Deck 1: General Concepts

Question 1

The study of details of anatomic structure to the level of basic tissue and cell architecture is __________.

A) neurology
B) regional anatomy
C) microbiology
D) immunology
E) histology

Answer 1

E
Histology. Histology is the study of details of human tissue as seen through a microscope, ranging from basic tissue and cell architecture to ultrastructural elements of tissues and cells.

Question 2

Noninvasive study of living subjects as revealed by radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, or ultrasonography is ______________________________.

A) surface anatomy
B) imaging anatomy
C) neuroanatomy
D) gross anatomy
E) x-ray studies

Answer 2

B
Imaging anatomy. Imaging anatomy is the noninvasive study of living or dead subjects by conventional radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, or ultrasonography.

Question 3

Diploë is found in ___________.

A) long bones
B) short bone
C) condyles
D) epicondyles
E) flat bones

Answer 3

E
Flat bones. Flat bones consist of a sandwich: two layers of compact bone encasing a cancellous layer called the diploë.

Question 4

The term applied to the study of human form and structure as seen with the naked eye is ______.

A) gross anatomy
B) neuroanatomy
C) imaging anatomy
D) cellular analysis
E) physical examination

Question 5

A contraction of skeletal muscle that contracts or tenses the muscle but produces no movement is characterized as ___________________________.

A) antagonistic
B) isotonic
C) prime
D) isometric
E) synergistic

Question 6

Foramen ovale and foramen magnum both describe which feature of bone?

A) A notch in the end of a bone
B) An elongated space between two bones
C) A rounded depression that provides space for muscle
D) A raised process or ridge
E) A hole for nerves and vessels to pass through

Question 7

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true about bone?

A) Interstitial growth is not possible, and appositional growth takes place only below the covering periosteal layer.
B) Periosteum consists of an outer layer of osteoblasts and a fibrous inner layer.
C) Blood cells are formed in the fibrous outer layer.
D) White blood cells and phosphorus are stored in bone.
E) All of the above.

Question 8

The three types of muscle tissue in the body are ______________________________.

A) temporalis, cardiac, and striated
B) skeletal, striated, and cardiac
C) cardiac, smooth, and fibrous
D) smooth, fibrous, and temporalis
E) skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

Question 9

The rounded end of a bone with a smooth articular surface covered by cartilage is _________.

A) epicondyle
B) sesamoid
C) condyle
D) trochanter
E) crest

Question 10

A gently rounded depression in bone that may provide space for muscles or a concave area for joint surfaces is a _________________________.

A) foramen
B) fissure
C) fossa
D) sesamoid
E) tubercle

Question 11

Calcification is a characteristic of _________.

A) cartilage
B) muscle
C) vessels
D) nerves
E) bone

Question 12

The temporomandibular joint is an example of a _____________________.

A) fibrous joint containing a disc
B) fibrous joint without a disc
C) cartilaginous joint
D) synovial joint containing a disc
E) symphysis joint

Question 13

"Anatomy" comes from Greek root words that mean ____________."

A) "study of the body
B) "to classify
C) "to cut up
D) "study of movement
E) "replica of the gods

Question 14

A freely moveable shoulder is an example of a _______________________.

A) ball-and-socket multiaxial joint
B) hinge joint
C) uniaxial joint
D) plane joint
E) condyloid joint

Question 15

In its early stages, the fetal skeleton consists primarily of ___________.

A) sesamoid bone
B) cartilage
C) short bone
D) condyle
E) epicondyle

Question 16

Muscles that encircle openings, such as the eye and mouth, and can open or close the opening are called _________________________________ muscles.

A) pennate
B) sphincter
C) parallel
D) fusiform
E) converging

Question 17

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) A joint is an articulation between two or more bones.
B) Amphiarthrodial joints allow partial movement.
C) Joints may be composed of fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, or a combination of both.
D) All joints allow some movement.
E) A syndesmosis is a type of fibrous joint.

Question 18

The peg-and-socket articulation between the roots of teeth and the maxillary or mandibular process is what type of joint?

A) Syndesmosis
B) Gomphosis
C) Suture
D) Diarthrodial
E) None of the above

Question 19

What connective tissue contains chondroblasts and has no neurovascular elements?

A) Blood vessels
B) Bone
C) Ligaments
D) Cartilage
E) Muscle

Question 20

The malleolus is found on bones of the ____________.

A) upper arm
B) leg
C) thigh
D) shoulder
E) skull

Question 21

The component of the nervous system that contains the brain and the spinal cord is the __________ nervous system.

A) peripheral
B) somatic
C) efferent
D) afferent
E) central

Question 22

Which of the following statements best describes changes in the newborn circulation system at birth?

A) Few substantive changes take place at birth. The circulation system is nearly complete in the eighth month of the mother's pregnancy.
B) Various fetal veins and arteries close spontaneously and eventually undergo fibrosis, thus closing off fetal shunts between arterial and venous circuits.
C) The major fetal shunts remain open for some days after birth until the newborn's lungs are fully functioning.
D) The umbilical vein and umbilical artery continue to function for some days after birth and then eventually become thrombosed.
E) None of the above is true.

Question 23

Axons that carry impulses AWAY from the CNS to muscles and glands are _____________________.

A) neurotransmitters
B) afferent fibers
C) ganglia
D) efferent fibers
E) neurilemma

Question 24

Neuronal bodies that are grouped and found in the central part of the spinal cord, on the surfaces of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres, and scattered throughout the central nervous system are called __________________________.

A) myelin
B) gray matter
C) ganglions
D) neurons
E) axons

Question 25

Axons that carry impulses TOWARD the CNS or higher centers are ________________________.

A) neurotransmitters
B) afferent fibers
C) ganglia
D) efferent fibers
E) neurilemma

Question 26

The somatic nervous system controls which activities?

A) Involuntary smooth muscle or glandular tissue activities
B) Minute-to-minute vegetative functional activities of glands
C) Voluntary and reflex skeletal muscle activities
D) Reactions to emergency situations
E) All of the above

Question 27

An anatomical system consisting of fluid, a pump, and a system to transport fluid is best described as the __________ system.

A) nervous
B) musculoskeletal
C) cardiovascular
D) genitourinary
E) pulmonary

Question 28

The exchange of gases and metabolites takes place between blood and other tissues via _______.

A) arteries
B) veins
C) arterioles
D) ventricles
E) capillaries

Question 29

Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia are terms used to describe which structure?

A) Blood vessels
B) Brain
C) Lung
D) Smooth muscle
E) Cartilage

Question 30

Which of the following is/are TRUE about smooth muscle?

A) Smooth muscle lacks the striations of skeletal muscle.
B) Smooth muscle cells are long and tapered.
C) Generally smooth muscle forms the walls of hollow viscera and tubes.
D) Hollow organs, such as the gallbladder, contain smooth muscle.
E) All of the above.

Question 31

During fetal development, CO₂/O₂ exchange takes place at the __________________________.

A) heart
B) lungs
C) brain
D) liver
E) placenta

Question 32

Two types of lymphocytes present in lymph are ____________________________.

A) B cells and erythrocytes
B) T cells and leukocytes
C) erythrocytes and leukocytes
D) B cells and T cells
E) T cells and erythrocytes

Question 33

General sensory (also known as somatic sensory) pathways feature primary, secondary, and tertiary ___________.

A) axons
B) neurons
C) efferent fibers
D) viscera
E) neurilemma

Question 34

Large groupings of lymph nodes are located in the ________________________.

A) leg and forearm
B) axilla and groin
C) intestines and stomach
D) mandible
E) esophagus

Question 35

Which of the following is/are true statements about neuroglia?

A) Neuroglia are nonreactive cells that fulfill a supportive role.
B) Neuroglia maintain homeostasis in the extracellular environment.
C) Neuroglia are a primary component of the nervous system.
D) Neuroglia electrically insulate nerve processes from each other.
E) All of the above are true.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

A) Drainage of tissue fluid and protein back to the blood venous system
B) Conduction of fat from the intestines to the blood venous system
C) Manufacture of erythrocytes
D) Manufacture of antibodies
E) Proliferation and circulation of lymphocytes

Question 37

The nervous system components that occur at the intercellular junctions of nerve processes or between nerve processes and cells of effector organs are _______________________.

A) proteins
B) neuroglia
C) axons
D) synapses
E) dendrites

Question 38

The two types of cells that populate the nervous system are _________________.

A) neurons and neuroglia
B) micron and neuron
C) leukocyte and micron
D) neuroglia and dermis
E) leukocyte and erythrocyte

Question 39

Which of the following statements about the cardiovascular system is/are FALSE?

A) Each vein has a companion artery.
B) Venules drain capillary beds and coalesce with one another to form veins.
C) Generally, arteries have thicker walls than veins.
D) Blood leaves the heart via arteries and returns via veins.
E) All of the above statements are false.

Question 40

Which of the following is the best general description of the purpose of the nervous system?

A) To regulate body temperature
B) To produce fundamental body components, such as blood cells
C) To combat invasive foreign tissues
D) To integrate and interpret stimuli and direct the body to respond in the appropriate manner
E) To facilitate healing after an organ has been damaged

Question 41

Which of the following statements is/are true about fascia?

A) Two basic layers are superficial and deep fascia.
B) There is no clear demarcation between fascia and dermis.
C) It contains collagenous and elastic fibers.
D) It may contain deposits of water and fat.
E) All of the above are true.

Question 42

Skin color is controlled by the amount of _________________________ in the skin.

A) epidermis
B) dermis
C) hair
D) mucous
E) melanin

Question 43

Skin that covers the palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands and feet and is devoid of hair is ______________.

A) thick skin
B) thin skin
C) mucous membrane
D) dermis
E) transitional skin

Question 44

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 5
D) 12
E) 31

Question 45

The trigeminal nerve, which innervates the face and scalp, is a _____________________.

A) cranial nerve
B) spinal nerve
C) splanchnic nerve
D) ganglion
E) glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 46

The sympathetic division of the visceral (autonomic) nervous system is ___________________.

A) necessary to sustain life
B) concerned with minute-to-minute control of activities of glands
C) responsible for controlling the heart and opening gut sphincters
D) expendable and may be cut with no loss of life
E) none of the above

Question 47

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 5
D) 12
E) 31

Question 48

The moist internal lining of the gut, the respiratory tract, and the genitourinary tract is _______________.

A) skin
B) mucous membrane
C) epidermis
D) dermis
E) all of the above

Question 49

The underlying connective tissue layer of skin is the _________________.

A) epidermis
B) membrane
C) dermis
D) thick skin
E) thin skin

Question 50

Skin produces _________ when exposed to sunlight.

A) vitamin C
B) adipose tissue
C) vitamin D
D) subcutaneous tissue
E) hair