Deck 3: D: Human Development

Question 1

Abby's mother has watched Abby progress in her development from attempting to pick up a ball using her arms and torso,to using her whole hands,and finally to using her fingertips.This is an example of cephalocaudal development.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

According to Meltzoff's research,infants as young as 20 days can imitate an adult sticking out his or her tongue.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Research indicates that children in high-quality daycares tend to have better relationships with their mothers and fewer behavior problems.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Adolescence is the same as the developmental period known as puberty.

Question 5

You leave your child with a babysitter.When you return,your child ignores you.Your child's behavior indicates an insecure-ambivalent attachment.

Question 6

When a gene is recessive,it must be paired with a second gene of the same type before its effect will be expressed.

Question 7

Research studies suggest that anger is the only emotion that newborn infants clearly express.

Question 8

In the concrete operational stage,children are able to use abstract principles and consider hypothetical possibilities.

Question 9

Radiation,pesticides,drugs,and X-rays would all be considered teratogens.

Question 10

Emma is used to riding her own bicycle and decides to ride her brother's bike,which is slightly larger and has hand brakes rather than a foot brake.According to Piaget,Emma must use accommodation in order to make the changes necessary to ride her brother's bike.

Question 11

Ben touches his newborn brother's palm,and his little brother takes hold of Ben's finger and will not let go,illustrating the Babinski reflex.

Question 12

When two-year-old Amanda calls her dog,"Here dog" or when she tells her mother "want juice," Amanda is exhibiting telegraphic speech.

Question 13

About 40 percent of all newborns would be classified as difficult children,who are moody,intense,and easily angered.

Question 14

According to Chomsky,humans have a biological predisposition to develop language.

Question 15

The attachment study of infant monkeys to wire and cloth surrogates suggested that the source of food is the most important factor in attachment.

Question 16

When psychologists attribute development to nurture,they are referring to the effects of heredity.

Question 17

Fathers tend to engage their children in unusual play,while mothers tend to engage their children in more conventional play.

Question 18

According to Vygotsky,the framework or temporary support that helps a child learn is called scaffolding.

Question 19

During language development,the interactions between the adult and infant that include touching,vocalizing,gazing,and smiling are referred to as shared transformations.

Question 20

Authoritative parents enforce rigid rules and demand strict obedience to these rules.

Question 21

If you slam a door (making a loud noise),an infant is likely to be startled and show the __________ reflex.

Question 22

Morgan's mother leaves the room,and when she returns,Morgan runs up to her but then kicks and squirms to get away from her mother.According to Mary Ainsworth's research,Morgan is exhibiting an insecure-__________ attachment.

Question 23

Overly permissive parenting produces children who bully their classmates to get their way in school and who,as adults,become addicted to seeking ways to enhance their self-esteem.

Question 24

With aging,there is a gradual decline of crystallized abilities,but not of fluid abilities.

Question 25

A psychologist explaining differences between two individuals in terms of activity levels,irritability,and distractibility is describing aspects of __________.

Question 26

Two-year-old Mario wants to dress,eat,and walk without his mother's assistance.Erikson would say that the child is operating at the stage of industry versus inferiority.

Question 27

Teens who take pride in their ethnic heritage tend to have a weaker sense of personal identity and a poorer self-image.

Question 28

Problems or defects that originate during prenatal development in the mother's womb referred to as __________ problems.

Question 29

Dr.Santos conducts research involving the changes in the abilities and behaviors of humans from conception to death.Dr.Santos is most likely a(n)__________ psychologist.

Question 30

When presented with "The Porcupine and the Moles" story,the girls in Gilligan's study tended to use the ethic of caring,while the boys used justice to solve the moral problem.

Question 31

A time of increased susceptibility to both positive and negative environmental influences is called a(n)__________.

Question 32

Muscular control spreads in a developmental pattern from the center of the body to the extremities,according to the __________ pattern.

Question 33

According to Kübler-Ross,the generally-accepted order of emotional reactions in preparing for death is anger,depression,bargaining,denial and isolation,and acceptance.

Question 34

Accoridng to Erikson,a child entering adolescence can expect the major developmental task to center around the need to achieve intimacy with another.

Question 35

The limits that one's environment places on the effects of heredity is referred to as the __________.

Question 36

It is more common to "survive a crisis" at midlife than it is to make a "midcourse correction."

Question 37

Distress displayed by infants when away from their parents or principal caregivers is called __________.

Question 38

According to Kohlberg,the conventional level is based on self-interest and avoiding punishment.

Question 39

If Andy refuses to do his own laundry,he will have nothing clean to wear,which illustrates a natural consequence.

Question 40

The device that was invented by Robert Fantz and allowed researchers to observe the movements of an infant's eyes in order to determine what infants can see and what holds their attention was the ___________.

Question 41

An in-home program or medical facility that provides the dying with support,guidance,pain relief,and companionship is called a(n)__________.

Question 42

According to Piaget's theory,since a child's intellect develops mainly through accommodation,parents should follow a teaching strategy known as the __________ strategy.

Question 43

Jasmine does not copy other students' homework nor does she cheat on tests because she does not want to receive a zero on the homework or test.Jasmine is exhibiting Kohlberg's moral development level known as __________.

Question 44

Zach likes to "lay down the law" and takes no arguments from his children.According to the research on parenting styles by Diana Baumrind,Zach is exhibiting a(n)__________ parenting style.

Question 45

In this culture,parenting tends to be lenient and permissive for the first few years.Then,after age five,these parents begin to expect respect,obedience,self-control,and self-discipline from their children.The parents also tend to act as teachers who encourage hard work,moral behavior,and achievement as well as setting aside one's own desires when the greater good of the family is at stake.This type of parenting is most often shown by the __________-American culture.

Question 46

When communicating with one's children,Thomas Gordon suggests that parents use __________-messages.

Question 47

According to Kohlberg,older children and most adults exhibit moral development at the __________ level.

Question 48

According to Kübler-Ross,the reaction to impending death in which the person is neither happy nor sad,but is at peace with the inevitable is referred to as the stage of __________.

Question 49

One cost of early maturation during adolescence is that it may force premature __________ formation.

Question 50

Children who tend to be emotionally cold and lacking in spontaneity and who may either fear or hate their parents were probably raised under the method of child-rearing known as __________.

Question 51

Failure to resolve the tasks of middle adulthood leads a person to be concerned for only his or her own needs and comforts,which Erikson referred to as __________.

Question 52

According to Piaget,when a person uses existing mental patterns in new situations,this person is using the process of __________.

Question 53

Discrimination or prejudice on the basis of age is called __________.

Question 54

According to Arnett,a new social status or age period now stretches from the late teens to the mid-twenties during which young people take longer to settle into their adult roles.This new age period is referred to as __________ adulthood.

Question 55

According to Erikson's psychosocial stage theory,parents should encourage their children aged three to five years to ask questions and use their imaginations so the children will develop initiative rather than developing __________.

Question 56

The false-belief task is used to assess whether a child has developed __________.

Question 57

Your baby is about two months old and says "oo" over and over as you hold her.Your baby is exhibiting __________.

Question 58

A pattern of speech used when talking to infants that is marked by a higher-pitched voice; short,simple sentences; repetition; slower speech; and exaggerated voice inflections is known as __________.

Question 59

According to Piaget,the concepts of reversibility and conservation develop during the __________ stage.

Question 60

According to Ryff,autonomy (personal freedom),self-acceptance,and environmental mastery are three of the six elements of __________ during adulthood.

Question 61

Several elementary,junior high,and high school students are presented with a moral dilemma involving a young man whose best friend asks him to help him cheat on the upcoming history test.Using Kohlberg's theory,explain the level each of the different age students would most likely be in and how each might respond to this dilemma.

Question 62

Describe a young child's language development from his or her use of crying to gain attention at one month to his or her use of telegraphic speech.

Question 63

Describe the five reactions to impending death as outlined by Kübler-Ross,and explain how this information on the typical reactions can be used to help those who are dying,their loved ones,and ourselves.

Question 64

Describe the three parenting styles classified by Baumrind and the effects of each parenting style on the children's social and emotional development.

Question 65

Describe what is meant by the theory of the mind; compare the recent research on this concept to what Piaget theorized about preoperational children; explain how theory of mind is assessed,how this ability helps a child to progress in their cognitive development,and what condition may occur if the theory of mind fails to develop fully.

Question 66

Paul and Sarah are having trouble with misbehavior from their two children,Jake and Amy.They have gotten notes from Jake's teacher,who says that Jake never turns in any homework even though Sarah tells him to do his homework every night.Amy tends to get out of most punishments by begging her father to get her mother to "lighten up." Jake and Amy both know that their father's "bark is worse than his bite," that is,he often threatens to "ground them forever," but rarely remembers they are grounded the next day.When their father is not around,their mother lashes out at them verbally calling them "bad kids,who will never amount to anything unless they learn to behave." After reading the "Psychology in Action" section on "Effective Parenting," what suggestions would you make to help Paul and Sarah correct this situation?

Question 67

Describe four adaptive reflexes,and explain how each is elicited and how each aids survival of the newborn.

Question 68

Some psychologists believe that our first attachments influence our adult relationships with friends and lovers.Describe the characteristics of the three adult attachment styles that might result.

Question 69

You are about to start your first teaching job as a fourth grade teacher.Your sister teaches tenth grade social studies.Using Erikson's theory,describe the psychosocial dilemmas that most of the students will be facing in your class and in your sister's.In addition,explain the problems that may be faced by the adolescents of ethnic descent in your sister's class.

Question 70

Mary and Zeke have three children,all of whom have blue eyes.However,both Mary and Zeke have brown eyes.Using genetic principles,explain the probability of this situation occurring.