Deck 2: A: Brain and Behavior

Question 1

The brain consists of approximately 100 billion nerve cells called

A) somas.
B) nuclei.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) neurons.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following occurs when an artery carrying blood to the brain becomes blocked,causing some brain tissue to die?

A) edema
B) multiple sclerosis
C) a stroke
D) an aneurysm

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When an artery in a person's brain becomes blocked or bursts open,we say that the person has experienced

A) a stroke.
B) neural induction.
C) neural congestion.
D) spatial neglect.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The part of the neuron which collects and combines information is called the

A) axon.
B) axon terminal.
C) ion channels.
D) soma.

Question 5

The billions of neurons in the brain are accompanied by an almost equal number of other cells whose function is to support the neurons in a variety of ways.These cells are called

A) effector cells.
B) glial cells.
C) vesicles.
D) myelins.

Question 6

A neuron is made up of dendrites,a soma,and a(n)

A) axon.
B) synapse.
C) diaton.
D) peptide.

Question 7

The electrically charged molecules that are involved in a nerve impulse are called

A) axons.
B) dendrites.
C) ampules.
D) ions.

Question 8

The soma is the part of the nerve cell that

A) transmits information to the next neuron.
B) collects and combines incoming information.
C) carries nerve impulses over large distances.
D) forms branching connections at the end of each axon.

Question 9

Which of the following does NOT describe the human brain?

A) weighs about a pound and a half
B) wrinkled like a walnut
C) size of a grapefruit
D) texture of tofu

Question 10

The individual nerve cells specialized to carry and process information are called

A) neurotransmitters.
B) synapses.
C) ions.
D) neurons.

Question 11

Up early to feed his cat,Dr.Bryan Kolb could not see his hand,or anything else to his upper left side.He realized that he had most likely suffered

A) aphasia.
B) virilism.
C) a right hemisphere stroke.
D) a left hemisphere stroke.

Question 12

Which bulb-shaped structures found at the end of neurons form connections with the dendrites and somas of other neurons and allow information to pass from neuron to neuron?

A) myelin sheaths.
B) ion channels.
C) dendrite arcs.
D) axon terminals.

Question 13

The part of the neuron that sends information to other neurons "branches out" into smaller fibers,which end in bulb-shaped parts known as

A) myelin sheaths.
B) ion channels.
C) dendrite arcs.
D) axon terminals.

Question 14

Which of the following carry information from the senses to the brain,activate muscles and glands,and form vast networks that produce intelligence and consciousness?

A) neurons
B) glial cells
C) synapses
D) nuclei ions

Question 15

Regarding axons,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Some axons are only 0.1 millimeter long.
B) Some axons stretch up to a meter in length throughout the nervous system.
C) Axons "branch out" into slightly larger fibers, which end in several bulb-shaped somas.
D) The human brain contans about three million miles of axons.

Question 16

The part of the nerve cell that carries information away from the cell body to other neurons is the

A) axon.
B) dendrite.
C) soma.
D) synapse.

Question 17

Once information is received at the dendrites,it next flows into the

A) soma.
B) axon.
C) myelin sheath.
D) glial cell.

Question 18

The part of the neuron that specializes in receiving messages from other neurons is the

A) axon.
B) nucleus.
C) dendrites.
D) telodendria.

Question 19

The cell body of a neuron is also called the

A) dendrite.
B) axon.
C) myelin.
D) soma.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a part of a neuron?

A) axon
B) axon terminal
C) synapse
D) soma

Question 21

When a nerve impulse travels along an axon at about 200 miles per hour,then you know that

A) polarization has begun.
B) an action potential is occurring.
C) a negative after-potential has been completed.
D) a synaptic potential is impossible.

Question 22

When the ion channels open,they allow sodium ions to rush into the axon at which location FIRST?

A) within the receptor sites of the dendrites
B) near the axon terminals
C) near the soma
D) within the synaptic cleft

Question 23

A neuron's threshold is

A) another name for its synaptic potential.
B) another name for its negative after-potential
C) when a neuron is inactive.
D) its trigger point for firing.

Question 24

When the threshold for firing within a neuron occurs,we say that which of the following is taking place?

A) volume gradient
B) myelination
C) action potential
D) resting discharge

Question 25

When a neuron is inactive,more of which of the following exist OUTSIDE the neuron?

A) positive ions
B) negative ions
C) myelin sheaths
D) neuropeptides

Question 26

The fact that the inside of human neurons measures about -70 millivolts compared to the outside of the cell allows each neuron to act like a

A) tiny battery.
B) chemical reactor.
C) ion channel.
D) shock absorber.

Question 27

The "all or nothing event" refers to the fact that

A) nerve cells are continually in an action potential.
B) action potentials occur completely or not at all.
C) synaptic transmissions occur completely or not at all.
D) all the neurons in the brain fire or none of them fire.

Question 28

The fastest neurons can send impulses at about __________ miles per hour.

A) 200
B) 425
C) 150
D) 45

Question 29

The charge that exists across the nerve cell membrane is a result of differing

A) amounts of DNA and RNA.
B) types of neurotransmitters on either side of the nerve cell membrane.
C) types of neurons inside and outside the nerve cell membrane.
D) concentrations of ions on either side of the nerve cell membrane.

Question 30

During an action potential,which of the following occurs?

A) Sodium ions are pumped out of the neuron into the synaptic cleft.
B) The molecular gates open to allow sodium ions into the neuron.
C) The electrical stimulation of the neuron must dip below -70 millivolts and remain so during the action potential.
D) Neurotransmitters enter the axon through gaps in the myelin sheath.

Question 31

In the nervous system,the electrical charge of an inactive neuron is called its

A) depolarized state.
B) resting potential.
C) action potential.
D) ionic state.

Question 32

During an action potential,the axon's ion channels pop open to allow which ions to rush into the axon?

A) sodium
B) potassium
C) chlorine
D) iodine

Question 33

Regarding ions,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Ions are found only on the outside of the neuron until it is activated.
B) Ions have a neutral charge, neither positive nor negative until they are activated.
C) When a neuron is inactive (or resting), more "plus" charges exist outside the neuron and more "minus" charges exist inside.
D) Ions can be found only inside the neuron, which creates in your brain an electronic charge of about -10 millivolts.

Question 34

The channels that transport sodium and potassium within the axon are called __________ channels.

A) DNA and RNA
B) membrane
C) nucleic
D) ion

Question 35

The theshold for firing has been reached when the electrical charge of what level of millivolts occurs within a nerve cell?

A) - 10
B) - 50
C) + 100
D) + 10

Question 36

When a neuron is inactive,more of which of the following exist INSIDE the neuron?

A) negative ions
B) positive ions
C) neuropeptides
D) myelin sheaths

Question 37

If the electrical charge of the neuron changes to about a minus 50 millivolts,the neuron will reach its __________for firing.

A) synaptic potential
B) negative after-potential
C) threshold
D) fusion level

Question 38

Which of the following statements best describes an action potential?

A) The action potential is strongest when neurilemma is present.
B) The action potential starts near the synapse.
C) The action potential occurs when neurotransmitters enter the axon.
D) The action potential is an all-or-nothing event.

Question 39

A resting potential occurs when a neuron

A) reaches -50 millivolts.
B) is inactive.
C) reaches its threshold.
D) reaches its trigger point for firing.

Question 40

The conduction of a nerve impulse down the axon is called a(n)

A) ion potential.
B) action potential.
C) resting discharge.
D) synapse.

Question 41

The process by which nerve impulses are conducted down an axon by jumping from gap to gap in the myelin layer is known as

A) neuroplasticity.
B) synaptic transmission.
C) saltatory conduction.
D) positive after-potential.

Question 42

The small gaps in the myelin covering of a nerve act to

A) decrease the speed of transmission of nerve impulses.
B) increase the speed of transmission of nerve impulses.
C) decrease or increase the transmission of nerve impulses, depending on the state of the firing neurons.
D) stimulate the repair of damaged nerve cells.

Question 43

A neuron is less willing to fire when it is in a(n)

A) action potential.
B) resting potential.
C) negative after-potential.
D) depolarized state.

Question 44

The whitish,fatty substance that surrounds some axons and aids conduction of a nerve impulse down the axon is called

A) myelin.
B) neurilemma.
C) synaptic vesicles.
D) neurotransmitters.

Question 45

The word "saltatory" comes from the Latin word saltare,which means to

A) slow or stop.
B) repeat or return.
C) jump or leap.
D) salute or talk

Question 46

During a negative after-potential,there is an outward flow of which of the following from the axon?

A) negative charges
B) potassium ions
C) neurotransmitters
D) sodium ions

Question 47

Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which the immune system attacks and destroys

A) the nucleus of nerve cells.
B) neurilemma.
C) the receptor sites.
D) myelin.

Question 48

Saltatory conduction refers to

A) a drop in electrical charge below the resting potential.
B) the capacity of our brains to change in response to experience.
C) the simplest behavior, in which a stimulus provokes an automatic response.
D) a nerve impulse jumping from gap to gap in the myelin layer.

Question 49

Which of the following is a disease in which the immune system attacks and destroys the myelin in a person's body,causing the person to experience numbness,weakness,or paralysis?

A) rheumatoid arthritis
B) multiple sclerosis
C) Huntington's disease
D) muscular dysthrophy

Question 50

Miriam has been suffering from numbness,weakness,and partial paralysis.Miriam's doctor told her that her immune system has attacked and destroyed the myelin in her body,causing her to have

A) rheumatoid arthritis.
B) multiple sclerosis.
C) Huntington's disease.
D) muscular dysthrophy.

Question 51

After a nerve impulse occurs,the neuron is temporarily less likely to fire because

A) the cell is still above its resting level.
B) potassium ions flow out of the neuron while the ion channels are open.
C) acetylcholine acts as an inhibitor.
D) a positive after-potential has occurred.

Question 52

When a car suddenly brakes in front of you,

A) neurilemma repair the myelin layer so that you can stop.
B) myelin slows your response time.
C) small gaps in the myelin speed reaction time.
D) nerve impulses move faster through the tunnel formed by the myelin.

Question 53

Negative after-potential refers to

A) a nerve cell's electrical charge reaching its threshold.
B) a nerve cell reaching a negative trigger point.
C) a nerve cell briefly dropping below its resting level.
D) the axon's readiness for another wave of activity.

Question 54

Electrically charged particles of which two elements are crucial in the transmission of the nerve impulse?

A) iron and sodium
B) iron and potassium
C) sodium and nickel
D) sodium and potassium

Question 55

Myelin covers which part(s)of the neuron?

A) soma
B) dendrite
C) axon
D) all of these parts

Question 56

The action potential is an all or nothing event that

A) takes place within the synapse.
B) takes place at the dendrite receptor sites.
C) is primarily an electrical process.
D) is primarily a chemical process.

Question 57

Small gaps in the myelin result in nerve impulses jumping from gap to gap which causes these nerve impulses to move

A) faster.
B) slower.
C) at a normal speed.
D) at a declining rate of speed.

Question 58

The communication between neurons would be described as

A) chemical.
B) electrical.
C) proactive.
D) retroactive.

Question 59

The purpose of the myelin that surrounds the axon is to

A) keep nerve cells continually active.
B) help electrical currents cross the synapse completely.
C) repair neurons within the peripheral nervous system.
D) speed the transmission of an impulse down the axon.

Question 60

The passage of information within a single neuron would be described as

A) chemical.
B) electrical.
C) synaptic.
D) retroactive.

Question 61

Neurotransmitters are released at the

A) axon hillock.
B) myelin sheath.
C) axon terminals.
D) teleodendria.

Question 62

How many different transmitter chemicals are found in the brain?

A) fewer than 10
B) approximately 25
C) approximately 50
D) more than 100

Question 63

When a nerve impulse reaches the end of the axon,the tiny sacs that store the neurotransmitters move to the surface and release these chemicals.These tiny sacs that store the neurotransmitters are called

A) synaptic vesicles.
B) myelin sheaths.
C) neurilemmas.
D) ion channels.

Question 64

The tiny gaps separating neurons from one another and across which information must be transmitted are known as

A) synapses.
B) synaptic vesicles.
C) receptor sites.
D) ion channels.

Question 65

Which of the following is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that plays a role in mood,appetite,and sleep with a deficiency leading to depression?

A) dopamine
B) acetylcholine
C) serotonin
D) glutamate

Question 66

An excess of dopamine has been linked with the development of which of the following?

A) multiple sclerosis
B) schizophrenia
C) Alzheimer's disease
D) spatial neglect

Question 67

The chemicals that are released at an axon terminal and can either excite or inhibit other neurons are called

A) synapses.
B) synaptic vesicles.
C) neurilemmas.
D) neurotransmitters.

Question 68

Reduced feelings of pleasure as well as Parkinson's disease have been linked with a deficiency of which neurotransmitter?

A) dopamine
B) GABA
C) serotonin
D) glutamate

Question 69

Communication is carried out between neurons when neurotransmitters are released into the

A) neurilemma tunnel.
B) synaptic gap.
C) dendritic furrow.
D) ion channels.

Question 70

Acetylcholine,norepinephrine,dopamine,and GABA are examples of

A) neurotransmitters.
B) negative after-potentials.
C) synaptic ions.
D) neurilemmas.

Question 71

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter that participates in movement,autonomic function,learning,and memory with a deficiency in this neurotransmitter playing a role in Alzheimer's disease?

A) norepinephrine
B) acetylcholine
C) serotonin
D) glutamate

Question 72

Nerve cell bodies and dendrites are not the only locations sensitive to neurotransmitters.Receptor sites can also be found on

A) muscles and glands.
B) skeletal joints.
C) axon terminals.
D) all vital organs.

Question 73

Neurotransmitters bind to which of the following located on dendrites and cell bodies?

A) synaptic vesicles
B) neurilemmas
C) receptor sites
D) myelin sheaths

Question 74

Tiny areas on the surfaces of neurons and other cells that are sensitive to neurotransmitters or hormones are called

A) axon terminals.
B) somatic retention areas.
C) dendritic retention areas.
D) receptor sites.

Question 75

Which of the following best describes the means by which neurons communicate with each other?

A) Sodium ions from one neuron flow into a second neuron, and potassium ions flow out.
B) Potassium ions from one neuron flow into a second neuron, and sodium ions flow out.
C) Neurotransmitters flow across the synapse and attach to receptor sites.
D) Electrical charges cross the synapse.

Question 76

What effect do neurotransmitters from one neuron have on the next neuron?

A) They have no effect.
B) They excite it.
C) They inhibit it.
D) They may excite or inhibit it.

Question 77

Receptor sites for neurotransmitters are found in large numbers

A) on the axon terminals.
B) on dendrites and cell bodies.
C) within the ion channels.
D) on the myelin sheath and neurilemma.

Question 78

Neurons "talk" to each other chemically when which of the following are released?

A) neurilemmas
B) neurotransmitters
C) somas
D) ion channels

Question 79

Communication between neurons would be considered a chemical change involving

A) sodium ions.
B) neurilemmas.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) potassium ions.

Question 80

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter that participates in motivation,reward,and the planning of behavior with a deficiency leading to Parkinson's disease and an excess leading to schizophrenia?

A) dopamine
B) acetylcholine
C) serotonin
D) glutamate