Deck 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Question 1

What is a genome?

A)The complete complement of an organism's genes
B)A specific set of polypeptides within each cell
C)A specialized polymer of four different kinds of monomers
D)A specific segment of DNA that is found within a prokaryotic chromosome
E)An ordered display of chromosomes arranged from largest to smallest

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of these statements is False?

A)In humans, each of the 22 maternal autosomes has a homologous paternal chromosome.
B)In humans, the 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, determines whether the person is female (XX)or male (XY).
C)Single, haploid (n)sets of chromosomes in ovum and sperm unite during fertilization, forming a diploid (2n), single-celled zygote.
D)At sexual maturity, ovaries and testes produce diploid gametes by meiosis.
E)Sexual life cycles differ with respect to the relative timing of meiosis and fertilization.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Refer to the life cycles illustrated in Figure 13.1 to answer the following questions.

Figure 13.1
In part III of Figure 13.1, the progression of events corresponds to which of the following series?

A)Zygote, mitosis, gametophyte, mitosis, fertilization, zygote, mitosis
B)Sporophyte, meiosis, spore, mitosis, gametophyte, mitosis, gametes, fertilization
C)Fertilization, mitosis, multicellular haploid, mitosis, spores, sporophyte
D)Gametophyte, meiosis, zygote, spores, sporophyte, zygote
E)Meiosis, fertilization, zygote, mitosis, adult, meiosis

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The human genome is minimally contained in which of the following?

A)Every human cell
B)Each human chromosome
C)The entire DNA of a single human
D)The entire human population
E)Each human gene

Question 5

Refer to the life cycles illustrated in Figure 13.1 to answer the following questions.

Figure 13.1
Which of the life cycles is typical for plants and some algae?

A)I only
B)II only
C)III only
D)I and II
E)I and III

Question 6

Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction differ in all but which of the following ways?

A)Individuals reproducing asexually transmit 100% of their genes to their progeny, whereas individuals reproducing sexually transmit only 50%.
B)Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parents, whereas sexual reproduction gives rise to genetically distinct offspring.
C)Asexual reproduction involves a single parent, whereas sexual reproduction involves two.
D)Asexual reproduction requires only mitosis, whereas sexual reproduction always involves meiosis.
E)Asexual reproduction is utilized only by fungi and protists, whereas sexual reproduction is utilized only by plants and animals.

Question 7

What is a karyotype?

A)The set of unique physical characteristics that define an individual
B)The collection of all the mutations present within the genome of an individual
C)The combination of chromosomes found in a gamete
D)A system of classifying cell nuclei
E)A display of every pair of homologous chromosomes within a cell, organized according to size and shape

Question 8

If a horticulturist breeding gardenias succeeds in having a single plant with a particularly desirable set of traits, which of the following would be her most probable and efficient route to establishing a line of such plants?

A)Backtrack through her previous experiments to obtain another plant with the same traits.
B)Breed this plant with another plant with much weaker traits.
C)Clone the plant asexually to produce an identical one.
D)Force the plant to self-pollinate to obtain an identical one.
E)Add nitrogen to the soil of the offspring of this plant so the desired traits continue.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of alternation of generations?

A)A grandparent and grandchild each has dark hair, but the parent has blond hair.
B)A diploid plant (sporophyte)produces, by meiosis, a spore that gives rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen grain (gametophyte).
C)A diploid animal produces gametes by meiosis, and the gametes undergo fertilization to produce a diploid zygote.
D)A haploid mushroom produces gametes by mitosis, and the gametes undergo fertilization, which is immediately followed by meiosis.
E)A diploid cell divides by mitosis to produce two diploid daughter cells, which then fuse to produce a tetraploid cell.

Question 10

Which of the following is True of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16?

A)The species is diploid with 32 chromosomes per cell.
B)The species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell.
C)Each cell has 8 homologous pairs.
D)During the S phase of the cell cycle there will be 32 separate chromosomes.
E)A gamete from this species has 4 chromosomes.

Question 11

A gene's location along a chromosome is known as which of the following?

A)Allele
B)Sequence
C)Locus
D)Variant
E)Trait

Question 12

Referring to a plant sexual life cycle, which of the following terms describes the process that leads directly to the formation of gametes?

A)Sporophyte meiosis
B)Gametophyte mitosis
C)Gametophyte meiosis
D)Sporophyte mitosis
E)Alternation of generations

Question 13

Eukaryotic sexual life cycles show tremendous variation. Of the following elements, which do all sexual life cycles have in common?
I) Alternation of generations
II) Meiosis
III) Fertilization
IV) Gametes
V) Spores

A)I, IV, and V
B)I, II, and IV
C)II, III, and IV
D)II, IV, and V
E)All of the above

Question 14

The human X and Y chromosomes

A)are both present in every somatic cell of males and females alike.
B)are of approximately equal size and number of genes.
C)are almost entirely homologous, despite their different names.
D)include genes that determine an individual's sex.
E)include only genes that govern sex determination.

Question 15

Refer to the life cycles illustrated in Figure 13.1 to answer the following questions.

Figure 13.1
Which of the life cycles is typical for animals?

A)I only
B)II only
C)III only
D)I and II
E)I and III

Question 16

At which stage of mitosis are chromosomes usually photographed in the preparation of a karyotype?

A)Prophase
B)Metaphase
C)Anaphase
D)Telophase
E)Interphase

Question 17

Refer to the life cycles illustrated in Figure 13.1 to answer the following questions.

Figure 13.1
Which of the life cycles is typical for most fungi and some protists?

A)I only
B)II only
C)III only
D)I and II
E)I and III

Question 18

Which of the following statements about genes is incorrect?

A)Genes correspond to segments of DNA.
B)Many genes contain the information needed for cells to synthesize enzymes and other proteins.
C)During fertilization, both the sperm and the ovum contribute genes to the resulting fertilized egg.
D)One gene only is used in a specific cell type.
E)Genetic differences can result from changes in the DNA called mutations.

Question 19

Asexual reproduction results in identical offspring unless which of the following occurs?

A)Natural selection
B)Cloning
C)Crossing over
D)Mutation
E)Environmental change

Question 20

In animals, meiosis results in gametes, and fertilization results in

A)spores.
B)gametophytes.
C)zygotes.
D)sporophytes.
E)clones.

Question 21

You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in Figure 13.3. Refer to the graph to answer the following
questions.

Which sample of DNA might be from a nerve cell arrested in G₀ of the cell cycle?

A)I
B)II
C)III
D)Either I or II
E)Either II or III

Question 22

The karyotype of one species of primate has 48 chromosomes. In a particular female, cell division goes awry and she produces one of her eggs with an extra chromosome (25). The most probable source of this error would be a mistake in which of the following?

A)Mitosis in her ovary
B)Metaphase I of one meiotic event
C)Telophase II of one meiotic event
D)Telophase I of one meiotic event
E)Either anaphase I or II

Question 23

You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in Figure 13.3. Refer to the graph to answer the following
questions.

If the cells were from a plant, which sample might represent a gametophyte cell?

A)I
B)II
C)III
D)Either I or II
E)Either II or III

Question 24

For the following questions, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below.
I. Prophase IV. Prophase II
II. Metaphase I VI. Metaphase II
III. Anaphase I VII. Anaphase II
IV. Telophase I VIII. Telophase II
Tetrads of chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle; alignment determines independent assortment.

A)I
B)II
C)IV
D)VII
E)VIII

Question 25

Refer to the life cycles illustrated in Figure 13.1 to answer the following questions.

Figure 13.1
In a life cycle such as that shown in part III of Figure 13.1, if the zygote's chromosome number is 10, which of the following will be True?

A)The sporophyte's chromosome number per cell is 10 and the gametophyte's is 5.
B)The sporophyte's chromosome number per cell is 5 and the gametophyte's is 10.
C)The sporophyte and gametophyte each have 10 chromosomes per cell.
D)The sporophyte and gametophyte each have 5 chromosomes per cell.
E)The sporophyte and gametophyte each have 20 chromosomes per cell.

Question 26

For the following questions, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below.
I. Prophase IV. Prophase II
II. Metaphase I VI. Metaphase II
III. Anaphase I VII. Anaphase II
IV. Telophase I VIII. Telophase II
Synapsis of homologous pairs occurs; crossing over may occur.

A)I
B)II
C)IV
D)VI
E)VII

Question 27

For the following questions, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below.
I. Prophase IV. Prophase II
II. Metaphase I VI. Metaphase II
III. Anaphase I VII. Anaphase II
IV. Telophase I VIII. Telophase II
Which of the following happens at the conclusion of meiosis I?

A)Homologous chromosomes are separated.
B)The chromosome number per cell is conserved.
C)Sister chromatids are separated.
D)Four daughter cells are formed.
E)The sperm cells elongate to form a head and a tail end.

Question 28

Refer to the drawings in Figure 13.2 of a single pair of homologous chromosomes as they might appear during various stages of either mitosis or meiosis, and answer the following questions.

Homologous chromosomes synapse and crossing over occurs.

A)The statement is True for mitosis only.
B)The statement is True for meiosis I only.
C)The statement is True for meiosis II only.
D)The statement is True for mitosis and meiosis I.
E)The statement is True for mitosis and meiosis II.

Question 29

Refer to the drawings in Figure 13.2 of a single pair of homologous chromosomes as they might appear during various stages of either mitosis or meiosis, and answer the following questions.

You have in your possession a microscope slide with meiotic cells on it and a light microscope. What would you look for if you wanted to identify metaphase I cells on the slide?

A)A visible nuclear envelope
B)Separated sister chromatids at each pole of the cell
C)Tetrads lined up at the center of the cell
D)A synaptonemal complex
E)A cleavage furrow

Question 30

How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that have replicated their DNA and are just about to begin meiosis?

A)They have twice the amount of cytoplasm and half the amount of DNA.
B)They have half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA.
C)They have the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA.
D)They have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA.
E)They have half the amount of cytoplasm and twice the amount of DNA.

Question 31

Refer to the drawings in Figure 13.2 of a single pair of homologous chromosomes as they might appear during various stages of either mitosis or meiosis, and answer the following questions.

Chromatids are separated from each other.

A)The statement is True for mitosis only.
B)The statement is True for meiosis I only.
C)The statement is True for meiosis II only.
D)The statement is True for mitosis and meiosis I.
E)The statement is True for mitosis and meiosis II.

Question 32

A triploid cell contains three sets of chromosomes. If a cell of a usually diploid species with 42 chromosomes per cell is triploid, this cell would be expected to have which of the following?

A)63 chromosomes in 31 1/2 pairs
B)63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3
C)63 chromosomes, each with three chromatids
D)21 chromosome pairs and 21 unique chromosomes

Question 33

Refer to the drawings in Figure 13.2 of a single pair of homologous chromosomes as they might appear during various stages of either mitosis or meiosis, and answer the following questions.

Which diagram represents prophase I of meiosis?

A)I
B)II
C)IV
D)V
E)VI

Question 34

When does the synaptonemal complex disappear?

A)Late prophase of meiosis I
B)During fertilization or fusion of gametes
C)Early anaphase of meiosis I
D)Mid-prophase of meiosis II
E)Late metaphase of meiosis II

Question 35

A given organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. We can therefore conclude which of the following?

A)It must be human.
B)It must be a primate.
C)It must be an animal.
D)It must be sexually reproducing.
E)Its gametes must have 23 chromosomes.

Question 36

For the following questions, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below.
I. Prophase IV. Prophase II
II. Metaphase I VI. Metaphase II
III. Anaphase I VII. Anaphase II
IV. Telophase I VIII. Telophase II
Centromeres of sister chromatids disjoin and chromatids separate.

A)II
B)III
C)IV
D)V
E)VII

Question 37

A karyotype results from which of the following?

A)A natural cellular arrangement of chromosomes in the nucleus
B)An inherited ability of chromosomes to arrange themselves
C)The ordering of human chromosome images
D)The cutting and pasting of parts of chromosomes to form the standard array
E)The separation of homologous chromosomes at metaphase I of meiosis

Question 38

Refer to the drawings in Figure 13.2 of a single pair of homologous chromosomes as they might appear during various stages of either mitosis or meiosis, and answer the following questions.

A cell divides to produce two daughter cells that are genetically different.

A)The statement is True for mitosis only.
B)The statement is True for meiosis I only.
C)The statement is True for meiosis II only.
D)The statement is True for mitosis and meiosis I.
E) The statement is True for mitosis and meiosis II.

Question 39

After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is

A)diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid.
B)diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.
C)haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid.
D)haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.
E)tetraploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.

Question 40

Refer to the drawings in Figure 13.2 of a single pair of homologous chromosomes as they might appear during various stages of either mitosis or meiosis, and answer the following questions.

Independent assortment of chromosomes occurs.

A)The statement is True for mitosis only.
B)The statement is True for meiosis I only.
C)The statement is True for meiosis II only.
D)The statement is True for mitosis and meiosis I.
E)The statement is True for mitosis and meiosis II.

Question 41

Natural selection and recombination due to crossing over during meiosis I are related in which of the following ways?

A)Recombinants are usually selected against.
B)Non-recombinant organisms are usually favored by natural selection if there is environmental change.
C)Most recombinants reproduce less frequently than do non-recombinants.
D)Recombinants may have combinations of traits that are favored by natural selection.
E)Recombination does not affect natural selection.

Question 42

Chiasmata are what we see under a microscope that let us know which of the following is occurring?

A)Asexual reproduction
B)Meiosis II
C)Anaphase II
D)Crossing over
E)Separation of homologs

Question 43

How does the sexual life cycle increase the genetic variation in a species?

A)By allowing independent assortment of chromosomes
B)By allowing fertilization
C)By increasing gene stability
D)By conserving chromosomal gene order
E)By decreasing mutation frequency

Question 44

Which life cycle stage is found in plants but not animals?

A)Gamete
B)Zygote
C)Multicellular diploid
D)Multicellular haploid
E)Unicellular diploid

Question 45

For a species with a haploid number of 23 chromosomes, how many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes are possible for the gametes?

A)23
B)46
C)460
D)920
E)About 8 million

Question 46

Refer to the following information and Figure 13.4 to answer the following questions.
A certain (hypothetical) organism is diploid, has either blue or orange wings as the consequence of one of its genes, and has either long or short antennae as the result of a second gene, as shown in Figure 13.4.
Chromosome 12 : either


Chromosome 19: either

-A certain female's chromosomes 12 both have the blue gene and chromosomes 19 both have the long gene. As cells in her ovaries undergo meiosis, her resulting eggs (ova)may have which of the following?

A)Either two chromosomes 12 with blue genes or two with orange genes
B)Either two chromosomes 19 with long genes or two with short genes
C)Either one blue or one orange gene in addition to either one long and one short gene
D)One chromosome 12 with one blue gene and one chromosome 19 with one long gene

Question 47

Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of

A)the random and independent way in which each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I.
B)the random nature of the fertilization of ova by sperm.
C)the random distribution of the sister chromatids to the two daughter cells during anaphase II.
D)the relatively small degree of homology shared by the X and Y chromosomes.
E)All of the above

Question 48

You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in Figure 13.3. Refer to the graph to answer the following
questions.

Which of the steps take place in both mitosis and meiosis?

A)2
B)3
C)5
D)2 and 3 only
E)2, 3, and 5

Question 49

You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in Figure 13.3. Refer to the graph to answer the following
questions.

From the descriptions above, which of the following is the order that most logically illustrates a sequence of meiosis?

A)1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B)5, 4, 2, 1, 3
C)5, 3, 2, 4, 1
D)4, 5, 2, 1, 3
E)5, 2, 4, 3, 1

Question 50

You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in Figure 13.3. Refer to the graph to answer the following
questions.

Which sample might represent an animal cell in G₂ phase of the cell cycle?

A)I
B)II
C)III
D)Both I and II
E)Both II and III

Question 51

A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is

A)a sperm.
B)an egg.
C)a zygote.
D)a somatic cell of a male.
E)a somatic cell of a female.

Question 52

You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in Figure 13.3. Refer to the graph to answer the following
questions.

Whether during mitosis or meiosis, sister chromatids are held together by proteins referred to as cohesions. Such molecules must have which of the following properties?

A)They must persist throughout the cell cycle.
B)They must be removed before meiosis can begin.
C)They must be removed before anaphase can occur.
D)They must reattach to chromosomes during G1.
E)They must be intact for nuclear envelope reformation.

Question 53

Refer to the following information and Figure 13.4 to answer the following questions.
A certain (hypothetical) organism is diploid, has either blue or orange wings as the consequence of one of its genes, and has either long or short antennae as the result of a second gene, as shown in Figure 13.4.
Chromosome 12 : either


Chromosome 19: either

-A female with a paternal set of one orange and one long gene chromosomes and a maternal set comprised of one blue and one short gene chromosome is expected to produce which of the following types of eggs after meiosis?

A)All eggs will have maternal types of gene combinations.
B)All eggs will have paternal types of gene combinations.
C)Half the eggs will have maternal and half will have paternal combinations.
D)Each egg has 1/4 chance of having blue long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations.
E)Each egg has a 3/4 chance of having blue long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations.

Question 54

You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in Figure 13.3. Refer to the graph to answer the following
questions.

Experiments with cohesions have found that

A)cohesions are protected from destruction throughout meiosis I and II.
B)cohesions are cleaved from chromosomes at the centromere before anaphase I.
C)cohesions are protected from cleavage at the centromere during meiosis I.
D)a protein cleaves cohesions before metaphase I.
E)a protein that cleaves cohesions would cause cellular death.

Question 55

When pairs of homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase I,

A)the maternal chromosomes all move to the same daughter cell.
B)the sister chromatids remain attached to one another.
C)recombination is not yet complete.
D)the synaptonemal complex is visible under the light microscope.

Question 56

You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in Figure 13.3. Refer to the graph to answer the following
questions.

If an organism is diploid and a certain gene found in the organism has 18 known alleles (variants), then any given organism of that species can/must have which of the following?

A)At most, 2 alleles for that gene
B)Up to 18 chromosomes with that gene
C)Up to 18 genes for that trait
D)A haploid number of 9 chromosomes
E)Up to, but not more than, 18 different traits

Question 57

You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in Figure 13.3. Refer to the graph to answer the following
questions.

A tetrad includes which of the following sets of DNA strands?

A)Two single-stranded chromosomes that have synapsed
B)Two sets of sister chromatids that have synapsed
C)Four sets of sister chromatids
D)Four sets of unique chromosomes
E)Eight sets of sister chromatids

Question 58

You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in Figure 13.3. Refer to the graph to answer the following
questions.

Which sample might represent a sperm cell?

A)I
B)II
C)III
D)Either I or II
E)Either II or III

Question 59

You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of an organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in Figure 13.3. Refer to the graph to answer the following
questions.

Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?

A)Chromosome replication
B)Synapsis of chromosomes
C)Production of daughter cells
D)Alignment of chromosomes at the equator
E)Condensation of chromatin

Question 60

Refer to the following information and Figure 13.4 to answer the following questions.
A certain (hypothetical) organism is diploid, has either blue or orange wings as the consequence of one of its genes, and has either long or short antennae as the result of a second gene, as shown in Figure 13.4.
Chromosome 12 : either


Chromosome 19: either

-If a female of this species has one chromosome 12 with a blue gene and another chromosome 12 with an orange gene, she will produce which of the following egg types?

A)Only blue gene eggs
B)Only orange gene eggs
C)1/2 blue and 1/2 orange gene eggs
D)3/4 blue and 1/4 orange gene eggs
E)An indeterminate frequency of blue and orange gene eggs

Question 61

Use the diagram of a cell in Figure 13.5 to answer the following questions.

Copy Figure 13.5 to a separate sheet of paper and label appropriate structures with these terms, drawing lines or brackets as needed: chromosome (label as replicated or unreplicated), centromere, kinetochore, sister chromatids, nonsister chromatids, homologous pair, homologs, chiasma, sister chromatid cohesion.

Question 62

If we continued to follow the cell lineage from question 5, then the DNA content of a single cell at metaphase of meiosis II would be

A)0)25x.
B)0)5x.
C)x)
D)2x.
E)4x.

Question 63

Use the diagram of a cell in Figure 13.5 to answer the following questions.

Identify the stage of meiosis shown.

Question 64

If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I would be

A)0)25x.
B)0)5x.
C)x)
D)2x.
E)4x.

Question 65

Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during

A)mitosis.
B)meiosis I.
C)meiosis II.
D)fertilization.
E)binary fission.

Question 66

Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that

A)sister chromatids separate during anaphase.
B)DNA replicates before the division.
C)the daughter cells are diploid.
D)homologous chromosomes synapse.
E)the chromosome number is reduced.

Question 67

How many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes can be packaged in gametes made by an organism with a diploid number of 8 (2n = 8)?

A)2
B)4
C)8
D)16
E)32

Question 68

Use the diagram of a cell in Figure 13.5 to answer the following questions.

How can you tell this cell is undergoing meiosis, not mitosis?