethics, while simultaneously rejecting Western capitalist values of excessive greed and individualism.
E)develop a Chinese society that would promote materialistic Western capitalist values to make peasant laborers more productive and socially oriented.

Question 30

All of the following are correct about Iraq except

A)the region had been under Ottoman rule since the seventeenth century.
B)after World War I, the British governed Iraq under a League of Nations "mandate."
C)the British ruled through the minority urban Shi-ite population.
D)a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad became king in 1921.
E)oil was discovered near Kirkuk in 1927.

Question 31

By the end of the 1920s, the Comintern

A)had been disbanded, after Wahhabi leaders had complained about its intrusion in Turkish domestic politics.
B)had achieved its greatest, if limited, success in Asia.
C)had been most successful in Islamic-Marxist areas.
D)was absorbed into Aramco in 1933.
E)attempted to blend Marxism, Lenin's concept of the five revolutionary stages and the writing of Mao Zedong into its "Basic Revolution Precepts Catalog."

Question 32

According to the Balfour Declaration,

A)Britain would recognize the independence of all Arab states.
B)Palestine would be divided equally between Muslims and Jews.
C)all Muslims were to leave Palestine.
D)a Jewish homeland was to be founded in Palestine.
E)all Jews were prohibited from entering Palestine.

Question 33

Under Shah Reza Khan,

A)the French were maneuvered into countering pressure from Britain and Germany.
B)the bureaucracies of Iran's government, both civilian and military, were modernized.
C)no progress was made in modernizing the economic infrastructure of the country.
D)the authority of Islamic religious beliefs was destroyed in Iran.
E)foreign influence in Iran was eliminated.

Question 34

Lu Xun's "Diary of a Madman"

A)was the First Dadaist work to become a best-seller in Japan, China, and India.
B)attacked the negative aspects of the traditional Chinese family.
C)championed the cause of female equality.
D)portrayed women as "man-eaters."
E)was a hilarious comedy, designed by its author to give poor peasants something pleasant in their otherwise bleak lives.

Question 35

In an effort to find allies in a hostile world, Lenin

A)tried to develop temporary alliances with colonial nationalist movements in order to overthrow the imperialist colonial regimes.
B)used the Comintern to train espionage agents in German army training centers.
C)began making military alliances with the nations of Africa and Asia.
D)established the Comintern to stimulate international trade.
E)made investments in other countries through London and New York banks.

Question 36

During the 1920s,

A)Sun Yat-sen brought his party back to prominence on the mainland by allying with the shogun of the southern province of Guangdong.
B)acting on Comintern advice, the CCP allied itself with the Nationalists in 1923.
C)Mao Zedong, a steel worker, became the military leader of the KMT-CCP alliance.
D)the Nanjing Republic was established by Mao Zedong.
E)China returned to the values of Confucius.

Question 37

The Chinese Communist Party

A)was organized by students and professors at the prestigious Wuhan University in 1925.
B)organized and controlled the New Culture Movement to insure that Chinese students read only the works of Marxist authors.
C)required all new members to be of proletarian social origin.
D)managed to survive a series of defeats, including even the crushing losses suffered during Mao Zedong's Long March in 1934.
E)was successful in the Chinese presidential elections of 1928.

Question 38

By the 1920s and 1930s, Japan

A)experienced a sharp economic decline between 1903 and 1930.
B)became less industrialized and steadily more conservative.
C)joined the United Nations as a result of the leadership of foreign minister Shidehara.
D)did not experience growing Marxist influence on organized labor.
E)was increasingly influenced by Marxists on the left and radical nationalism on the right.

Question 39

The Turkish Republic changed its society by all of the following except

A)banning the wearing of the fez by men or the traditional Muslim veil by women.
B)giving women the right to vote in 1934.
C)replacing the Shari'ya with a secular civil code.
D)introducing five-year plans to enhance state direction of the economy.
E)making Islam the sole religion of the state.

Question 40

Most of the early Iranian oil profits went into the hands of

A)the Standard Oil Company.
B)the Shah.
C)French investors.
D)British investors.
E)the Russian government.

Question 41

Under the leadership of Ibn Saud, Saudi Arabia found its greatest resources in collaboration with ​

A)​the Islamic population of many nations visiting Mecca during the Hadj.
B)​the British Petroleum Company
C)​France, in protecting the interests of Christians in the area.
D)​the Standard Oil Company in America.
E)​an alliance with other nations in the Comintern.

Question 42

Both Sarekat Islam and the Thakins​ began their protests against colonialism over issues of

A)​nationalism
B)​communism.
C)​religion
D)​commercial freedom
E)​suppression of political demands

Question 43

Major political changes in Japan in the early twentieth century included the

A)the emergence of a single political party semi-dictatorship.
B)extension of voting rights to all women in 1926.
C)extension of voting rights to all men in 1925.
D)growth of labor unions on the political right and ultranationalist groups on the left.
E)the emperor's abdication, where it was discovered he was not truly divine.

Question 44

The indigenous Persian Nationalist movement began to protest against the domination of which two European powers?​

A)​Russian and French
B)​French and English.
C)​German and French.
D)​British and Russian.
E)​Russian and Dutch.

Question 45

In Mexico,

A)the fascistic PRI seized power in 1926.
B)a thirty-year search for commercially successful oil fields ended in failure in 1935.
C)the Cárdenas government nationalized the foreign oil companies' holdings and provided millions of acres of land to landless peasants.
D)Diego Rivera invented the transistor in 1936.
E)a devastating famine killed one-quarter of the population between 1933 and 1936.

Question 46

Which of the following is an accurate statement about Japan during the early decades of the twentieth century?

A)It practiced Shidehara diplomacy during the 1920s.
B)Its society was totally egalitarian in structure.
C)Its industrial capacity stagnated and then declined.
D)Its workforce was content with its working conditions.
E)Its farming population was economically affluent, and all farmers owned their land.

Question 47

Governments in Latin America after 1920

A)were, although republican in structure, usually royalist in fact, and socialist in economic policies.
B)were peasant-controlled in Mexico and Brazil and dominated by socialists in Chile and Argentina.
C)became, as a whole, more openly democratic.
D)differed widely in policies, as Argentina's move toward middle-class representation faded with the accession of Juan Perón, while Mexican peasants gained from land reform under Cárdenas.
E)were all authoritarian dictatorships.

Question 48

Which of the following was NOT one of the demands of the early Indian National Congress?​

A)​Immediate independence
B)​Participation in Indian governance.
C)​More spending on economic development.
D)​Less spending on military campaigns along the frontiers.
E)Acceptance of the end of child marriage and the ​sati​.​

Question 49

Lenin's second phase of revolution among imperialized nations called for ​(a)

A)​national democratic stage
B)​implementation of a temporary phase of capitalism like NEP.
C)​nationalization of all core industries
D)​proletarian socialist stage.
E)​primitive capitalist accumulation.

Question 50

By the 1920s, the United States

A)had conducted no acts of military intervention in Latin America until after World War I.
B)was the major source of outside investment capital for Latin America since the 1820s.
C)was seen as an imperialist power by many Latin Americans, particularly because of the activities of the United Fruit Company in Central America.
D)had begun the "Good Neighbor" policy during World War I to reinforce its policy of "leading" Latin Americans toward "good business" and "good government."
E)turned its back entirely on Latin America, pursuing an Asian-directed policy instead.

Question 51

One of Gandhi's greatest concerns in India was ​the

A)​lack of tolerance of Indian culture by British administrators.
B)​insistence on cultural supremacy of British traditions over Indian.
C)​plight of the untouchables, or harijans
D)​lack of rights for women in public.
E)​inferior education available to the Indian public.

Question 52

The largest impediment to establishing Marxism in Asia and Africa was ​

A)​lack of Christianization to argue against
B)​a traditionally egalitarian society
C)​economies based predominantly in agriculture without an industrial revolution.
D)​the presence of long-term royal dynasties.
E)​populations without a significant form of media coverage to spread Marxist ideas.

Question 53

During the Great Depression,

A)Latin American economies boomed, in contrast to those of the United States and Europe.
B)Latin America developed a mature regional economy, which exported large quantities of manufactured goods and imported most of its foodstuffs and raw materials.
C)revolutions occurred all over Latin America.
D)the pineapple industry finally became highly profitable as world demand for fruits rose.
E)exports from Latin America dropped to about half those of the late 1920s.

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT true about women's participation in Indian reforms?​

A)​They represented almost 10% of the people arrested and jailed for participating in protest movements.
B)​They demanded overthrow of the anti-sati law.
C)​They promoted the spinning and wearing of homemade cloth.
D)​They helped gain passage of the Sarda Act of 1929.
E)​They formed associations for reforms including birth control and better education.

Question 55

The major impetus for reform in the Middle East was ​

A)​the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
B)​desire to achieve peaceful coexistence of different religious groups.
C)​how to jump-start economic reforms in a former "gunpowder" empire.
D)​overcoming the stigma of having sided with the Germans in World War I.
E)​achieving parity for all nationalities within the former Ottoman Empire.

Question 56

In 1919, the nationalist Kita Ikki demanded that Japan

A)leave the League of Nations.
B)develop a unique form of democracy, based upon the eta.
C)establish its "own road to socialism."
D)bring back the shogunate government.
E)establish a system much like the future National Socialism of Germany.

Question 57

The United States firm that dominated the economies and governments in most Central American countries in the early 1900s was

A)Kennecott Copper.
B)the United Fruit Company.
C)General Mills.
D)the Dole Corporation.
E)Archer Daniels Midland.

Question 58

One of the greater difficulties the INC had was in ​

A)​reconciling religious differences.
B)​establishing a leader who was acceptable to the diverse social hierarchy of India.
C)​gaining a consensus on a nationalist agenda.
D)​convincing the larger population that British presence was detrimental.
E)​avoiding harassment and arrest by the British.

Question 59

Gandhi established a movement in India based on non-violent resistance called​

A)​passivism.
B)​satyagraha
C)​narodnost
D)​ahimsa
E)​zardoz

Question 60

The major exports produced by Latin America included

A)tea and ginseng from Venezuela.
B)bananas and cinchona from Brazil.
C)fish and oil from Chile.
D)beef and wheat from Argentina.
E)hemp and bananas from Bolivia.

Question 61

Identify the following terms.
Muslim League

Question 62

Identify the following terms.
Reza Khan

Question 63

Identify the following terms.
Iran's Qajar and Pahlevi dynasties

Question 64

Identify the following terms.
Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 65

Identify the following terms.
Government of India Act

Question 66

Identify the following terms.
Republic of Turkey

Question 67

Early Marxists in the non-Western world were often​

A)​rootless intellectuals
B)​devout nationalists
C)​dedicated religious leaders.
D)​bourgeoisie and middle class.
E)​minorities in a polycultural society.

Question 68

Identify the following terms.
Mustafa Kemal/Atatürk

Question 69

Identify the following terms.
Sarda Act and marriage

Question 70

Identify the following terms.
Gandhi's salt march

Question 71

Identify the following terms.
T.E. Lawrence

Question 72

Identify the following terms.
Indian National Congress (INC)

Question 73

At start of the twentieth century, which of the following Latin American areas was NOT a colonial holding?​

A)​Aruba.
B)​British Guiana
C)​British Honduras
D)​Dutch Guiana
E)​Panama

Question 74

Identify the following terms.
Burma's Thakin and the Dutch East Indies' Sarekat Islam

Question 75

Identify the following terms.
satyagraha

Question 76

Identify the following terms.
Pakistan, "The Land of the Pure"

Question 77

Identify the following terms.
Young Turks

Question 78

Identify the following terms.
Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi

Question 79

Identify the following terms.
the Amritsar massacre

Question 80

Mao Zedong, unlike most members of the CCP, felt that ​

A)​the Chinese revolution must be based in the impoverished peasants in the countryside, rather than urban workers.
B)​Marxism could not work within an agricultural setting.
C)​an alliance with the Nationalist Party doomed them to failure.
D)​China should form a military alliance with Russia to expel Japanese influence in China.
E)​China should focus on spreading Communism throughout SE Asia, not just within China.