Deck 2: Clinical Psychologys Past and Present

Question 1

The earliest reception for the new clinical psychology

A) was overwhelmingly positive.
B) was mostly positive, especially by those involved in research.
C) foreshadowed future issues between the "psychology as a science" and "psychology as an applied profession" divisions of the new field.
D) none of the above

Answer 1

foreshadowed future issues between the "psychology as a science" and "psychology as an applied profession" divisions of the new field.

Question 2

Early psychologists were characterized by their determination to study human behavior based on the two scientific principles of observation and experimentation.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

As behavioral therapists accepted the importance of human cognitive processes in determining behavior and reactions

A) behavioral and cognitive therapies became much more distinct.
B) the traditional differences between the two approaches evaporated and were replaced by new, stronger theoretical differences.
C) cognitive and behavioral therapies began to merge and become an integrated approach.
D) none of the above, most behavior therapists still do not acknowledge the importance of cognitions.

Answer 3

none of the above, most behavior therapists still do not acknowledge the importance of cognitions.

Question 4

Hippocrates legitimized the involvement of the medical profession in the treatment of mental illness with his early theories of bodily humors or fluids.

Question 5

The book's authors point out that one reason clinical approaches tend to be self-contained, and even myopic, is that

A) clinicians need to have only one focus because there is so much to pay attention to.
B) as new models emerge, they often define themselves as distinct from older models.
C) it is essential to narrow the vast range of variables one pays attention to in order to provide the best service to clients.
D) all of the above

Question 6

When did clinical psychology emerge as a distinct discipline?

A) in the late 1800s
B) in the early twentieth century
C) in the mid- to late-1900s
D) just before WWII

Question 7

One significant reason that clinical psychologists are becoming increasingly interested in the biological causes of mental disorders is

A) a belief that all clinical psychologists should have prescription-writing privileges.
B) An understanding that biological factors can often be modified by psychological interventions.
C) A reduced belief in the validity of the diathesis-stress model.
D) all of the above

Question 8

The philosophical position which states that behavior is determined by the perception of experience rather than the experience directly is

A) humanistic psychology.
B) phenomenology.
C) self-actualization.
D) Gestalt psychology.

Question 9

Psychological intelligence testing and personality testing developed at about the same time.

Question 10

The theorist who emphasized the quality of the client-therapist relationship and considered it to be based on empathic listening was

A) Carl Rogers.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Alfred Binet.
D) James Cattell.

Question 11

Carl Rogers developed a humanistic therapy he termed

A) self-actualizing psychology.
B) Gestalt psychotherapy.
C) client-centered psychotherapy.
D) the actualizing tendency.

Question 12

By the advent of WWII, there were nearly 200 tests of mental abilities in existence.

Question 13

During the first half of the 20th century, what activity came to characterize applied psychology more than any other?

A) intelligence testing
B) vision, hearing, and other sensory acuity testing
C) personality testing
D) psychoanalytic treatment

Question 14

The theory that assumed that each area of the brain is associated with a different faculty, and that the shape of the skull reflects the relative strengths of those areas is called

A) the "personal equation."
B) phrenology.
C) psychodynamic diagnosis.
D) mesmerism.

Question 15

The approach to treatment that emphasizes personal constructs and attributions and appraisals as important determinants of human behavior is

A) behavior therapy.
B) Gestalt therapy.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) psychodynamic therapy.

Question 16

Binet's tests measured _______________, while the earlier tests of Witmer measured_________.

A) intelligence; personality
B) complex mental processes; fixed mental structures
C) skills; abilities
D) personality; fixed mental processes

Question 17

The behavioral approach led to

A) treatments for sexual disorders, substance abuse, and anxiety in the 1920s and 1930s.
B) the development of experimental neuroses.
C) a move away from evaluating treatment effectiveness.
D) a belief that psychological problems were biological, rather than learned.

Question 18

Alfred Binet's French psychology laboratory was largely focused on

A) mental measurement.
B) psychotherapy.
C) diagnosis of mental illness.
D) all of the above

Question 19

Wilhem Wundt is considered the founder of psychology because

A) the opening of his laboratory clearly proclaimed psychology as a science.
B) he was the only person at the time working on problems that were clearly psychological.
C) he was the first person to apply empirical methods to psychological processes.
D) all of the choices are correct

Question 20

The awareness that mental illnesses could be caused by medical conditions was supported by the finding that general paresis, which led to insanity, was caused by syphilis.

Question 21

Discuss how the American military played pivotal roles in the development of clinical psychology.

Question 22

Carl Rogers believed that diagnostic shrewdness was an essential component of effectively working with clients.

Question 23

Clinical work with married couples originally focused mostly on practical aspects of marriage, such as sexuality and parenting.

Question 24

Witmer was particularly supportive of the movement toward psychologists treating adult mentally ill individuals.

Question 25

In the 1940s and 1950s, the APA did little to clarify or define the specialty of clinical psychology.

Question 26

How did the psychometric tradition influence the development of clinical psychology?

Question 27

There may be problems with psychologists taking specific approaches and maintaining a variety of theoretical orientations.How can these be mitigated?

Question 28

Discuss the ways in which cognitive therapies share features of psychodynamic, humanistic, and behavioral approaches.

Question 29

Discuss the four reasons why Witmer's new "brand" of psychology was not well-received when he first presented it in 1896 at the APA meeting.

Question 30

Ellis advocated direct communication and persuasion to encourage clients to change while Freud encouraged therapists to rely on interpretation to effect therapeutic change.