Deck 4: Sensation and Perception

Question 1

Psychologists refer to one's awareness of oneself, one's thoughts, and the environment as:

A)perception.
B)intelligence.
C)cognition.
D)consciousness.

Answer 1

consciousness.

Question 2

Which of these early psychologists believed that psychology should study observable behavior, not consciousness?

A)James
B)Wundt
C)Watson
D)Titchener

Answer 2

Watson

Question 3

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between automatic information processing and conscious information processing?

A)Automatic processing interferes with conscious information processing.
B)Automatic processing is a product of conscious information processing.
C)Automatic processing has little to do with conscious information processing.
D)Automatic processing enables conscious information processing.

Answer 3

Automatic processing enables conscious information processing.

Question 4

Which is NOT a barrier to the scientific study of consciousness?

A)Consciousness is inherently subjective.
B)Most psychologists no longer believe consciousness is a suitable subject of study.
C)Consciousness is always changing.
D)Sophisticated technology is needed to penetrate the brain basis of consciousness.

Question 5

Think back through psychology's history. Which statement is True?

A)Consciousness is currently an important focus in psychology, but that has not always been the case.
B)Consciousness has always been a key focus of study in psychology.
C)Consciousness has become an important topic in psychology only very recently.
D)Consciousness was a central focus in the field only very early on in psychology's history.

Question 6

The contemporary field of _____ is devoted to the scientific study of conscious experience.

A)clinical psychology
B)human factors
C)cognitive psychology
D)structuralism

Question 7

_____ refers to information processing with little or no conscious effort.

A)Inattentional blindness
B)Selective attention
C)Automatic processing
D)Sensory adaptation

Question 8

Which of these pioneering psychologists viewed the study of consciousness as central to psychology?

A)Skinner
B)James
C)Watson
D)All of these psychologists emphasized consciousness.

Question 9

Summer cannot remember locking the back door on her way out this morning. "I'm sure I must have," she reassures herself. This example BEST illustrates:

A)automatic processing.
B)inattentional blindness.
C)selective attention.
D)sensory adaptation.

Question 10

Automatic processing is defined as the:

A)tendency to become less aware over time of unchanging stimuli.
B)processing of information with little or no conscious effort.
C)ability to focus attention on a small segment of information.
D)failure to process objects one can clearly sense.

Question 11

Which perspective in psychology is probably LEAST sympathetic to the study of consciousness?

A)humanistic
B)evolutionary
C)behavioral
D)cognitive

Question 12

Which statement is MOST accurate with respect to the current study of consciousness in psychology?

A)Psychologists do not believe it is possible to study consciousness objectively.
B)Understanding conscious experience is now an important goal in psychology.
C)Psychologists have revived and refined introspection as a way to study consciousness.
D)Recent technological advances have failed to offer much insight into consciousness.

Question 13

Dr. Ferguson is investigating which smoke alarm tones are most likely to awaken older adults when they are sleeping. Dr. Ferguson is a(n) ____ psychologist.

A)human factors
B)information processing
C)biopsychosocial
D)clinical

Question 14

The term "consciousness" refers to:

A)the state of being awake.
B)one's awareness of oneself and the environment.
C)higher-level reasoning and problem solving.
D)the ability to respond to the environment.

Question 15

A group of early psychologists travels forward in time to this year's American Psychological Association conference. While Wundt and Titchener seek a way back to 1908, James and Watson discuss the conference's proceedings thus far. Which of the two would be MOST comfortable with the current study of consciousness in psychology?

A)James
B)Watson
C)Both would be quite unhappy with it.
D)Both would be comfortable with it.

Question 16

One's ability to read, understand, and-ideally-remember a textbook paragraph would be MOST interesting to a(n) _____ psychologist.

A)developmental
B)cognitive
C)social
D)clinical

Question 17

Chemically, medicines such as morphine and codeine are related to:

A)cocaine.
B)amphetamine.
C)opium.
D)caffeine.

Question 18

Desiree's literature professor remarks that James Joyce's Ulysses is known for its stream-of-consciousness narrative. She immediately recalls that the early psychologist ______ is associated with the term "stream of consciousness."

A)John Watson
B)Edward Titchener
C)Wilhelm Wundt
D)William James

Question 19

Ms. Reyes teaches a drama class for children and youth. She asks her pupils to lie on the floor with their eyes closed and to become aware of all the sensations they experience, from growls in their stomachs to the buzzing of the fluorescent lights. From a psychological standpoint, Ms. Reyes is trying to develop her students':

A)consciousness.
B)cognition.
C)motivation.
D)emotion.

Question 20

Which situation BEST illustrates automatic processing?

A)Gerri drives into a pole that seems to have appeared from nowhere.
B)Francisco ignores the sound of the television to focus on a telephone conversation.
C)Devin pours water into the coffee maker, forgetting that he added water just a second ago.
D)Ellie no longer smells the cat's litter box in her own apartment.

Question 21

While reading a friend's status update on a social networking site, Cory ignores the scrolling newsfeed and the changing advertisements on the right-hand side of the screen. Cory is demonstrating:

A)the cocktail party effect.
B)sensory adaptation.
C)selective attention.
D)inattentional blindness.

Question 22

In a classic demonstration of inattentional blindness, Neisser's participants counted passes while watching a basketball game video (Neisser, 1979). The researchers recorded whether participants noticed a woman's image superimposed on the video. In this study, the _____ variable is _____.

A)dependent; whether participants noticed the woman
B)control; whether participants noticed the woman
C)dependent; the number of passes counted
D)control; the number of passes counted

Question 23

Every 28 or 29 days, Danielle menstruates. Danielle's cycle exemplifies:

A)a biological rhythm.
B)a circadian rhythm.
C)both a circadian rhythm and a biological rhythm.
D)neither a circadian rhythm nor a biological rhythm.

Question 24

All else being equal, which individual is MOST likely to show enhanced selective attention?

A)Elsie, an older adult
B)Jerry, who is hearing a song for the first time
C)Alison, who is very happy
D)Rhiannon, a young woman

Question 25

Lance is engrossed in an intense conversation at a crowded art gallery opening. Suddenly, his attention is riveted by the mention of his name in a far corner of the room. Lance's experience demonstrates:

A)inattentional blindness.
B)the cocktail party effect.
C)sensory adaptation.
D)hypnagogic processing.

Question 26

Biological processes occurring on a cycle of approximately 24 hours are called:

A)biorhythms.
B)diurnal rhythms.
C)circadian rhythms.
D)cyclic rhythms.

Question 27

Concerning biological rhythms, which statement is True?

A)Biological rhythms are different and distinct from circadian rhythms.
B)A number of biological rhythms are also circadian rhythms.
C)Most biological rhythms are circadian rhythms.
D)All biological rhythms are circadian rhythms.

Question 28

The failure to become aware of stimuli one can clearly sense is called:

A)selective attention.
B)sensory adaptation.
C)inattentional blindness.
D)automatic processing.

Question 29

The ________ in the hypothalamus regulates the body's circadian rhythms.

A)suprachiasmatic nucleus
B)retinal ganglion
C)ventromedial
D)lateral geniculate

Question 30

The cocktail party effect is a phenomenon of:

A)memory.
B)sensation.
C)social networking.
D)attention.

Question 31

Which of these physiological cycles exemplifies a circadian rhythm?

A)body temperature variations
B)the sleep-wake cycle
C)Both of these are circadian rhythms.
D)Neither of these is a circadian rhythm.

Question 32

Inattentional blindness demonstrates that:

A)one is not always aware of the stimuli one processes.
B)stimuli that are sensed are not necessarily attended.
C)certain stimuli are almost always processed automatically.
D)awareness decreases when stimuli do not change.

Question 33

In Neisser's classic demonstration of inattentional blindness, just over _____% of participants failed to notice an image of a woman superimposed on a video of a basketball game.

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)40

Question 34

Regarding selective attention, which statement is True?

A)Unselected information is not processed.
B)Selective attention is better among older than among younger adults.
C)Stimuli that occur only once are more likely to be attended than repeated stimuli.
D)Positive emotions improve selective attention more than negative ones do.

Question 35

Circadian rhythms are regulated by:

A)the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
B)patterns of light and dark.
C)both the suprachiasmatic nucleus and patterns of light and dark.
D)neither the suprachiasmatic nucleus nor patterns of light and dark.

Question 36

Which process exemplifies a circadian rhythm?

A)the sleep-wake cycle
B)seasonal bird migration
C)the menstrual cycle
D)All of these are circadian rhythms.

Question 37

Which brain or body structure is correctly matched with its function?

A)pineal gland - secretes melatonin
B)suprachiasmatic nucleus - regulates alertness
C)retinal ganglion cells - regulate pineal gland
D)reticular formation - senses light

Question 38

Every morning, Janna almost falls asleep in the shower. Lamont is no good until he's had several cups of coffee, or until 11 A.M.-whichever comes later. Janna is probably a(n) _____. Lamont is probably a(n) _____.

A)lark; lark
B)lark; owl
C)owl; lark
D)owl; owl

Question 39

A narrow focus on specific stimuli is called:

A)sensory adaptation.
B)inattentional blindness.
C)automatic processing.
D)selective attention.

Question 40

The cocktail party effect BEST illustrates:

A)a hypnagogic hallucination.
B)sensory adaptation.
C)selective attention.
D)inattentional blindness.

Question 41

The greatest secretion of growth hormone occurs during _____ sleep.

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)REM
D)Stage 4

Question 42

Dreams are most often reported when sleepers wake from _____ sleep.

A)Stage 1
B)REM
C)slow-wave
D)non-REM

Question 43

According to the text, about 1 in _____ people are True "morning people." Another 1 in _____ people are True "night people."

A)5; 5
B)5; 4
C)4; 5
D)4; 4

Question 44

In general terms, how do brain waves change as a sleeper progresses from Stage 1 sleep to Stage 4 sleep?

A)Their frequency decreases and their amplitude increases.
B)Their frequency increases and their amplitude decreases.
C)Both their frequency and their amplitude decrease.
D)Both their frequency and their amplitude increase.

Question 45

José has trouble falling sleep. Even though he goes to bed at 11 each night, he's often still awake at 2 or 2:30 in the morning. José suffers from:

A)sleep apnea.
B)insomnia.
C)cataplexy.
D)narcolepsy.

Question 46

REM sleep is paradoxical because:

A)the brain is active, but the major skeletal muscles are paralyzed.
B)the skeletal muscles remain active, but the brain is inactive.
C)the brain is less active than it is during other sleep stages.
D)both the brain and the body are inactive.

Question 47

How long is a typical sleep cycle, in which a sleeper progresses through some or all of the sleep stages?

A)1 hour
B)90 minutes
C)2 hours
D)several hours

Question 48

Aria is deciphering a cryptic clue in a difficult crossword puzzle. An EEG of her brain would trace _____ waves.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)delta
D)theta

Question 49

Difficulty falling or staying asleep is referred to as:

A)cataplexy.
B)insomnia.
C)sleep apnea.
D)narcolepsy.

Question 50

Which correlation coefficient is a researcher MOST likely to find between the frequency of insomnia among shift workers and the workers' scores on a measure of depressive symptoms, where higher scores indicate more severe depression?

A)-.35
B).05
C).30
D).90

Question 51

As an individual passes from an awake, alert state to a relaxed, drowsy state, his or her brain waves change from _____ waves to _____ waves.

A)alpha; beta
B)alpha; theta
C)beta; alpha
D)beta; theta

Question 52

A manufacturing company installs bright lights in a plant in which many employees work the 11 P.M.-7 A.M. shift. The lights simulate morning sun, helping the suprachiasmatic nucleus to reduce the ____ gland's production of the sleep-inducing hormone _____.

A)pineal; leptin
B)pineal; melatonin
C)adrenal; leptin
D)adrenal; melatonin

Question 53

Brief periods of "spiky" brain wave patterns called sleep spindles are characteristic of ____ sleep.

A)REM
B)Stage 1
C)Stage 2
D)slow-wave

Question 54

Which choice correctly orders the different brain waves sleepers display as they pass from waking consciousness to Stage 1 sleep, and finally to Stage 3 sleep?

A)alpha, theta, beta, delta
B)alpha, beta, delta, theta
C)beta, theta, alpha, delta
D)beta, alpha, theta, delta

Question 55

Warren's eyes are moving rapidly behind the lids. His legs and arms are paralyzed. Warren is showing signs of:

A)sleep terrors.
B)sleep spindles.
C)REM sleep.
D)cataplexy.

Question 56

Together, Stage 3 sleep and Stage 4 sleep are called _____ sleep.

A)light
B)hypnagogic
C)deep
D)REM

Question 57

Bronwyn is a night auditor in a hotel. Most nights, she works from 11 P.M. to 7 A.M. Bronwyn is not alone: shift workers make up _____% of the American work force.

A)10
B)15
C)20
D)25

Question 58

Brody is just drifting off to sleep. An EEG would reveal that _____ waves have supplanted beta waves.

A)alpha
B)delta
C)sigma
D)theta

Question 59

Which stage of consciousness is correctly paired with its corresponding brain wave?

A)waking consciousness - theta waves
B)Stage 1 sleep - alpha waves
C)Stage 3 sleep - delta waves
D)Stage 4 sleep - beta waves

Question 60

The brain waves during REM sleep MOST closely resemble those seen during:

A)waking consciousness.
B)Stage 2 sleep.
C)Stage 3 sleep.
D)Stage 4 sleep.

Question 61

Which sleep disturbance is NOT correctly matched with a description?

A)sleep apnea - difficulty breathing during sleep
B)narcolepsy - sudden sleep during waking consciousness
C)insomnia - difficulty sleeping
D)REM sleep behavior disorder - sleepwalking

Question 62

Many times each night, Claire's airway closes and her breathing stops for 10 to 15 seconds. She wakes, gasping. Claire exhibits:

A)sleep spindles.
B)somnambulism.
C)narcolepsy.
D)sleep apnea.

Question 63

Sudden "sleep attacks" are characteristic of a sleep disorder called:

A)narcolepsy.
B)insomnia.
C)sleep terrors.
D)sleep apnea.

Question 64

On a typical weeknight, the average American sleeps:

A)fewer than 6 hours.
B)6-7 hours.
C)7-8 hours.
D)more than 8 hours.

Question 65

About 1 in _____ Americans gets fewer than 6 hours of sleep on a typical weeknight.

A)8
B)6
C)5
D)4

Question 66

Research has found an association between REM sleep behavior disorder and subsequent Parkinson's disease. This research is directed toward psychology's goal of:

A)description.
B)prediction.
C)explanation.
D)control.

Question 67

Of the non-REM sleep stages, Stage ___ is the longest.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 68

Following a sudden loss of muscle tone, Ward falls to the floor, as limp as cooked spaghetti. Ward is experiencing _____, a symptom of _____.

A)cataplexy; narcolepsy
B)narcolepsy; cataplexy
C)sleep paralysis; narcolepsy
D)cataplexy; sleep paralysis

Question 69

Cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations are all common symptoms of a sleep disorder called:

A)sleep terrors.
B)insomnia.
C)narcolepsy.
D)REM sleep behavior disorder.

Question 70

Most often, narcoleptic attacks last:

A)1 or 2 seconds.
B)seconds or minutes.
C)about an hour.
D)an hour or two.

Question 71

Most sleep paralysis episodes last:

A)a few seconds.
B)several minutes.
C)10 to 15 minutes.
D)20 to 30 minutes.

Question 72

Ron experiences overwhelming sleep attacks. These attacks can happen anytime, anywhere-during meetings at work, at family events, on commuter trains, and during church services. Sometimes, Ron has nearly a dozen such attacks in a single day. Ron suffers from a sleep disturbance called:

A)cataplexy.
B)REM behavior disorder.
C)narcolepsy.
D)insomnia.

Question 73

According to the text, which sleep disorder is more common among men than among women?

A)narcolepsy
B)REM sleep behavior disorder
C)sleep apnea
D)Both REM sleep behavior disorder and sleep apnea are more common among men than among women.

Question 74

Impaired REM regulation contributes to:

A)narcolepsy.
B)REM sleep behavior disorder.
C)both narcolepsy and REM sleep behavior disorder.
D)neither narcolepsy nor REM sleep behavior disorder.

Question 75

Adults spend about ______% of their sleep in Stage 2.

A)20
B)30
C)40
D)50

Question 76

The frequency of insomnia is _____ correlated with the frequency of vivid hypnagogic hallucinations.

A)negatively
B)not
C)weakly
D)positively

Question 77

_____ entails sudden episodes involving a loss of muscle tone.

A)Narcolepsy
B)Somnambulism
C)Sleep paralysis
D)Cataplexy

Question 78

What do narcolepsy and REM sleep behavior disorder have in common?

A)They both reflect the disordered regulation of REM sleep.
B)They both entail disrupted breathing during sleep.
C)They both involve difficulties in staying asleep.
D)They have nothing in common other than the fact that they are sleep disturbances.

Question 79

"An individual who averages less than 6 hours of sleep per night" is a(n) ______ definition of a short sleeper.

A)operational
B)procedural
C)experimental
D)empirical

Question 80

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between narcolepsy and cataplexy?

A)Cataplexy and narcolepsy are similar disorders.
B)Cataplexy is a symptom of narcolepsy.
C)Narcolepsy is a form of cataplexy.
D)Narcolepsy and cataplexy are both sleep disturbances.