Deck 15: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Question 1

The mental process of inferring the causes of people's behavior, including one's own, is called:

A)compliance.
B)persuasion.
C)altruism.
D)attribution.

Answer 1

attribution.

Question 2

Dr. Mohammed is a sociologist. Dr. Johannes is a social psychologist. Which of these scientists focuses on group behavior?

A)Only Dr. Mohammed focuses on group behavior.
B)Only Dr. Johannes focuses on group behavior.
C)Both of these scientists focus on group behavior.
D)Neither of these scientists focuses on group behavior.

Answer 2

Only Dr. Mohammed focuses on group behavior.

Question 3

When researchers _____, they must reveal any deception in a study and ensure that participants are unharmed. This takes place at the _____ of an experimental session.

A)debrief participants; beginning
B)debrief participants; end
C)obtain informed consent; beginning
D)obtain informed consent; end

Answer 3

debrief participants; end

Question 4

One makes an attribution when one:

A)evaluates an object, person, situation, or idea.
B)resolves the conflict between two contradictory thoughts.
C)is influenced by a persuasive message.
D)decides what is causing an individual's behavior.

Question 5

In recent years, about 1 in _____ couples has met online.

A)8
B)6
C)4
D)3

Question 6

Sociology and social psychology differ in:

A)their focus but not their methods.
B)their methods but not their focus.
C)both their methods and focus.
D)neither their methods nor focus.

Question 7

Individual behavior is the focus of:

A)social psychology.
B)sociology.
C)Both social psychology and sociology focus on individual behavior.
D)Neither social psychology nor sociology focus on individual behavior; both fields focus on groups.

Question 8

In social psychological experiments, confederates play the role of:

A)participants.
B)experimenters.
C)bystanders.
D)participants, experimenters, or bystanders.

Question 9

A _____ might study the political attitudes of individual voters. A ____ might study the behavior of political parties.

A)social psychologist; social psychologist
B)social psychologist; sociologist
C)sociologist; social psychologist
D)sociologist; sociologist

Question 10

In social psychological experiments, an individual who secretly works for the experimenters is called a(n):

A)participant.
B)stooge.
C)confederate.
D)assistant.

Question 11

Which is the BEST term for the attribution one makes when one believes that the cause of another's behavior is temporary?

A)uncontrollable
B)unstable
C)internal
D)dispositional

Question 12

Social _____ is the branch of social psychology that investigates how people process social information and how they think about other people.

A)cognition
B)intelligence
C)perception
D)learning

Question 13

Dr. Chen lists her research interests as "attitude formation and attributional biases." Dr. Chen's field of specialization is social:

A)learning.
B)cognition.
C)intelligence.
D)perception.

Question 14

Marci suggests that the aggressiveness of her sister's new friend is the result of the friend's abuse during childhood. Marci's inference about the cause of the girl's behavior is an example of:

A)an attribution.
B)an attitude.
C)altruism.
D)deindividuation.

Question 15

Dr. Perez is conducting research about how people form impressions of others and how they interpret each other's behavior in a variety of situations. Dr. Perez is probably a(n) _____ psychologist.

A)developmental
B)clinical
C)cognitive
D)social

Question 16

_____ psychologists investigate human cognition, emotion, and behavior in relation to other people.

A)Developmental
B)Cognitive
C)Social
D)Personality

Question 17

In a social psychological experiment, Aaliyah is secretly working for the experimenters by acting as a bystander. Aaliyah is a(n):

A)participant.
B)stooge.
C)assistant.
D)confederate.

Question 18

Internet dating has existed for about _____ years.

A)10
B)15
C)20
D)30

Question 19

Which statement BEST expresses the relationships among social cognition, attitudes, and attribution?

A)Attribution and social cognition are aspects of attitudes.
B)Attitudes, attribution, and social cognition are different topics of study in social psychology.
C)Attitudes are studied in sociology, whereas attribution is studied in social psychology.
D)Attitudes and attribution are aspects of social cognition.

Question 20

Dr. Scholz is reading an article describing research in which in investigators examined how the presence of other people influenced participants' performance on a variety of tasks. Dr. Scholz is MOST likely reading the Journal of Research in _____ Psychology.

A)Educational
B)Social
C)Cognitive
D)Developmental

Question 21

This afternoon, Mary Alice's boss wants to meet with her. She is sure it is about the customers who complained about her yesterday. The best-case scenario would be for Mary Alice's boss to decide that her behavior was the result of Mary Alice's reaction to her department being understaffed. This would be a(n) _____ attribution.

A)uncontrollable
B)situational
C)dispositional
D)stable

Question 22

We expect the people we meet to be more or less the same as we are. Social psychologists call this the:

A)fundamental attribution error.
B)just-world hypothesis.
C)self-serving bias.
D)False consensus effect.

Question 23

"He probably cheated on the test because he is a dishonest person." This statement is a(n) _____ attribution.

A)dispositional
B)situational
C)central
D)peripheral

Question 24

Joanie's friend yells at her for being five minutes late for lunch. Rather than believe her friend is a rude jerk, Joanie decides that she may be having difficulties with her partner. Joanie is making a(n) _____ attribution about her friend's behavior.

A)situational
B)dispositional
C)uncontrollable
D)stable

Question 25

In determining the causes of others' behavior, people overemphasize _____ factors; this is the _____.

A)dispositional; fundamental attribution error
B)dispositional; self-serving bias
C)situational; self-serving bias
D)situational; fundamental attribution error

Question 26

Juan was shopping for a new watch, and the salesperson pressured him to spend money way above his financial limit. Juan attributed this behavior to the salesperson's pushy personality. Juan was attributing his behavior to _____ factors.

A)uncontrollable
B)situational
C)dispositional
D)unstable

Question 27

If Slade is exhibiting the self-serving bias, which would be his MOST likely explanation for a poor grade on a test?

A)"The professor doesn't know how to teach the material."
B)"I'm just not very good at this subject."
C)"I didn't study enough to get a good grade."
D)"In general, I'm not very smart."

Question 28

If students do well on a test, they say, "I got an A!" If they do poorly, they say, "The professor gave me an F." This BEST illustrates the:

A)False consensus effect.
B)just-world hypothesis.
C)self-serving bias.
D)fundamental attribution error.

Question 29

Rhys submits a major report to his boss ahead of the deadline. His boss assumes that Rhys is conscientious rather than that he simply had more time than usual to devote to the assignment. This example illustrates the:

A)False consensus effect.
B)just-world hypothesis.
C)self-serving bias.
D)fundamental attribution error.

Question 30

Mrs. Beatty keeps an extremely clean and tidy house. One neighbor says she's compulsive; Mrs. Beatty, though, says that her active family and busy job force her to stay organized, and she wants to set a good example for her children. These contrasting explanations illustrate the difference between _____ and _____ attributions.

A)controllable; uncontrollable
B)dispositional; situational
C)stable; unstable
D)central; peripheral

Question 31

The pressure of social roles and the demands for obedience are reasons cited for the events at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq, where American soldiers tortured and humiliated Iraqis in 2004. Such explanations for the U.S. soldiers' behavior reflect _____ attributions.

A)situational
B)dispositional
C)uncontrollable
D)stable

Question 32

Summer watches as a student stumbles and drops her books in the hall. If she demonstrates the fundamental attribution error, how would Summer explain the student's behavior?

A)She must have tripped over something.
B)She had too many books to carry.
C)She is a clumsy person.
D)She was trying to get out of someone's way.

Question 33

Despite her parents' poverty, Dusty earned a PhD at a prestigious university. Dusty credits her educational success to hardiness and resilience and blames her inability to manage money on the culture of poverty in which she was raised. Dusty reflects an attributional bias known as the:

A)just-world hypothesis.
B)fundamental attribution error.
C)self-serving bias.
D)False consensus effect.

Question 34

Tim's new roommate Jaxon leaves dirty laundry all over his room, and Tim assumes he must be a slob. Tim ignores the fact that Jaxon is currently studying for finals and working 30 hours per week. Tim is demonstrating:

A)the door-in-the-face effect.
B)the fundamental attribution error.
C)the self-serving bias.
D)diffusion of responsibility.

Question 35

Which statement reflects a dispositional attribution? "She cheated on the exam because:

A)the test was much more difficult than she had anticipated."
B)she didn't have time to study."
C)the test was so important to her GPA."
D)she's dishonest."

Question 36

Dispositional attributions are:

A)the same thing as internal attributions.
B)one type of internal attribution.
C)the opposite of internal attributions.
D)similar to internal attributions.

Question 37

While eating at the university café, Janet sees a waiter's serving tray tilt, and the food and beverages spill onto four people. "What a careless, clumsy idiot," Janet mumbles to herself as she resumes eating. Janet has just committed:

A)the fundamental attribution error.
B)diffusion of responsibility.
C)the self-serving bias.
D)cognitive dissonance.

Question 38

_____ attributions are often called situational attributions.

A)Uncontrollable
B)Unstable
C)Internal
D)External

Question 39

The pressure of social roles and the presence of demands for obedience have been cited to explain events at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq, where U.S. soldiers tortured and humiliated Iraqis in 2004. This explanation given by Americans for America's own failures reflects the:

A)fundamental attribution error.
B)just-world hypothesis.
C)self-serving bias.
D)False consensus effect.

Question 40

The fundamental attribution error involves:

A)becoming more extreme in one's individual opinions following group discussion.
B)performing a complex task more poorly when in the presence of others.
C)underestimating the situational influences on another person's behavior.
D)losing self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.

Question 41

Shaun is angry at the way a coworker has treated him. Shaun feels justified in his anger because he believes that anybody would feel the same way if the same thing happened to them. This example reveals Shaun's susceptibility to the:

A)False consensus effect.
B)just-world hypothesis.
C)self-serving bias.
D)fundamental attribution error.

Question 42

An ad agency creates two ads for a particular car. One stresses the car's safety and gas mileage; the other simply shows how fun it is to drive. The first ad relies on the _____route to persuasion; the second, on the ____ route.

A)central; peripheral
B)peripheral; central
C)primary; secondary
D)secondary; primary

Question 43

The goal of advertising is to encourage people to view products or services favorably, and, ideally, to purchase them. Advertising's objective, therefore, is:

A)obedience.
B)persuasion.
C)compliance.
D)conformity.

Question 44

Hugh bought a new calculator for $125. One week later, he saw an ad from another store showing the same calculator on sale for $65. Hugh said, "I'm still glad I got my calculator; the cheaper ones are probably defective. I don't mind having paid more for mine." Hugh's statement reflects:

A)cognitive dissonance reduction.
B)diffusion of responsibility.
C)the just-world hypothesis.
D)the self-serving bias.

Question 45

Which choice correctly describes the cognitive component of Kenny's attitude toward same-sex marriage?

A)Kenny is gratified when a same-sex marriage begins in a neighboring state.
B)Kenny signs a petition to repeal a constitutional ban on same-sex marriage in his state.
C)Kenny believes that everyone should be afforded the same opportunity to marry.
D)Kenny votes for same-sex marriage in a statewide referendum.

Question 46

Blanche is extremely interested in politics and believes an upcoming election is very important to the future. Blanche would most likely be persuaded by a campaign message relying on the ________ route to persuasion.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)central
D)peripheral

Question 47

An advertising agency is creating two public-service announcements encouraging middle-aged men to take steps to ensure continued prostate health. One announcement is likely to reach an audience of men in their late 30s and early 40s; the other should target men in their 50s. The younger men are probably less interested in prostrate health than are the older men, who may well be highly motivated to consider the topic. Based on this information, which recommendations might the agency draw from research on central and peripheral routes to persuasion?

A)The announcement aimed at the younger men should rely on the peripheral route to persuasion. The announcement aimed at the older men should rely on the central route to persuasion.
B)The announcement aimed at the younger men should rely on the central route to persuasion. The announcement aimed at the older men should rely on the peripheral route to persuasion.
C)Both announcements should rely on the peripheral route to persuasion.
D)Both announcements should rely on the central route to persuasion.

Question 48

With respect to their origin, attitudes are:

A)entirely "nature."
B)mostly "nature."
C)mostly "nurture."
D)entirely "nurture."

Question 49

Before Rhonda left for college, she told her friend Michelle that she thought sororities were filled with snobs and she would never consider joining one. However, during Rhonda's first week on campus, she was approached by a sorority member who invited her to a social function and encouraged her to pledge. After Rhonda attended the party, she told Michelle, "Sororities do a lot of good things for the community. They're really service organizations." Rhonda's change in attitude to match her behavior reflects:

A)diffusion of responsibility.
B)cognitive dissonance reduction.
C)an unstable attribution.
D)the self-serving bias.

Question 50

Social psychologist Leon Festinger is associated with the study of:

A)routes to persuasion.
B)conformity.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)obedience.

Question 51

According to cognitive dissonance theory, which individual would be MOST likely to rate the same concert as enjoyable?

A)someone who was given the tickets by a sibling
B)someone who waited 7 hours in the rain to buy tickets
C)someone who had low expectations for the concert
D)someone who decided to go at the last minute

Question 52

An advertising agency is developing advertisements to promote a political candidate. One ad is a radio spot airing during "drive time," when listeners are stressed, distracted, and impatient. Another advertisement is a print ad to appear in national newspapers and business magazines. Based on this information, which recommendation might the agency make based on research regarding the central and peripheral routes to persuasion?

A)Both the radio spot and the print ad should rely on the peripheral route to persuasion.
B)The radio spot should rely on the peripheral route to persuasion.
C)Both the radio spot and the print ad should rely on the central route to persuasion.
D)The print ad should rely on the peripheral route to persuasion.

Question 53

When people's attitudes clash with their behavior, they experience a state of psychological tension called:

A)deindividuation.
B)the door-in-the-face effect.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)the fundamental attribution error.

Question 54

Are fear-producing messages effective?

A)No, they are rarely ever effective.
B)Yes, if they suggest a way that the audience can reduce the fear.
C)Yes, if they provoke a high level of arousal in the audience.
D)Yes, they are usually highly effective.

Question 55

_____ refers to intentional efforts to change people's attitudes or behaviors.

A)Persuasion
B)Compliance
C)Conformity
D)Obedience

Question 56

Nadine has consistent thoughts and feelings about a Web site used to enroll in health insurance. Nadine has a(n):

A)schema.
B)appraisal.
C)attitude.
D)attribution.

Question 57

Which attributional bias is correctly matched with its definition?

A)False consensus effect - People overemphasize dispositional factors when explaining other people's behavior.
B)just-world hypothesis - People tend to think that other people get what they deserve.
C)self-serving bias - People assume that in a similar situation, other people would act the same way they would.
D)fundamental attribution error - People attribute their own successes to dispositional factors and their failures to situational ones.

Question 58

Cognitive dissonance was first investigated by:

A)Asch.
B)Diener.
C)Milgram.
D)Festinger.

Question 59

Stable thoughts, feelings, and responses toward objects, people, situations, or ideas are called:

A)attitudes.
B)appraisals.
C)schemas.
D)attributions.

Question 60

In a classic cognitive dissonance study, researchers paid participants either $1 or $20 to say a dull task was interesting. The _____ graph of the results would show that a _____ percentage of the $20 participants rated the task as interesting.

A)bar; greater
B)bar; lower
C)line; greater
D)line; lower

Question 61

A man asks you for $10 as you walk past him. You refuse. He then asks for $2. You give it to him. The man has taken advantage of:

A)the door-in-the-face technique.
B)the False consensus effect.
C)the foot-in-the-door technique.
D)cognitive dissonance.

Question 62

Dahlia is trying to make partner at one of the city's most prestigious law firms. It is generally understood that associates remain hard at work in the office until at least 7 or 8 each evening. This is an element of the firm's:

A)roles.
B)norms.
C)schemas.
D)attitudes.

Question 63

It is an election year, and a volunteer asks if Mrs.Timmins would put a small, one-foot sign in her yard. She agrees. The next week, her husband cannot believe that she agreed to let the volunteer put a new, three-foot-wide sign on the front lawn. This example illustrates:

A)the bystander effect.
B)diffusion of responsibility.
C)the door-in-the-face technique.
D)the foot-in-the-door technique.

Question 64

A magazine publisher asks you to commit to a brief trial subscription. Having committed to the trial subscription, you may be more likely to buy a year-long subscription. This exemplifies the ___________ compliance technique.

A)door-in-the-face
B)foot-in-the-face
C)foot-in-the-door
D)foot-in-the-mouth

Question 65

Marcie is invited to a black-tie dinner at the Ritz-Carlton. She has never been served a 10-course meal before, so she is unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection. Since Marcie is in a foreign environment, she gets through the night by watching others who appear to know what they are doing. For each course, she follows their selection of silverware. Marcie is displaying _____ social influence.

A)situational
B)peripheral
C)informational
D)normative

Question 66

______ is to _____ as Asch is to Milgram.

A)Compliance; obedience
B)Obedience; conformity
C)Conformity; compliance
D)Conformity; obedience

Question 67

Conformity based on a desire for approval is called _____ social influence. Conformity based on the desire to reduce uncertainty is called _____ social influence.

A)situational; dispositional
B)normative; informational
C)dispositional; situational
D)informational; normative

Question 68

The textbook cites the concept of reciprocal concessions as a potential explanation for the:

A)foot-in-the-door technique.
B)fundamental attribution error.
C)door-in-the-face technique.
D)False consensus effect.

Question 69

A cell phone manufacturer uses a famous pop singer to advertise its product to teenagers. The company is relying on the _____ route to persuasion.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)central
D)peripheral

Question 70

During a discussion, Dr. Mansfield argues that Asch's participants conformed to the confederates' responses because they wished to be correct about the lengths of the lines in the experiment. Dr. Roarch counters that the participants conformed because they simply sought the confederates' approval. Dr. Mansfield is suggesting that Asch's conformity is an example of _____ social influence. Dr. Roarch is suggesting instead that it reflects ____social influence.

A)central; peripheral
B)peripheral; central
C)normative; informational
D)informational; normative

Question 71

In the Solomon Asch conformity experiments, researchers found that participants were more likely to conform when:

A)participants were drawn from individualistic cultural backgrounds.
B)participants were confident in their ability to perform the task.
C)there was at least one other dissenter in the group.
D)the task seemed difficult to them.

Question 72

Classic experimental studies of conformity were conducted in the 1950s by:

A)Asch.
B)Milgram.
C)Zimbardo.
D)Festinger.

Question 73

The tendency to modify one's attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs to match those of others is called:

A)conformity.
B)compliance.
C)persuasion.
D)obedience.

Question 74

Which compliance technique is correctly defined?

A)foot-in-the-door - A person is more likely to comply with a request if he or she has already complied with a smaller request.
B)door-in-the-face - Having refused a large request, a person is more likely to comply with a small request.
C)Both of these compliance techniques are correctly defined.
D)Neither of these compliance techniques is correctly defined.

Question 75

_____ occurs when behavior changes at the request of a person or group with no real authority.

A)Persuasion
B)Compliance
C)Obedience
D)Conformity

Question 76

Early one Halloween evening, Bart's friends asked him to join them in smashing their neighbors' decorative pumpkins. He complied. Later, he was surprised by his own failure to resist them when they got him to throw eggs at a passing police car. Bart's experience BEST illustrates the:

A)bystander effect.
B)diffusion of responsibility phenomenon.
C)foot-in-the-door technique.
D)door-in-the-face technique.

Question 77

Luna lives in Houston, Texas, and wants to visit New Orleans during Mardi Gras. She asks her dad to buy her a plane ticket so that she can visit a friend in Seattle, Washington, and he refuses. Luna then asks for the bus ticket to New Orleans and he agrees. Luna capitalized on:

A)the door-in-the face technique.
B)the just-world hypothesis.
C)the foot-in-the-door technique.
D)cognitive dissonance.

Question 78

In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family in order to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of ____social influence.

A)situational
B)peripheral
C)informational
D)normative

Question 79

You are trying to convince your parents to send you to Europe. First, you ask them for a small favor (a bus ticket to a local city), hoping that later they will be more willing to send you on the longer, more expensive trip. This example illustrates:

A)the bystander effect.
B)the False consensus effect.
C)foot-in-the-door technique.
D)door-in-the-face technique.

Question 80

In Asch's study on conformity, what percentage of the subjects conformed at least once even when they knew their answer to be False?

A)10%
B)35%
C)50%
D)75%