Deck 8: A: Cognition,language,and Creativity

Question 1

Cognition includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) language.
B) problem-solving.
C) daydreaming.
D) reflexive actions.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A recent college graduate mentally tries out several "answers" to possible questions he might be asked by prospective employers before actually going to his first interview.This college graduate is exhibiting

A) planning.
B) the semantic differential.
C) intrinsic encoding.
D) procedural memory.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Unlike other species,the success of humans is due to

A) our physical strength.
B) our speed.
C) our thinking ability.
D) a combination of all of these.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

You are daydreaming in the middle of a lecture.Daydreaming is a type of

A) cognition.
B) whole learning.
C) proxemics.
D) automatic processing.

Question 5

Regarding aspects of cognition,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Daydreaming is a form of thinking.
B) Planning allows us to try out various options and avoid making many mistakes.
C) Thinking is limited to humans.
D) Unlike other species, the success of humans owes more to intelligence and thinking abilities than it does to physical strength or speed.

Question 6

The term "cognition" includes

A) thinking, problem solving, reasoning, and daydreaming.
B) classical and instrumental conditioning.
C) eidetic imagery and processing.
D) an active process by which sensory input is selected, organized, and integrated.

Question 7

Which type of psychology involves the study of concepts,problem-solving,language,and creativity?

A) existential psychology
B) comparative psychology
C) cognitive psychology
D) forensic psychology

Question 8

The mental processing of images,concepts,words,rules,and symbols best defines

A) brainstorming.
B) insight.
C) cognition.
D) proxemics.

Question 9

The success of humans is due to our thinking ability making us very

A) future-oriented.
B) adaptable.
C) communal.
D) aggressive.

Question 10

Dr.Hart's research interests include the mental activities involved in processing images,concepts,words,rules,and symbols.He would best be described as studying

A) operant conditioning.
B) learning.
C) cognition.
D) proxemics.

Question 11

At its most basic level,thinking involves the

A) internal representation of a problem.
B) consolidation of a memory.
C) semantic encoding of a thought.
D) mnemonics of problem-solving.

Question 12

Darby is a psychologist who studies concept formation and problem-solving.Darby is most likely a(n)__________ psychologist.

A) existential
B) comparative
C) cognitive
D) forensic

Question 13

Which of the following involves internal representations that allow you to look at numerous options before acting and allows you to avoid making mistakes?

A) insight
B) planning
C) intrinsic encoding
D) sensory memory

Question 14

At its most basic level,which of the following is defined as the internal representation or mental expression of a problem or situation?

A) proxemics
B) semantics
C) thinking
D) intellect

Question 15

Picture-like mental representations are called

A) morphemes.
B) images.
C) engrams.
D) concepts.

Question 16

Generalized ideas that represent categories of objects or events are called

A) morphemes.
B) images.
C) engrams.
D) concepts.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a basic unit of thought?

A) concepts
B) images
C) languages
D) engrams

Question 18

Thinking involves all of the following EXCEPT

A) pattern recognition.
B) intuition.
C) attention and memory
D) engramatic notation.

Question 19

Images,concepts,and symbols are all examples of

A) morphemes.
B) heuristics.
C) semantics.
D) internal representations.

Question 20

Thinking involves the manipulation of three basic forms of thought,which are

A) images, concepts, and language.
B) language, memory, and vestibular sensations.
C) scripts, schemes, and synesthesia.
D) pictures, sounds, and illusions.

Question 21

Which of the following is partly based on imagined movements?

A) mental rotation
B) synaesthesia
C) "reverse vision"
D) eidetic imagery

Question 22

In order for two blindfolded chess players to play a game,they must rely on all of the following EXCEPT

A) respondent conditioning.
B) images.
C) concepts.
D) the notational system of chess.

Question 23

Jeff is presented with a picture of a connected block formation and then presented with four pictures of block formations that have the same number of connected blocks but shown from different perspectives.In order for Jeff to select which one of the four perspectives matches the original block formation,he must

A) use eidetic imagery.
B) use visual assimilation.
C) form a three-dimensional image and rotate it.
D) retrieve a stored image and utilize it as a disjunctive concept.

Question 24

Jeffrey often says that spiced chicken tastes "pointy," that pain is the color orange,and that hearing human voices unleashes a flood of colors and tastes.Jeffrey is experiencing a rare form of imagery known as

A) sensory overload.
B) sane hallucinations.
C) eidetic imagery.
D) synesthesia.

Question 25

Concerning mental imagery,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Three people out of 100 find it impossible to produce mental images.
B) Three people out of 100 have very strong imagery.
C) Fewer than 20 percent of people can mentally rotate objects in their minds.
D) Most artists, architects, designers, sculptors, and filmmakers have excellent visual imagery.

Question 26

Regarding mental imagery,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Almost everyone has visual and auditory images.
B) Mental images are not flat like photographs.
C) Only 10 percent of humans have imagery for movement, touch, taste, smell, and pain.
D) People can mentally rotate objects in their minds.

Question 27

Words and symbols and the rules for combining them are referred to as

A) concepts.
B) language.
C) morphemes.
D) semantics.

Question 28

Mental imagery can involve all of the following EXCEPT

A) picture-like visual images.
B) images for smell, taste, and pain.
C) the mental rotation of the imaged object.
D) words and categories of objects.

Question 29

A person who has unusual olfactory experiences when bombarded with the sounds of rock music would be described as having

A) sensory overload.
B) muscular imagery.
C) eidetic imagery.
D) synesthesia.

Question 30

Which of the following often includes visual and auditory representations,but can also include representations of movement,touch,taste,smell,and pain?

A) pseudoperception
B) mental imagery
C) illusionary processing
D) automatic processing

Question 31

The paintings of Russian artist Wassily Kandinsky depicted his subjective impressions rather than exact eternal objects.Many believe that Kandinsky's brain allowed him to experience sounds as colors and shapes so that he was literally painting what he "saw," which illustrates the rare form of imagery known as

A) lateral perspective.
B) sane hallucinations.
C) synesthesia.
D) eidetic imagery.

Question 32

To answer the question,"Does a frog have lips and a stubby tail?"most people

A) use mental rotation.
B) utilize eidetic imagery.
C) utilize created images.
D) are unable to correctly answer the question.

Question 33

Mandy is an artist and often uses picture-like internal representations in her thinking.Mandy is using

A) pseudoperceptions.
B) mental images.
C) illusions.
D) sane hallucinations.

Question 34

A form of imagery in which images cross normal sense barriers,such as sounds being experienced as colors,is called

A) synesthesia.
B) hallucinations.
C) eidetic imagery.
D) pseudoperceptions.

Question 35

According to Stephen Kosslyn,the BEST way to improve your ability to form more detailed mental images of an object is to

A) form unusual or bizarre images.
B) use synesthesia in forming an image of the object.
C) visualize the object as close to its correct size and shape as possible.
D) form an oversized image of the object.

Question 36

Research indicates that mental images

A) typically are inaccurate in terms of size and organization.
B) are three dimensional and can be rotated in mental space.
C) are flat, like photographs.
D) are restricted to visual or auditory qualities.

Question 37

In which of the following ways would mental images NOT be used ?

A) to change our feelings
B) to make decisions
C) to improve a skill
D) to prevent automatic processing

Question 38

Recent research on mental images indicates that human subjects

A) can form three-dimensional images.
B) are restricted to two-dimensional images similar to photographs.
C) use images which are limited to the visual sense.
D) are unable to mentally rotate a mental image.

Question 39

Which of the following are used to change our feelings,make decisions,and aid memory or improve a skill?

A) respondent stimuli
B) mental images
C) iconic memories
D) sensory gating effects

Question 40

Regarding mental imagery,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Almost everyone has visual and auditory images.
B) Over 50 percent of humans have imagery for movement, touch, taste, smell, and pain.
C) Experimental work has shown that mental images appear flat like photographs.
D) People commonly use mental images to change feelings and make decisions.

Question 41

After a tornado destroys your home,you try to list all the furniture that was in your home for the insurance company.To do this,you would use

A) stored images.
B) created images.
C) engrams.
D) conceptual sensations.

Question 42

Images retrieved from memory for use in problem-solving are known as

A) relational concepts.
B) created images.
C) stored images.
D) engrams.

Question 43

When you form a mental image of "a flower," the brain area where memories are stored sends signals back to which brain area in order to create that image?

A) somatosensory area
B) primary visual area
C) temporal lobe
D) reticular formation

Question 44

If you were asked to think of all the different ways to use an empty egg carton,all the everyday uses you have seen in your life would be retrieved as __________ images.

A) created
B) kinesthetic
C) stored
D) vestibular

Question 45

If you are trying to remember where you last saw your car keys,you would use

A) stored images.
B) created images.
C) "reverse engrams."
D) conceptual sensations.

Question 46

When you form a mental image of "a kite flying in the sky," the brain area where memories are stored send signals back to the visual cortex to create that image.This process is known as

A) visual assimilation.
B) synesthesia.
C) "reverse vision."
D) none of these.

Question 47

To help understand how the ear "hears" sounds,Researcher Stephen Kosslyn would recommend that you

A) use rote recitation in naming the parts of the ear.
B) make an exact replica of the ear and its parts using clay.
C) study pictures of the ear taken from different perspectives.
D) explore the ear in your mind as if it were a large cave.

Question 48

When you form a mental image of "a car," the brain area where memories are stored sends signals back to the primary visul area to create that image through a process known as

A) synaesthesia.
B) visual assimilation.
C) "reverse vision."
D) eidetic imagery.

Question 49

Regarding "reverse vision," which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) "Reverse vision" is the process involved when a person experiences eidetic imagery.
B) "Reverse vision" is the common name for synesthesia.
C) "Reverse vision" occurs when one forms any mental image.
D) "Reverse vision" occurs when a person uses a hallucinogenic drug that prevents normal mental imagery.

Question 50

When Richard visualizes his girlfriend's face,the area in his brain that initially becomes most active is the

A) somatosensory area.
B) area that specializes in face perception.
C) hypothalamus.
D) motor cortex.

Question 51

A carpenter is designing an ornate table,but before she actually begins assembling it,she envisions what it will look like.She is probably using

A) mnemonic images.
B) created images.
C) kinesthetic imagery.
D) eidetic imagery.

Question 52

If you were asked to think of all the different ways to use an empty egg carton,the unique,original,"never-before-seen" uses would be generated through _________ images.

A) created
B) kinesthetic
C) stored
D) vestibular

Question 53

If you mentally picture a dog sitting beside a mosquito,it is easy to "zoom in" on the dog's nose.However,you would take longer in trying to "zoom in" on the wings of the mosquito.This is because

A) the size of mental images is invariant across individuals.
B) the larger an object is, the harder it is to see its details.
C) although individuals are very good at forming mental images of animals, they are not so good at forming mental images of insects.
D) the larger an object is, the easier it is to see its details.

Question 54

When you retrieve images from memory in order to apply past experiences to problem-solving,you are using

A) created images.
B) stored images.
C) engrams.
D) sensations.

Question 55

In a short story,a little boy converses with a skunk that suddenly changes into a large butterfly and takes the little boy to a land filled with gigantic flowers and tiny people.The imaginative and original aspects of this story were made possible by this author's use of

A) stored images.
B) created images.
C) prototypes.
D) disjunctive concepts.

Question 56

Forming oversized images of objects in one's mind

A) is impossible.
B) makes it harder to see the details of the object.
C) makes it easier to see the details of the object.
D) requires that a person utilize synesthesia in forming the image.

Question 57

To help understand electricity,Researcher Stephen Kosslyn would recommend that you

A) use a mnemonic system to devise an acrostic to describe the process.
B) picture the wires as large pipes with electrons the size of golf balls moving through the pipes.
C) study electrical diagrams from different perspectives.
D) follow an actual electrical wiring system form its source to its utility usage.

Question 58

Created images are those which

A) are retrieved from memory.
B) generate more original solutions to problems.
C) combine language and concepts into positive instances.
D) are used to bring prior experience to bear on problem-solving.

Question 59

Regarding the use of mental imagery,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) People with good imaging abilities tend to score higher on tests of creativity, even if they are blind.
B) To give original answers, you will probably need to use created images.
C) Mental rotation is partly based on imagined movements.
D) Because mental images are flat, like a photograph, most people find it very difficult to enlarge mental images of objects in their minds.

Question 60

Regarding the use of mental imagery,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Blind people lost their ability to use mental images when they lost their sight.
B) Regardless of the problem, a stored mental image is the best approach to take.
C) People with good imaging abilities score higher on creativity measures.
D) We apply created images only to solve spatial problems.

Question 61

Jabar will be participating in a piano competition.On the flight to this competition,one could see Jabar slightly moving his fingers on the food tray as if he were playing the musical composition he will be presenting at the competition.To practice for this competition,Jabar is using

A) illusionary figures.
B) synaesthesia.
C) kinesthetic imagery.
D) eidetic imagery.

Question 62

Your young son is having difficulty tying his shoe.While you give verbal suggestions,you are actually tying the shoe in your mind with your hands making slight movements as if tying a shoe.Your thoughts and micromovements of your hands illustrate your use of __________ imagery.

A) intuitive
B) conjunctive
C) inductive
D) kinesthetic

Question 63

An effective way for athletes to improve their skills off the field is to practice by rehearsing

A) negative self-talk to motivate themselves.
B) relaxation images to use when they make a "bad" play.
C) the use of synaesthesia regarding their upcoming athletic performance.
D) kinesthetic images of themselves performing flawlessly.

Question 64

A concept is defined as

A) a mental representation that has picture-like qualities.
B) an ideal model used as a prime example of some category.
C) a generalized idea representing a category of related objects or events.
D) the smallest meaningful unit in a language.

Question 65

An expert bird watcher would be better than a beginner at all of the following skills EXCEPT for

A) seeing the identifying details of the various birds.
B) classifying birds.
C) seeing and understanding birds in a significantly different way.
D) generating eidetic images of birds in his or her mind.

Question 66

When we group together all cars,regardless of the make of an individual car,because they share common characteristics or attributes,we are using

A) algorithms.
B) heuristics.
C) concept formation.
D) divergent thinking.

Question 67

Kinesthetic imagery is created from remembered or imagined

A) muscular sensations.
B) auditory sensations.
C) visual illusions.
D) intuitive impressions.

Question 68

If you have good kinesthetic imagery,you most likely will be able to

A) use the left side of your brain.
B) learn the newest dance steps quickly.
C) think of an exciting plot for a novel.
D) argue successfully in a court of law.

Question 69

Regarding concepts and concept formation,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Children often form concepts through positive and negative instances.
B) Adults often acquire concepts by learning conceptual rules.
C) An expert literally sees objects in their field of knowledge differently than less well-informed people do.
D) Children and adults use algorithms to make minute distinctions between closely related concepts.

Question 70

An idea representing a category of related objects or events is called a(n)

A) abstraction.
B) relational attribute.
C) unified thought.
D) concept.

Question 71

The process of classifying information into meaningful categories is called

A) prototyping.
B) the random search strategy.
C) synesthesia.
D) concept formation.

Question 72

At it most elementary level,which of the following is based on experiences with positive and negative instances?

A) prototyping
B) the random search strategy
C) synesthesia
D) concept formation

Question 73

A baseball player,a skateboarder,or anyone involved in a movement-oriented activity would find which type of imagery especially important?

A) kinesthetic
B) semantic
C) prototypical
D) conjunctive

Question 74

Albert Einstein,Thomas Edison,Lewis Carroll,and many other of history's most original intellects relied heavily on

A) denotative thinking.
B) representativeness heuristics.
C) mental imagery.
D) convergent thinking.

Question 75

The word "fruit" is used to represent such foods as apples,pears,and oranges and would be considered a(n)

A) algorithm.
B) heuristic.
C) prototype.
D) concept.

Question 76

Which of the following represents a category of related objects or events and helps us identify important features of the world?

A) algorithm
B) heuristic
C) kinesthetic image
D) concept

Question 77

Which of the following guides the flow of ideas as one explains how to perform a motor activity,such as playing a guitar?

A) kinesthetic imagery
B) visual assimilation
C) eidetic imagery
D) inductive conceptualization

Question 78

If Jake is like most children,he will learn concepts most readily by

A) learning rules.
B) over-regularization.
C) positive and negative instances.
D) receiving punishment for his incorrect labeling.

Question 79

If you were asked in which direction do you turn the hot-water handle in your kitchen to shut off the water,you would most likely use __________ imagery.

A) vestibular
B) conjunctive
C) inductive
D) kinesthetic

Question 80

Concept formation refers to

A) the organization of phonemes and morphemes into meaningful thoughts.
B) the application of transformation rules to basic sentences.
C) inductive thinking as opposed to deductive thinking.
D) the process of classifying information into meaningful categories.