Deck 35: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Question 1

Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue system?

A)root hair-dermal tissue
B)palisade parenchyma-ground tissue
C)guard cell-dermal tissue
D)companion cell-ground tissue
E)tracheid-vascular tissue

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What would be a plant adaptation that increases exposure of a plant to light in a dense forest?

A)closing of the stomata
B)lateral buds
C)apical dominance
D)absence of petioles
E)intercalary meristems

Answer 2

C

Question 3

__________ is to xylem as __________ is to phloem.

A)Sclerenchyma cell; parenchyma cell
B)Apical meristem; vascular cambium
C)Vessel element; sieve-tube member
D)Cortex; pith
E)Vascular cambium; cork cambium

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Land plants are composed of all the following tissue types except

A)mesodermal.
B)epidermal.
C)meristematic.
D)vascular.
E)ground tissue.

Question 5

All of the following are plant adaptations to life on land except

A)tracheids and vessels.
B)root hairs.
C)cuticle.
D)the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis.
E)collenchyma.

Question 6

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A)the probability of damage by beetles to developing soybean pods with 10 trichomes per square mm
(B)the probability of damage by beetles to developing soybean pods with 2 trichomes per square mm

A)Item (A)is greater than item (B).
B)Item (A)is less than item (B).
C)Item (A)is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B).
D)Item (A)may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).

Question 7

When you eat Brussels sprouts, what are you eating?

A)immature flowers
B)large axillary buds
C)petioles
D)storage leaves
E)storage roots

Question 8

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?

A)taproots
B)root hairs
C)the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem
D)storage roots
E)sections of the root that have secondary xylem

Question 9

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A)the number of growth rings of a 10-year-old tree from the northern hemisphere
(B)the number of growth rings of a 10-year-old tree from the tropics

A)Item (A)is greater than item (B).
B)Item (A)is less than item (B).
C)Item (A)is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B).
D)Item (A)may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).

Question 10

Which of the following is derived from the ground tissue system?

A)root hairs
B)cuticle
C)periderm
D)pith
E)phloem

Question 11

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A)the thickness of the cell wall of sclerenchyma
(B)the thickness of the cell wall of parenchyma

A)Item (A)is greater than item (B).
B)Item (A)is less than item (B).
C)Item (A)is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B).
D)Item (A)may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).

Question 12

Which cells are no longer capable of carrying out the process of DNA transcription?

A)xylem
B)sieve tube elements
C)companion cells
D)A and B only
E)A, B and C

Question 13

What effect does "pinching back" have on a houseplant?

A)increases apical dominance
B)inhibits the growth of lateral buds
C)produces a plant that will grow taller
D)produces a plant that will grow fuller
E)increases the flow of auxin down the shoot

Question 14

Which of the following are the water-conducting cells of xylem, have thick walls, and are dead at functional maturity?

A)parenchyma cells
B)collenchyma cells
C)clerenchyma cells
D)tracheids and vessel elements
E)sieve-tube elements

Question 15

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A)the number of vessel elements in a eudicot root cap
(B)the number of vessel elements in a eudicot stem

A)Item (A)is greater than item (B).
B)Item (A)is less than item (B).
C)Item (A)is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B).
D)Item (A)may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).

Question 16

CO2 enters the inner the inner spaces of the leaf through the

A)cuticle.
B)epidermal trichomes.
C)stoma.
D)phloem.
E)walls of guard cells.

Question 17

Vascular plant tissue includes all of the following cell types except

A)vessel elements.
B)sieve cells.
C)tracheids.
D)companion cells.
E)cambium cells.

Question 18

A person working with plants may remove apical dominance by doing which of the following?

A)pruning
B)deep watering of the roots
C)fertilizing
D)transplanting
E)feeding the plants' nutrients

Question 19

You are studying a plant from the arid southwestern United States. Which of the following adaptations is least likely to have evolved in response to water shortages?

A)closing the stomata during the hottest time of the day
B)development of large leaf surfaces to absorb water
C)formation of a fibrous root system spread over a large area
D)mycorrhizae associated with the root system
E)a thick waxy cuticle on the epidermis

Question 20

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A)the probability that xylem cells are meristematic
(B)the probability that trichomes are meristematic

A)Item (A)is greater than item (B).
B)Item (A)is less than item (B).
C)Item (A)is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B).
D)Item (A)may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).

Question 21

A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system; several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant?

A)herbaceous eudicot
B)woody eudicot
C)woody monocot
D)herbaceous monocot
E)woody annual

Question 22

The following question is based on parts of a growing primary root.
I. root cap
II. zone of elongation
III. zone of cell division
IV. zone of cell maturation
V. apical meristem
Which of the following is the correct sequence from the growing tips of the root upward?

A)I, II, V, III, IV
B)III, V, I, II, IV
C)II, IV, I, V, III
D)IV, II, III, I, V
E)I, V, III, II, IV

Question 23

Which of the following are sugar-transporting cells in angiosperms?

A)parenchyma cells
B)collenchyma cells
C)clerenchyma cells
D)tracheids and vessel elements
E)sieve-tube elements

Question 24

The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is due primarily to

A)continuous cell division in the root cap at the tip of the root.
B)continuous cell division just behind the root cap in the center of the apical meristem.
C)elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem.
D)A and B only.
E)A, B, and C.

Question 25

Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to

A)cell division at the shoot apical meristem.
B)cell elongation directly behind the shoot apical meristem.
C)cell division localized in each internode.
D)cell elongation localized in each internode.
E)A and B only.

Question 26

A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are these?

A)parenchyma
B)xylem
C)endodermis
D)collenchyma
E)sclerenchyma

Question 27

The following question is based on parts of a growing primary root.
I. root cap
II. zone of elongation
III. zone of cell division
IV. zone of cell maturation
V. apical meristem
Which of the following illustrates the idea that the fate of a cell is a direct result of its position?

A)Some root epidermal cells form hairs; others do not.
B)Floating leaves of Cabomba have a different shape than submerged leaves.
C)Some shoot epidermal cells form stomata; others do not.
D)A and C only
E)A, B, and C

Question 28

Which of the following have thick, lignified walls that help support mature, nongrowing parts of the plant?

A)parenchyma cells
B)collenchyma cells
C)clerenchyma cells
D)tracheids and vessel elements
E)sieve-tube elements

Question 29

Figure 35.1
Which of the following are True statements about the cells shown in the photograph in Figure 35.1 above?

A)They are parenchyma cells.
B)They are photosynthetic.
C)They are usually found in roots.
D)They are phloem cells.
E)Both A and B.

Question 30

The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the

A)cortex.
B)stele.
C)endodermis.
D)periderm.
E)pith.

Question 31

Which of the following arise from lateral meristem activity?

A)secondary xylem
B)leaves
C)trichomes
D)tubers
E)all of the above

Question 32

Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant?

A)parenchyma cells
B)collenchyma cells
C)clerenchyma cells
D)tracheids and vessel elements
E)sieve-tube elements

Question 33

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that

A)only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem.
B)the cells of roots have cell walls and leaf cells do not.
C)a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent in roots.
D)vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves.
E)leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not.

Question 34

The following question is based on parts of a growing primary root.
I. root cap
II. zone of elongation
III. zone of cell division
IV. zone of cell maturation
V. apical meristem
Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its structure and function?

A)sclerenchyma-supporting cells with thick secondary walls
B)periderm-protective coat of woody stems and roots
C)pericycle-waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots
D)mesophyll-parenchyma cells functioning in photosynthesis in leaves
E)ground meristem-primary meristem that produces the ground tissue system

Question 35

Which of the following are relatively unspecialized cells that retain the ability to divide and perform most of the plant's metabolic functions of synthesis and storage?

A)parenchyma cells
B)collenchyma cells
C)clerenchyma cells
D)tracheids and vessel elements
E)sieve-tube elements

Question 36

Plants contain meristems whose only function is to

A)attract pollinators.
B)absorb ions.
C)photosynthesize.
D)divide.
E)produce flowers.

Question 37

Axillary buds

A)are initiated by the cork cambium.
B)develop from meristematic cells left by the apical meristem.
C)are composed of a series of internodes lacking nodes.
D)grow immediately into shoot branches.
E)do not form a vascular connection with the primary shoot.

Question 38

The best word to describe the growth of plants in general is

A)perennial.
B)weedy.
C)indeterminate.
D)derivative.
E)primary.

Question 39

Gas exchange, necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in which leaf tissue?

A)epidermis
B)palisade mesophyll
C)spongy mesophyll
D)vascular tissue
E)bundle sheath

Question 40

A vessel element would likely lose its protoplast in which section of a root?

A)zone of cell division
B)zone of elongation
C)zone of maturation
D)root cap
E)apical meristem

Question 41

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
All of the following cell types are correctly matched with their functions except

A)mesophyll-photosynthesis.
B)guard cell-regulation of transpiration.
C)sieve-tube member-translocation.
D)vessel element-water transport.
E)companion cell-formation of secondary xylem and phloem.

Question 42

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
Cells produced by lateral meristems are known as

A)dermal and ground tissue.
B)lateral tissues.
C)pith.
D)secondary tissues.
E)shoots and roots.

Question 43

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
A monocot stem is represented by

A)I only.
B)II only.
C)III only.
D)IV only.
E)both I and III.

Question 44

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. The nail is now __________ meters above the ground.

A)0)5
B)1)5
C)3)0
D)15.0
E)28.5

Question 45

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exit from the middle of the trunk (stem)outward, you would cross, in order,

A)the annual rings, phloem, and bark.
B)the newest xylem, oldest phloem, and periderm.
C)the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem.
D)the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium.
E)the summer wood, bark, and phloem.

Question 46

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
Bark becomes scaly because

A)the cork cambium stops dividing in certain places.
B)some cork cells die and slough off while others remain alive.
C)ray parenchyma supplies only the "ridges" of bark.
D)cork cambium divides only parallel to the surface, and thus does not increase in circumference.
E)cork cambium has both ray and fusiform initials.

Question 47

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
The vascular system of a three-year-old eudicot stem consists of

A)3 rings of xylem and 3 of phloem.
B)2 rings of xylem and 2 of phloem.
C)2 rings of xylem and 1 of phloem.
D)2 rings of xylem and 3 of phloem.
E)3 rings of xylem and 1 of phloem.

Question 48

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
Which of the following is a True statement about growth in plants?

A)Only primary growth is localized at meristems.
B)Some plants lack secondary growth.
C)Only stems have secondary growth.
D)Only secondary growth produces reproductive structures.
E)Monocots have only primary growth, and eudicots have only secondary growth.

Question 49

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
A plant that is at least 3 years old is represented by

A)I only.
B)II only.
C)III only.
D)IV only.
E)both I and III.

Question 50

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?

A)primary xylem
B)secondary xylem
C)secondary phloem
D)mesophyll cells
E)vascular cambium

Question 51

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
Which of the following is a True statement?

A)Flowers may have secondary growth.
B)Secondary growth is a common feature of eudicot leaves.
C)Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.
D)Primary growth and secondary growth alternate in the life cycle of a plant.
E)Plants with secondary growth are typically the smallest ones in an ecosystem.

Question 52

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
Suppose George Washington completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down. The leaves retained their normal appearance for several weeks, but the tree eventually died. The tissue(s)that George left functional was (were)the

A)phloem.
B)xylem.
C)cork cambium.
D)cortex.
E)companion and sieve-tube members.

Question 53

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
Which of the following is True of bark?

A)It is composed of phloem plus periderm.
B)It is associated with annuals but not perennials.
C)It is formed by the apical meristems.
D)It has no identifiable function in trees.
E)It forms annual rings in deciduous trees.

Question 54

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
A leaf primordium is initiated as a small mound of tissue on the flank of a dome-shaped shoot apical meristem. The earliest physical evidence of the site of a newly forming leaf primordium would be

A)development of chloroplasts in a surface cell of the shoot apical meristem.
B)cell division in the shoot apical meristem with the newly forming walls perpendicular to the surface of the meristem.
C)pre-prophase bands parallel to the surface of the meristem in subsurface cells of the shoot apical meristem.
D)elongation of epidermal cells perpendicular to the surface of the shoot apical meristem.
E)formation of stomata in the epidermal layer of the shoot apical meristem.

Question 55

The following question is based on parts of a growing primary root.
I. root cap
II. zone of elongation
III. zone of cell division
IV. zone of cell maturation
V. apical meristem
Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots?

A)endodermis
B)phloem
C)cortex
D)epidermis
E)pericycle

Question 56

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
How does the fass mutation in Arabidopsis result in a stubby plant rather than a normal elongated one?

A)Cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall do not form, resulting in a shorter plant.
B)Lack of formation of the preprophase band results in random planes of cell division.
C)The cell's pattern of migration in the apical meristem is disrupted.
D)Meristem identity genes produce defective transcription factors, resulting in a stubby shoot.
E)Juvenile nodes retain their juvenile status and elongated cells do not develop.

Question 57

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
A woody eudicot is represented by

A)I only.
B)II only.
C)III only.
D)IV only.
E)both I and III.

Question 58

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called

A)hairs.
B)xylem cells.
C)phloem cells.
D)stomata.
E)sclereids.

Question 59

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
According to the ABC model of floral development, which genes would be expressed in a showy ornamental flower with multiple sepals and petals but no stamens or carpels?

A)A genes only.
B)B genes only.
C)C genes only.
D)A and B genes only.
E)A and C genes only.

Question 60

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells?

A)vascular cambium
B)apical meristem
C)endodermis
D)phloem
E)xylem

Question 61

Which of these are not produced by the vascular cambium?

A)sclerenchyma cells
B)parenchyma cells
C)sieve-tube elements
D)root hairs
E)vessel elements

Question 62

Which of the following arise from meristematic activity?

A)secondary xylem
B)leaves
C)dermal tissue
D)tubers
E)all of the above

Question 63

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
While studying the plant Arabidopsis, a botanist finds that an RNA probe produces colored spots in the sepals of the plant. From this information, what information can be inferred?

A)The differently colored plants will attract different pollinating insects.
B)The RNA probe is transported only to certain tissues.
C)The colored regions were caused by mutations that occurred in the sepals.
D)The RNA probe is specific to a gene active in sepals.
E)More research needs to be done on the sepals of Arabidopsis.

Question 64

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
Before differentiation can begin during the processes of plant cell and tissue culture, parenchyma cells from the source tissue must

A)differentiate into procambium.
B)undergo dedifferentiation.
C)increase the number of chromosomes in their nuclei.
D)enzymatically digest their primary cell walls.
E)establish a new polarity in their cytoplasm.

Question 65

On this cross section from a woody eudicot, label a growth ring, late wood, early wood, and a vessel element. Then draw an arrow in the pith-to-cork direction.

Question 66

The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by

A)a change in the morphology of the leaves produced.
B)the initiation of secondary growth.
C)the formation of lateral roots.
D)a change in the orientation of preprophase bands and cytoplasmic microtubules in lateral meristems.
E)the activation of floral meristem identity genes.

Question 67

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
"Totipotency" is a term used to describe the ability of a cell to give rise to a complete new organism. In plants, this means that

A)plant development is not under genetic control.
B)the cells of shoots and the cells of roots have different genes.
C)cell differentiation depends largely on the control of gene expression.
D)a cell's environment has no effect on its differentiation.
E)sexual reproduction is not necessary in plants.

Question 68

Heartwood and sapwood consist of

A)bark.
B)periderm.
C)secondary xylem.
D)secondary phloem.
E)cork.

Question 69

Pinching off the tops of snapdragons causes the plants to make many more flowers than they would if left alone. Why does removal of the top cause more flowers to form?

A)Removal of an apical meristem causes a phase transition from vegetative to floral development.
B)Removal of an apical meristem causes cell division to become disorganized, as in the fass mutant of Arabidopsis.
C)Removal of an apical meristem allows more nutrients to be delivered to floral meristems.
D)Removal of an apical meristem causes outgrowth of lateral buds that produce extra branches, which ultimately produce flowers.
E)Removal of an apical meristem allows the periderm to produce new lateral branches.

Question 70

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
Which of the following statements is False?

A)A preprophase band determines where a cell plate will form in a dividing cell.
B)The way in which a plant cell differentiates is determined by the cell's position in the developing plant body.
C)Homeotic genes often control morphogenesis.
D)Plant cells differentiate because the cytoskeleton determines which genes will be turned "on" and "off."
E)Arabidopsis was the first plant to have its genome sequenced.

Question 71

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
A mutation allows only A gene activity in a developing flower. Which flower part(s)will develop in this plant?

A)sepals.
B)petals
C)stamens
D)carpels
E)both sepals and petals.

Question 72

Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue system?

A)root hair-dermal tissue
B)palisade mesophyll-ground tissue
C)guard cell-dermal tissue
D)companion cell-ground tissue
E)tracheid-vascular tissue

Question 73

In a root, a vessel element completes its development in which area of growth?

A)zone of cell division
B)zone of elongation
C)zone of differentiation
D)root cap
E)apical meristem

Question 74

The type of mature cell that a particular embryonic plant cell will become appears to be determined mainly by

A)the selective loss of genes.
B)the cell's final position in a developing organ.
C)the cell's pattern of migration.
D)the cell's age.
E)the cell's particular meristematic lineage.

Question 75

Which of the following is not part of an older tree's bark?

A)cork
B)cork cambium
C)lenticels
D)secondary xylem
E)secondary phloem

Question 76

Based on the ABC model, what would be the structure of a flower that had normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls?

A)carpel-petal-petal-carpel
B)stamen-stamen-petal-petal
C)sepal- carpel-carpel-sepal
D)sepal-sepal-carpel-carpel
E)carpel-carpel-carpel-carpel

Question 77

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.

Figure 35.2
The polarity of a plant is established when

A)the zygote divides.
B)cotyledons form at the shoot end of the embryo.
C)the shoot-root axis is established in the embryo.
D)the primary root breaks through the seed coat.
E)the shoot first breaks through the soil into the light as the seed germinates.