Deck 18: Development Throughout Life

Question 1

Which of the following maintains the corpus luteum and stimulates it to continue to produce the hormone progesterone?

A)human chorionic gonadotropin
B)progesterone
C)estrogen
D)testosterone

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The pre-embryo becomes a hollow ball of cells with a fluid-filled cavity by about day 6 of development.This stage is called a ________.

A)blastocoel
B)morula
C)blastula
D)blastocyst

Answer 2

D

Question 3

When two secondary oocytes are released from the ovaries and are fertilized by different sperm cells,it is called ________.

A)fraternal twins
B)identical twins
C)conjoined twins
D)clones

Answer 3

A

Question 4

During the pre-embryonic period a single sperm passes through the zona pellucida.In the vast majority of cases,where does this process occur?

A)in the uterus
B)in the ovary
C)in the oviduct
D)in the placenta

Question 5

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during pre-embryonic development?

A)morula → cleavage → implantation → blastocyst
B)implantation → cleavage → morula → blastocyst
C)cleavage → morula → blastocyst → implantation
D)cleavage → blastocyst → morula → implantation

Question 6

Carla is taking a home pregnancy test to find out if she is pregnant.If this test comes back positive,which hormone has it detected in Carla's urine?

A)estrogen
B)relaxin
C)progesterone
D)human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Question 7

In ectopic pregnancy the vast majority of implantations occur in the ________.

A)oviduct
B)uterus
C)vagina
D)ovary

Question 8

The development of organ systems in the embryo is prioritized based on when the system is needed.One of the first organ systems to develop in the embryo is the ________ system,while one of the last systems to develop is the ________ system.

A)nervous; circulatory
B)digestive; reproductive
C)nervous; respiratory
D)excretory; respiratory

Question 9

Normally,fertilization occurs in the ________ and implantation occurs in the ________.

A)vagina; uterus
B)uterus; ovary
C)fallopian tube (oviduct); uterus
D)ovary; fallopian tube (oviduct)

Question 10

Which cells migrate to the gonads,where they differentiate into immature cells that will eventually become sperm or oocytes?

A)primordial germ cells
B)embryonic disk
C)allantois
D)yolk sac

Question 11

The union of the sperm and the egg that results in a cell with 46 chromosomes is called a(n)________.

A)embryo
B)zygote
C)fetus
D)trophoblast

Question 12

Which of the following is a germ layer that forms the lining of the urinary,respiratory,and digestive tracts?

A)ectoderm
B)endoderm
C)mesoderm
D)embryonic disk

Question 13

The process of morphogenesis in development begins ________ after fertilization.

A)12 weeks
B)immediately
C)3 weeks
D)20 weeks

Question 14

Primordial germ cells can be found in the ________.

A)yolk sac
B)chorion
C)allantois
D)placenta

Question 15

Which is the temporary vessel that shunts most blood past the fetal liver?

A)foramen ovale
B)ductus venosus
C)ductus arteriosus
D)aorta

Question 16

Heart cells in the embryo will be derived from which germ layer?

A)mesoderm
B)endoderm
C)ectoderm
D)none of the above

Question 17

Which of the following is false concerning fertilization?

A)Several sperm must contribute their DNA to the egg.
B)Enzymes are released from the acrosome of the sperm to penetrate the egg.
C)Most sperm die on their way to the egg.
D)The process can take hours to complete.

Question 18

In fetal circulation,most blood is shunted away from the lungs.Why is this the case?

A)The lungs have their own circulation.
B)The lungs don't need any blood.
C)The lungs do not form until right before birth.
D)The fetus receives oxygen at the placenta and the lungs are not yet fully functional.

Question 19

Environmental agents that disrupt development of the embryo or fetus are called ________.

A)vectors
B)cytokinins
C)teratogens
D)aldosterone

Question 20

Identical twins occur when ________.

A)two eggs are released and are fertilized by two different sperm
B)two eggs are released and are fertilized by the same sperm
C)one egg is released and is fertilized by one sperm, and the pre-embryo later splits into two
D)one egg is released and is fertilized by one sperm, and the fetus later splits into two

Question 21

The period that begins at week 9 of development is the ________.

Question 22

Developmental problems present at birth are known as ________.

A)birth defects
B)type 2 diabetes
C)teratogenic
D)gastrulation

Question 23

When your mother is mad at you she likes to remind you that she spent 48 hours in painful labor to bring you into the world! Specifically,she means that she spent a long time in the ________ stage of labor.

A)expulsion
B)dilation
C)third trimester
D)placental

Question 24

The ________ is an extraembryonic membrane that surrounds the embryo and serves to protect and cushion the embryo.

Question 25

The blastocyst attaches to the ________ about 6 days after fertilization and begins to digest its way inward.

Question 26

A baby is born with spina bifida,which is a neural tube defect.This problem most likely initiated at which time in development?

A)the pre-embryonic period
B)the embryonic period
C)early in the fetal period
D)late in the fetal period

Question 27

A male has a genetic disease coded for on his Y chromosome.Which parent passed on this trait?

A)the mom
B)the dad
C)either the mom or dad
D)neither parent: it is a spontaneous mutation

Question 28

A condition in which the placenta forms in the lower half of the uterus and covers the cervix,which may result in premature birth or maternal hemorrhage,is called ________.

A)cesarean section
B)neural tube
C)colostrum
D)placenta previa

Question 29

Why do harmful agents cause the most severe birth defects during the embryonic period?

A)This is a period of rapid differentiation when cells and tissues acquire specific functions, and organs form.
B)This is when substances pass most easily through the placenta.
C)The mother's hormones are at the highest levels at this time.
D)The embryo has not yet implanted into the uterus.

Question 30

Sometimes splitting of the pre-embryo is incomplete during the development of twins and ________ twins result.

Question 31

What is the term for when a baby is born buttocks first?

A)placental stage
B)labor
C)breech birth
D)blue baby

Question 32

A pregnant female is a week past her due date and her doctor decides to induce labor.Her physician will use pitocin,which is a synthetic form of which natural hormone?

A)estrogen
B)progesterone
C)oxytocin
D)prolactin

Question 33

Labor is directly triggered by the hormone ________ which also triggers ________ after birth.

A)estrogen; milk production
B)estrogen; milk ejection
C)oxytocin; milk ejection
D)oxytocin; milk production

Question 34

Once the fertilized ovum has divided into two cells it is called the ________.

Question 35

Which of the following is a neural tube defect that involves incomplete development of the brain and results in stillbirth or death shortly after birth?

A)spina bifida
B)neurulation
C)anencephaly
D)morphogenesis

Question 36

The ________ is a group of cells that will develop into the chorion.

Question 37

A(n)________ occurs when the blastocyst implants outside the uterus.

Question 38

About a day after fertilization,the zygote undergoes ________,which is a rapid series of cell divisions.

Question 39

The fetal period is characterized by ________.

A)the formation of organ systems
B)neurulation
C)germ layer formation
D)growth and preparation of fetal organ systems for their eventual functions

Question 40

________ is a type of neural tube defect in which part of the spinal cord develops abnormally,as does the adjacent area of the spine.

Question 41

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Ovulation
B)Cleavage
C)Implantation
D)Human chorionic gonadotropin
E)Chorion
F)Zygote
G)Parturition
H)Blastocyst
I)Fertilization
J)Placenta
K)Polyspermy
L)Morula
Another name for birth.

Question 42

Explain how a pregnancy tests works.Make sure to indicate the hormone that the test detects and what the role of that hormone is during early pregnancy.

Question 43

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Ovulation
B)Cleavage
C)Implantation
D)Human chorionic gonadotropin
E)Chorion
F)Zygote
G)Parturition
H)Blastocyst
I)Fertilization
J)Placenta
K)Polyspermy
L)Morula
A secondary oocyte is released from the ovary and travels down the oviduct.

Question 44

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Ovulation
B)Cleavage
C)Implantation
D)Human chorionic gonadotropin
E)Chorion
F)Zygote
G)Parturition
H)Blastocyst
I)Fertilization
J)Placenta
K)Polyspermy
L)Morula
The hormone secreted by the blastocyst that is found in the mother's urine and is the basis for most pregnancy tests.

Question 45

The ________ is a primary germ layer that gives rise to muscle,bone,connective tissue,and organs such as the heart,kidneys,ovaries,and testes.

Question 46

The ________ develops where the vertebral column will later form.

Question 47

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Ovulation
B)Cleavage
C)Implantation
D)Human chorionic gonadotropin
E)Chorion
F)Zygote
G)Parturition
H)Blastocyst
I)Fertilization
J)Placenta
K)Polyspermy
L)Morula
An abnormal condition in which more than one sperm fertilizes the egg.

Question 48

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Ovulation
B)Cleavage
C)Implantation
D)Human chorionic gonadotropin
E)Chorion
F)Zygote
G)Parturition
H)Blastocyst
I)Fertilization
J)Placenta
K)Polyspermy
L)Morula
The fertilized ovum that contains genetic material from both parents for a total of 46 chromosomes.

Question 49

________ are blocks of mesoderm that eventually form skeletal muscles of the neck and trunk,connective tissue,and vertebrae.

Question 50

A significant percentage of pre-embryos fail to continue their development or to implant in the uterus.Explain what may happen to prevent development from continuing.

Question 51

What physiological processes are involved in lactation?

Question 52

________ is the primary germ layer that forms the nervous system and the outer layer of skin and its derivatives such as hair,nails,oil glands,sweat glands,and mammary glands.

Question 53

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Ovulation
B)Cleavage
C)Implantation
D)Human chorionic gonadotropin
E)Chorion
F)Zygote
G)Parturition
H)Blastocyst
I)Fertilization
J)Placenta
K)Polyspermy
L)Morula
Increases its size after it frees itself from the zona pellucida.

Question 54

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Ovulation
B)Cleavage
C)Implantation
D)Human chorionic gonadotropin
E)Chorion
F)Zygote
G)Parturition
H)Blastocyst
I)Fertilization
J)Placenta
K)Polyspermy
L)Morula
Orchestrates all interactions between the mother and the embryo and later fetus.

Question 55

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Ovulation
B)Cleavage
C)Implantation
D)Human chorionic gonadotropin
E)Chorion
F)Zygote
G)Parturition
H)Blastocyst
I)Fertilization
J)Placenta
K)Polyspermy
L)Morula
The extraembryonic membrane that contributes to the formation of the placenta.

Question 56

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Ovulation
B)Cleavage
C)Implantation
D)Human chorionic gonadotropin
E)Chorion
F)Zygote
G)Parturition
H)Blastocyst
I)Fertilization
J)Placenta
K)Polyspermy
L)Morula
Process by which the blastocyst attaches to the uterine lining and begins to digest its way inward.

Question 57

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Ovulation
B)Cleavage
C)Implantation
D)Human chorionic gonadotropin
E)Chorion
F)Zygote
G)Parturition
H)Blastocyst
I)Fertilization
J)Placenta
K)Polyspermy
L)Morula
Process during which a single sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte,which will eventually result in the fusion of the egg and sperm nuclei and the development of a zygote.

Question 58

The ________ is the organ that delivers oxygen and nutrients and removes carbon dioxide and wastes for the embryo and later fetus.

Question 59

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Ovulation
B)Cleavage
C)Implantation
D)Human chorionic gonadotropin
E)Chorion
F)Zygote
G)Parturition
H)Blastocyst
I)Fertilization
J)Placenta
K)Polyspermy
L)Morula
During cleavage,the stage at which the pre-embryo becomes a solid ball with more than 12 cells.

Question 60

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Ovulation
B)Cleavage
C)Implantation
D)Human chorionic gonadotropin
E)Chorion
F)Zygote
G)Parturition
H)Blastocyst
I)Fertilization
J)Placenta
K)Polyspermy
L)Morula
The rapid mitotic division of the zygote as it moves along the oviduct on its way to the uterus,becoming a pre-embryo.

Question 61

What are some of the possible factors associated with aging?

Question 62

Several types of untreated sexually transmitted diseases can lead to scarring in the oviducts of the female.This can potentially lead to infertility because the sperm cannot get to the egg that has been released.What options might a female in this situation have if she wanted to conceive?

Question 63

Certain medications that have major medical benefits can have tragic consequences when taken by a pregnant woman; for example,the drug thalidomide and the acne drug Acutane,which are both available only by prescription in this country.When a drug such as Acutane is prescribed to a female,she is also educated on the risks of becoming pregnant while on the drug and is prescribed a method of hormonal birth control to ensure that pregnancy does not occur.Suppose a woman taking this drug did manage to become pregnant.How much responsibility should be with the drug makers and physician who prescribed the medication? Should these drugs be available at all?

Question 64

Both the nucleus in the head of the sperm and the mitochondria in the midpiece of the sperm include genetic information (DNA)about the father.The offspring,however,only contains nuclear DNA from the father but both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA from the mother.Why does the newborn lack the father's mitochondrial DNA?

Question 65

Compare and contrast breast-feeding with bottle-feeding infants.

Question 66

How does the nervous system change with aging?

Question 67

It is possible for an individual to be genotypically one gender but phenotypically the opposite gender.Suppose an individual is genotypically male (XY)but has developed as a female.Explain what has happened and when it might have happened.

Question 68

Suppose someone told you that the activities of a pregnant female have no effect on the embryo during early embryonic development because the placenta is not fully formed until later.How would you respond to this statement?