Deck 7: Governmental Influence on Trade

Question 1

Imports can stimulate exports by ________.

A)redistributing the work force
B)curtailing domestic competition
C)generating more tax revenue
D)increasing foreign income

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What is the most likely reason that consumers rarely protest import restrictions that raise the prices they pay for a specific product?

A)They reason that if the import restrictions are removed, the foreign producers will raise their prices to those of the domestic producers anyway.
B)Many countries prohibit consumers to band together to influence political actions.
C)Typically, although the added costs to consumers for a given product are high in aggregate, they are fairly trivial for most individual consumers.
D)They reason that if they do something to hurt domestic employment for one product, the displaced workers will then do something that will hurt their own employment.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What is the difference between import substitution policies and export-led development policies? What are the potential effects of each?

Answer 3

Developing countries promote industrialization by restricting imports in order to encourage local production for local consumption goods which they formerly imported.This is known as import substitution.If the protected industries do not become efficient, consumers may have to support them by paying higher prices or higher taxes.In contrast to import substitution, some countries have achieved rapid economic growth by promoting export industries, an approach known as export-led development.These countries try to develop industries for which export markets should logically exist.Industrialization may result initially in import substitution, yet export-led development of the same products may be feasible later.

Question 4

Assume a government places restrictions on a specific product from a specific foreign country.What would be the government's most likely concern about the foreign country's response?

A)the foreign producers raising the prices of their exports
B)the foreign country restricting its own imports
C)the foreign country restricting its exports in that industry
D)the foreign producers seeking other markets

Question 5

Unemployed workers are most apt to form a pressure group to support ________.

A)export restrictions
B)import restrictions
C)price limitations
D)import subsidies

Question 6

Successful trade retaliation is most likely achieved ________.

A)on agricultural products
B)on manufactured products
C)by a large trading country
D)by a small trading country

Question 7

Why should managers have an understanding of trade protectionism?

A)Trade protectionism targets factor endowments, thus affecting the best country to locate production.
B)Trade protectionism affects a company's ability to sell abroad and ability to compete at home.
C)Trade protectionism affects the number of people permitted to practice a specific profession.
D)Trade protectionism prevents companies' enactment of merger and acquisition agreements.

Question 8

Which of the following statements most likely undermines the infant-industry argument?

A)Total unit costs decrease through economies of scale.
B)High tariffs to prevent foreign competition increase government revenues in the protected country.
C)Domestic entrepreneurs need assistance to compete in industries with high entry barriers.
D)Experience of operating over time triggers higher productivity and global competitiveness.

Question 9

Explain the rationale for and problems with making the infant-industry argument work as intended.

Question 10

What are common reasons that governments enact export restrictions? What are the possible negative consequences of such restrictions?

Question 11

In most cases, trade protectionism makes it easier for a company to buy what it needs and to sell products in global markets.

Question 12

The argument for using protectionism to bring about industrialization in developing countries presumes that gains will occur because the industry will become internationally competitive.

Question 13

All of the following are generally true about trade-displaced workers EXCEPT that they ________.

A)move abroad to take new jobs
B)earn less in their new jobs than they earned in their old ones
C)spend their unemployment benefits on living rather than retraining
D)have difficulty finding new work because of educational deficiencies

Question 14

The rationale for the infant-industry argument for trade protection is that ________.

A)incubator centers in which business, government, and academia cooperate will develop entrepreneurial companies
B)a country should give one firm in an industry a monopoly status so that it will grow large enough to be competitive internationally
C)it takes time for an industry to become competitive in world markets, so protection is needed to help this industry pass through the critical period
D)lower restrictions should be placed on products coming from countries where a government has a large sphere of political influence

Question 15

The term protectionism, when applied to international trade, refers to governmental restrictions and incentives to affect trade flows.

Question 16

The term protectionism, when applied to international trade, refers to ________.

A)governmental restrictions and competitive support actions to affect trade flows
B)payments to dock workers to prevent pilferage of imported shipments
C)border checks to prevent entry of illegal aliens
D)methods used to prevent intellectual property theft

Question 17

Many companies and industries argue that they should have the same access to foreign markets as foreign industries and companies have to their markets.In a short essay, discuss this issue of "comparable access," or "fairness."

Question 18

Assume a government is considering import restrictions on sugar because sugar imports are hurting the domestic industry.Which of the following groups is LEAST likely to speak out on the subject?

A)politicians in areas that grow sugar
B)employees of sugar companies
C)sugar company owners
D)sugar consumers

Question 19

Managers should understand the effect of trade protectionism because ________.

A)trade protectionism may limit the number of people permitted to practice a specific profession
B)trade protectionism requires the payment of high insurance rates to transport goods internationally
C)trade protectionism may prevent companies' enactment of merger and acquisition agreements
D)trade protectionism may make it difficult for a company to buy what it needs from foreign suppliers

Question 20

Protectionism will most likely affect which aspect of a company's operations?

A)selecting employees
B)investing short-term capital
C)acquiring foreign supplies
D)relocating personnel overseas

Question 21

There are several reasons for a company to sell products abroad at either below cost or below the price in the home country.Which of the following is one of these reasons?

A)encouraging foreign consumers to try new products
B)improving the exporting country's terms of trade
C)gaining imports that are sold below cost
D)following import substitution objectives

Question 22

Which of the following best explains why the experience of countries such as Taiwan and South Korea are used to support export-led development policies?

A)their low inflation
B)their increased FDI
C)their industry diversity
D)their rapid economic growth

Question 23

Terms of trade refers to ________.

A)the quantity of imports that a given quantity of a country's exports can buy
B)specific requirements placed on imports and exports at the port of entry or exit
C)requirements agreed upon by two countries to regulate bilateral trade
D)an account statement showing a country's annual imports and exports

Question 24

Export restrictions have a tendency to ________.

A)favor domestic consumers
B)protect employment in the export-restricted industries
C)lower prices in foreign markets
D)encourage the development of substitutes in the restricting country

Question 25

Country X wants to eliminate its balance of trade deficit while simultaneously keeping prices low for imported essentials.Which of the following methods would most likely achieve these dual objectives?

A)devaluing its currency
B)enacting selective import restrictions
C)using tight monetary policies to deflate price levels
D)spurring productivity increases through general tax breaks for industry

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a potential problem of using export controls?

A)There is an incentive for other countries to develop production of their own.
B)Domestic producers may have less incentive to increase output.
C)Prices go up in the country imposing the controls.
D)There is more incentive for smuggling.

Question 27

The industrialization argument for trade protection in developing countries is based on the assumption that ________.

A)the protected industry will become competitive over time with economies of scale
B)unemployment and underemployment exist in rural areas, so little agricultural output is lost as people move into industrial jobs
C)subsidizing production is a better means of protection than limiting imports
D)it is better to depend on buying agricultural surpluses from developed countries than to produce these agricultural goods

Question 28

Export-led development refers to ________.

A)a country's efforts to promote its exports in order to reduce its trade deficits
B)a policy to promote domestic production of goods that would otherwise be imported
C)a program to promote industries with export potential
D)decreases in infrastructure development due to the loss of revenue from export tariffs

Question 29

Which of the following is a problem with the infant-industry argument for protection?

A)Most developed countries increasingly have a larger portion of retirees than youth.
B)Consumer groups become very active in protesting the higher prices that result during infancy.
C)Other countries retaliate by limiting exports of technology needed by the infant industry producers.
D)If the industry does not lower costs sufficiently to be competitive, it becomes a formidable pressure group for continued protection.

Question 30

Countries sometimes fear that foreign producers are pricing their exports artificially low.This fear is most likely based on the assumption that ________.

A)foreign companies will lack the earnings to repay their foreign debt
B)insufficient earnings will be available to improve product technology
C)foreign producers will charge exorbitant prices after putting competitors out of business
D)developing countries will be unable to maintain critical industries needed in times of war

Question 31

All of the following are reasons a country might institute import restrictions to improve its balance of trade position with other countries EXCEPT to ________.

A)maintain essential industries
B)reduce imports and encourage exports
C)get comparable access for its companies
D)bargain away restrictions by other countries

Question 32

Which term refers to restricting imports in order to boost domestic production and consumption of goods that would otherwise be imported?

A)import substitution
B)terms-of-trade
C)most-favored nation
D)in-sourcing

Question 33

Countries most likely establish export restrictions to ________.

A)ensure their population obtains the goods first
B)raise prices in foreign markets
C)encourage substitute products
D)reduce domestic production

Question 34

Unlike the infant-industry argument, the industrialization argument for trade protection ________.

A)requires independence from other countries
B)stresses labor-intensive production methods despite high costs
C)emphasizes use of locally available raw materials for manufacturing inputs
D)presumes that economic growth will occur even if domestic manufactured prices are not globally competitive

Question 35

Country X is withholding goods from international markets in an attempt to raise prices abroad.Such actions will be most effective for Country X if the nation ________.

A)supports the development of substitutions
B)provides domestic industries with tax breaks
C)receives low-interest loans from foreign banks
D)holds a monopoly on the product or resource

Question 36

Developing countries have sometimes adopted policies to shift people out of agriculture and into industry by protecting manufactured production.One of the problems they have encountered is that ________.

A)people have been too reluctant to leave rural areas to go to the cities
B)food shortages have increased in rural areas because of worker shortages
C)demand for social and political services has increased excessively in the cities
D)developed countries have retaliated with protection of products from the developing countries

Question 37

The relationship between import substitution policies and export-led development policies is best characterized by which of the following?

A)Import-substitution policies are more likely to lead to production of mature products, whereas export-led development policies result in production of growth products.
B)The two are hard to distinguish because production under import substitution may eventually be exported.
C)Production under import substitution policies, as opposed to export-led development policies, is more likely to be located in urban areas.
D)Production under import substitution policies, as opposed to export-led development policies, is likely to be more labor-intensive.

Question 38

A problem that can arise in using trade protectionism to develop international competitiveness for a domestic industry is that ________.

A)it is difficult to identify industries that have a high probability of reaching competitiveness
B)assistance should be given only if entry barriers to new firms are very low
C)the protecting countries lose too much revenue from import duties
D)a short product life cycle makes the industry quickly noncompetitive

Question 39

Exporting below cost or below the home country price is called ________.

A)countertrade
B)an export-led development policy
C)a strategic trade policy
D)dumping

Question 40

Advocates of the comparable access argument for trade protection primarily assert that domestic industries ________.

A)will deteriorate in countries that have lower import restrictions than their trading partners
B)should be required to implement export-led development policies on foreign competitors
C)are entitled to the same access to foreign markets as foreign industries have to their markets
D)are forced to lower prices for domestic consumers because of foreign import restrictions

Question 41

Export controls are highly effective for digital products, such as computers, TVs, and cameras.

Question 42

Home-country consumers are typically active in preventing their domestic companies from dumping products into foreign markets.

Question 43

The countries most likely to be successful at using trade retaliation are large trading countries.

Question 44

An argument against limiting exports to unfriendly countries is that ________.

A)the costs of the sanctions are borne by innocent people rather than by leaders
B)markets cannot be regained after the countries become friendly
C)one country's essential product is superfluous to another
D)the exporting nation's cultural identity is harmed

Question 45

A possible drawback to the essential industry argument for import protectionism is ________.

A)that such protection hurts the protecting country's balance of payments
B)in times of military emergency, almost any product could be considered essential
C)other countries find supplies elsewhere
D)unemployment increases in the protecting country

Question 46

It is sometimes contended that by imposing import controls a country might be able to increase its exports.This contention is premised on ________.

A)the country's simultaneous currency depreciation, which decreases the price of its exports
B)using the import taxes to institute efficiency measures in potential export industries
C)raising domestic prices in one industry so that the excess domestic profits in that industry can compensate for the cost of dumping products from another industry into foreign markets
D)getting other countries to maintain or relax their current import restrictions instead of escalating restrictions in a trade war

Question 47

Import substitution is a program promoting local production of products that would otherwise be imported.

Question 48

On average, workers displaced by imports earn higher wages in the new jobs they accept.

Question 49

The U.S.catfish industry petitioned the U.S.government for increased taxes on imported Vietnamese fish, claiming that the fish were being sold below the cost of production.The U.S.catfish industry was accusing the Vietnamese fish industry of ________.

A)dumping
B)using an embargo
C)subsidizing
D)using offsets

Question 50

Countries typically establish export restrictions to encourage the development of substitute products.

Question 51

Infant-industry protection requires some segment of the economy to incur the higher costs when local production is inefficient.

Question 52

What is dumping? What are the possible effects of dumping on a country's economy?

Question 53

According to the optimum tariff theory, a foreign producer will most likely ________.

A)ship highly taxed goods internationally on a per-unit basis
B)lower its export prices if the importing country imposes an import tax on its products
C)assess a tax on goods shipped internationally based on a percentage of the goods' value
D)seek import tariffs by using the comparable access argument

Question 54

Helping a struggling domestic company through import restrictions frequently causes other countries to retaliate.

Question 55

Export-led development refers to the off-shoring of production.

Question 56

The comparable access argument for import restrictions is a more valid economic argument for products using small-scale technology than for products requiring substantial economies of scale to be competitive.

Question 57

The infant-industry argument for trade protection holds that an industry needs government protection from imports until it becomes competitive enough in world markets.

Question 58

What are the disadvantages of import restrictions in regards to creating domestic employment opportunities?

Question 59

The lowering of a foreign producer's price as a result of an imposed import tax is known as an optimum tariff.

Question 60

Defense arguments are sometimes used to prevent exports to unfriendly countries.This runs the risk of the targeted country ________.

A)becoming politically destabilized
B)removing import restrictions
C)finding alternative sources of supply
D)banding with other countries to form a cartel

Question 61

Briefly discuss the four noneconomic rationales for governmental intervention in the free movement of trade: maintaining essential industries, preventing shipments to unfriendly countries, maintaining or extending spheres of influence, and preserving national identity.

Question 62

Export prices of primary products fluctuate less than export prices of manufactured products.

Question 63

In most cases, which type of government protection assistance is most controversial?

A)business development services
B)foreign business contacts
C)trade expositions
D)tariffs

Question 64

A physician, who is a citizen of and licensed in Country A, meets the professional licensing requirements of Country B.The physician will most likely ________.

A)have to pass a language proficiency exam before being allowed to work in Country B
B)not be allowed to work in the not-for-profit sector in Country A or Country B for a set period
C)have to get a work permit from Country B's immigration authorities to work in Country B
D)have to work in the not-for-profit sector in Country B for a period of time before being permitted to work for a profit-seeking organization

Question 65

Tied aid requires a recipient to ________.

A)donate a portion of the funds to the donor country's infrastructure needs
B)use the capital in any way as long as donor country approval is granted
C)employ local workers in management positions
D)spend the funds in the donor country

Question 66

The essential-industry argument holds that industries with potential export capabilities should be protected.

Question 67

Why are offsets considered protectionist measures?

A)Exporters must often find markets for goods outside their lines of expertise.
B)Exports must be sold at a certain percentage price below the price of domestic producers.
C)Companies must submit samples to government authorities before receiving export permission.
D)Trading companies must incur additional inventory carrying charges and pay significantly higher tariffs.

Question 68

The most common type of tariff is the ________ tariff.

A)export
B)import
C)transit
D)ad valorem

Question 69

Import trade controls, but not export trade controls, can be used as a weapon of foreign policy.

Question 70

Which of the following hypothetical examples would be a restriction on the import of services?

A)The United States restricts foreign companies from carrying cargo between two U.S. cities.
B)Japan restricts North Koreans from visiting Tokyo Disneyland.
C)China does not allow the importation of rice from Thailand.
D)Canada does not allow Air Canada to buy Brazilian aircraft.

Question 71

Most countries have agreed on how to assess values when their customs agents levy tariffs.Which of the following best expresses this agreement?

A)They should use the value of similar goods arriving at about the same time.
B)They should use the declared invoice price unless they doubt its authenticity.
C)They should assess a value based on local costs to produce a similar product.
D)They should assess a value based on the expected final consumer sales price.

Question 72

A voluntary export restriction (VER)refers to ________.

A)an agreement between two countries to reciprocally restrict exports to one another
B)requests by governments for companies to limit exports of militarily useful technology
C)limiting companies' exports to increase domestic supplies
D)limits placed on exports by a government of an exporting country at the request of the government of an importing country

Question 73

The most common type of tariff is the export tariff.

Question 74

What is the main motive for countries' protection of their film/cinema industries?

A)to keep prices low for their citizens
B)to improve their balance of payments
C)to diversify their economies
D)to preserve their national culture

Question 75

In addition to protection, tariffs serve to ________.

A)generate revenue
B)subsidize exports
C)subsidize imports
D)increase consumption

Question 76

What is the primary difficulty associated with dismantling developed countries' agricultural subsidies?

A)Rural areas in the United States, the European Union, and Japan are disproportionately represented in their governments.
B)Developing countries put pressure on developed countries to maintain the subsidies so that they receive food products at a lower price.
C)The subsidies are used to counter the commodity agreements set up mainly by developing countries.
D)The subsidies are at the consumer, rather than producer, level, and everyone benefits from the lower prices.

Question 77

An import license is ________.

A)an agreement whereby one country gives another country permission to use a patent that a company has registered there
B)a requirement that exporters take merchandise in lieu of money as payment for their sales
C)a requirement that permission be secured from governmental authorities before importation can be undertaken
D)a government prohibition of imports from a specific country

Question 78

Which term refers to a tariff or duty assessed as a percentage of an item's value?

A)specific duty
B)effective tariff
C)ad valorem duty
D)compound tariff

Question 79

In international trade, what is a quota?

A)a guarantee by one country to buy some minimum amount from another
B)a quantitative limit on the amount of a product that can be imported or exported
C)a countertrade arrangement that establishes the value of imports and exports
D)a bilateral agreement calling for mutual access to markets

Question 80

The U.S.catfish industry successfully petitioned the U.S.government to require that catfish varieties imported from Vietnam be labeled as "tra," "basa," or "pangasius." This is an example of which of the following?

A)an embargo
B)a tariff
C)a nontariff barrier
D)a direct price influence