Deck 12: B: Personality

Question 1

Freud's belief that women do not develop as strong a conscience as men

A) has been thoroughly rejected by modern experts in the psychology of women.
B) is best understood as a reflection of the male-dominated times in which Freud lived.
C) originated from his interpretation of how males and females resolve the Oedipus and Electra complexes.
D) is explained by all of these statements.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

For Freud,the time during which psychosexual development is dormant or interrupted is called the

A) phallic stage.
B) latency period.
C) Oedipal period.
D) genital stage.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Jarrod is described as a super "neat-freak" and a cheapskate.He drives his roommate crazy lining up his books on the shelves and his toiletries in the bathroom.Jarrod gets very upset if anyone rearranges anything or makes a mess.According to Freud,Jarrod has an __________ personality.

A) oral-dependent
B) oral-aggressive
C) anal-retentive
D) anal-expulsive

Answer 3

C

Question 4

When a preschool girl competes with her mother for her father's affection,Freud said that the little girl was experiencing

A) the Electra complex.
B) the Oedipus complex.
C) incongruence.
D) the genital stage.

Question 5

From age six to puberty,the best word to describe psychosexual development is

A) tumultuous.
B) introspective.
C) rapid.
D) dormant.

Question 6

The overly neat and orderly person was described by Freud as being a(n)__________ personality.

A) oral-dependent
B) anal-retentive
C) latency
D) phallic

Question 7

According to Freud,the successful resolution of the Oedipal and Electra conflicts ends when the child takes on the values and behaviors of the same-sex parent through a process known as

A) fixation.
B) congruence.
C) compensation.
D) identification.

Question 8

According to Freud,a male child's failure to resolve the Oedipal conflict would interfere with the development of a

A) competitive lifestyle.
B) phallic personality.
C) strong id.
D) conscience.

Question 9

Paul is so disorganized that his room looks like a tornado went through it.When he gets angry,he often breaks objects and can be very cruel to others.According to Freud,Paul has an __________ personality.

A) oral-dependent
B) oral-aggressive
C) anal-retentive
D) anal-expulsive

Question 10

The messy and disorderly person was described by Freud as being a(n)__________ personality.

A) oral-aggressive
B) anal-expulsive
C) oral-dependent
D) anal-retentive

Question 11

Phyllis tends to wear very revealing clothing,spends a great deal of time on her appearance,is constantly "fishing" for compliments,and is easily hurt if someone does not compliment her beauty and fashion sense on a daily basis.According to Freud,Phyllis was fixated at the

A) anal stage.
B) phallic stage.
C) latency period.
D) genital stage.

Question 12

The normal development of a male locked in an Oedipal rivalry would be expected to occur when

A) he finds a substitute source of sexual gratification.
B) his superego overpowers the sexual impulses of his id.
C) he comes to identify with his father and accepts his values.
D) he becomes fixated at the phallic stage of development.

Question 13

In an old movie,there were two friends who were always at odds with each other because one was compulsively neat and orderly,while his friend was extremely messy and disorganized.According to Freud,both men were fixated in the __________stage.

A) oral
B) anal
C) genital
D) phallic

Question 14

In Freudian theory,which of the following terms refers to a preschool boy's attraction to his mother and feelings of rivalry with his father?

A) the Electra complex
B) the Oedipus complex
C) phallic incongruence
D) the genital stage

Question 15

According to Freud,the Oedipus and Electra conflicts occur during the __________ stage.

A) anal
B) oral
C) phallic
D) genital

Question 16

Your roommate is constantly cleaning your apartment and picking up after you,even though you're not really very messy.Whenever you ask to borrow one of his books or CDs,he usually refuses and only agrees reluctantly,needing to make sure that you don't bend or break anything.According to Freud,your roommate is

A) anal-expulsive.
B) phallic.
C) anal-retentive.
D) oral-dependent.

Question 17

According to Freud,because they already feel castrated,females are less driven to identify with their mothers than boys are with their fathers.Because of this,females are less effective in creating

A) an ego.
B) congruence.
C) a conscience.
D) a fixation.

Question 18

Freud believed that a male preschool child felt threatened by his father because he was afraid the father would

A) reject him emotionally.
B) castrate him.
C) isolate him from his mother.
D) murder him.

Question 19

Between the ages of three and six,fixation at which of the following stages can lead to adulthood traits of vanity,exhibitionism,and narcissism,according to Freud?

A) latency period
B) genital stage
C) anal stage
D) phallic stage

Question 20

If Jonathan identifies with his father,Freud believed he was doing this because of his need to resolve the __________ conflict.

A) Animus
B) Electra
C) Oedipus
D) Persona

Question 21

Which of the following aspects of Freud's theory has NOT been challenged by new research?

A) his portrayal of the elementary school years as free from sexuality and unimportant for personality development
B) his idea that a stern or threatening father was important in the development of a strong conscience in males
C) his identification of feeding, toilet training, and early sexual experiences as critical events in personality formation
D) his belief that patients' reports of sexual abuse were really childhood fantasies

Question 22

Which of the following disagreed with Freud's emphasis on the unconscious and the importance of sexuality and biological instincts and believed that people are social creatures governed by social urges,such as striving for superiority?

A) Alfred Adler
B) Carl Jung
C) Anna Freud
D) Karen Horney

Question 23

Those followers of Freud who stayed close to the core of Freud's thinking are called

A) neo-Freudians.
B) humanists.
C) cognitive-behaviorists.
D) Gestalt psychologists.

Question 24

Criticisms of Freud's developmental theory have centered on

A) the over-emphasis on sexuality in personality development.
B) Freud's treatment of father-daughter relationship.
C) the need for a stern or threatening mother in the development of conscience.
D) the unimportance of the first years of life in the formation of personality.

Question 25

According to Adler,when a person tries to make up for certain limitations or weaknesses and overcome feelings of inadequacy,he or she is exhibiting

A) instinctuality.
B) fixation.
C) compensation.
D) archetypal development.

Question 26

Many of Freud's followers disagreed with his theory because he placed too much emphasis on

A) instinctual drives and sexuality.
B) psychosocial stages of development.
C) environmental influences.
D) cross-cultural viewpoints.

Question 27

What do the following personality theorists have in common: Karen Horney,Anna Freud,Otto Rank,and Erich Fromm?

A) They were all humanists.
B) They were all neo-Freudians.
C) They were all considered cognitive-behaviorists.
D) They all followed Rogers' orientation toward personality.

Question 28

According to Freud,which of the following begins with an upswing in sexual energies,which activates all the unresolved conflicts of earlier years and results in the adolescent being filled with emotion and turmoil?

A) phallic stage
B) genital stage
C) latency period
D) stage of incongruence

Question 29

According to Freud,which of the following begins at puberty and ends with the person having a mature capacity for love and the realization of full adult sexuality?

A) genital stage
B) organismic valuing
C) phallic stage
D) self-actualization

Question 30

A modern offshoot of Freudian thinking are the psychosocial stages that cover development from birth to old age and were postulated by

A) Erik Erikson.
B) Carl Jung.
C) Karen Horney.
D) Alfred Adler.

Question 31

Regarding Freud's theories,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Studies show that a son is more likely to develop a strong conscience if his father is affectionate and accepting, rather than being stern and punishing as Freud theorized.
B) Some clinical psychologists continue to regard Freudian theory as a useful way to think about human problems.
C) Freud's theories have led to numerous predictions, which has allowed many aspects of his theories to be verified scientifically.
D) Society's tendency to disbelieve molested children and women who were raped can be traced to Freud's tendency to disbelieve his patients when they related these incidents.

Question 32

Because we begin life as small,weak,and relatively powerless children surrounded by more powerful adults,Adler believed that everyone

A) experiences feelings of inferiority.
B) has a tendency to move away from others.
C) has a collective unconscious.
D) creates persona (or "mask") to hide behind in our daily lives.

Question 33

Which of the following would NOT be considered a Neo-Freudian?

A) Karen Horney
B) Anna Freud
C) Erich Fromm
D) Julian Rotter

Question 34

According to Freud,children from age six to puberty experience a quiet,settled time when psychosexual development is "on hold." This is called the __________ period.

A) phallic
B) anal
C) latency
D) genital

Question 35

During which psychosexual stage or period does the adolescent develop a growing capacity for responsible social-sexual relationships?

A) oral stage
B) phallic stage
C) genital stage
D) latency period

Question 36

What do the following personality theorists have in common: Alfred Adler,Harry Sullivan,and Carl Jung?

A) They were all considered behaviorists or cognitive-behaviorists.
B) They all followed Rogers' orientation toward personality.
C) They all accepted the core concepts of Freud's theories with minor revisions.
D) They were early followers of Freud who broke away more completely from Freud and created their own opposing theories.

Question 37

In Adler's view,the main driving force in personality is a striving for

A) enlightenment.
B) sophistication.
C) introspection.
D) superiority.

Question 38

One of Freud's major contributions was

A) his belief that the first years of life help to shape personality.
B) his belief that learning and mental expectancies lead to fixations.
C) his belief that men develop a stronger conscience than women do.
D) the scientific basis of his theory that allowed predictions of future behavior.

Question 39

Which of the following was a contribution of Freudian developmental theory?

A) Freud was one of the first to propose that development proceeds through a series of stages.
B) Freud believed that development varied from individual to individual due to learning and socialization.
C) Freud emphasized that the key to a healthy personality was fixation.
D) Because of its objective, scientific basis, Freud's theory can be used to predict future behavior.

Question 40

Which of the following aspects of Freud's theory have been challenged by new research?

A) the identification of feeding, toilet training, and early sexual experiences as critical events in personality formation
B) his proposition that development proceeds through a series of stages
C) his idea that the first years of life help shape adult personality
D) his portrayal of the elementary school years as free from sexuality and unimportant for personality development

Question 41

Karen Horney believed that trouble occurs when an individual tries to control basic anxiety by

A) using compensation to overcome his or her personal limitations.
B) repressing this anxiety into the collective unconscious.
C) creating an archetype.
D) exaggerating a single mode of interacting.

Question 42

According to Horney,emotional problems

A) lock people into an overuse of one of the three modes of interacting.
B) result from a failure to compensate for feelings of inferiority.
C) result from a failure to achieve balance between the conscious and the unconscious.
D) reflect incongruence between one's real self and ideal self.

Question 43

According to Adler,the "artist" in each of us that creates a unique identity and style of life is called one's

A) archetype.
B) ideal self.
C) creative self.
D) collective unconscious.

Question 44

Horney believed that emotional health reflects

A) a balance in moving toward, away from, and against others.
B) the ability to overcome feelings of inferiority through compensation.
C) achieve a balance between one's introversion and extroversion.
D) a congruence between one's real self and ideal self.

Question 45

Which personality theorist was among the first to challenge the obvious male bias in Freud's thinking as well as disagreeing with Freud about the causes of neurosis?

A) Karen Horney
B) Carol Gilligan
C) Sandra Bem
D) Elizabeth Loftus

Question 46

The greatest similarity of viewpoint exists between Sigmund Freud and

A) B.F.Skinner.
B) Karen Horney.
C) Gordon Allport.
D) Carl Rogers.

Question 47

Adler believed that one's earliest memory that can be recalled is a valuable clue to a person's

A) archetype.
B) persona (or "mask").
C) mode of interaction.
D) style of life.

Question 48

In Adler's view,each person tries to compensate for different limitations by choosing a different pathway to superiority with this situation creating for each individual a unique personality pattern,or

A) archetype.
B) style of life.
C) mode of interaction.
D) persona.

Question 49

According to Horney,which of the following occurs when people feel isolated and helpless in a hostile world?

A) basic anxiety
B) an existential crisis
C) an identity crisis
D) moral anxiety

Question 50

Which of the following remained faithful to most of Freud's theory,but resisted his more mechanistic,biological,and instinctual ideas,especially Freud's claim that "anatomy is destiny" and that males were dominant or superior to females?

A) Rotter
B) Jung
C) Allport
D) Horney

Question 51

Later in his life,Adler began to emphasize that people construct their personalities through choices and experiences and develop what he called the

A) compensation archetype.
B) ideal self.
C) creative self.
D) collective unconscious.

Question 52

Because Marta has always felt that she could not express her ideas and feelings verbally,she has immersed herself in her art work.Adler would say that Marta

A) has chosen the mode of interaction in which she moves away from people.
B) repressed her shortcomings into her collective unconscious, a source of her creativity.
C) is overcoming her feelings of inferiority by compensating for her weakness in verbal expression.
D) has substituted her animus for her anima style of life.

Question 53

Although everyone strives for superiority,each person will choose a different pathway to superiority as they deal with different personal limitations by

A) denying the existence of these limitations.
B) repressing one's feelings of inferiority.
C) compensating for one's limitations.
D) projecting blame for one's limitations on others.

Question 54

According to Adler,the pattern of personality and behavior that defines the pathway each person takes through life is called his or her

A) style of life.
B) archetype.
C) mode of interaction.
D) persona (or "mask").

Question 55

According to Adler,the core of each person's style of life is formed by age

A) three.
B) five.
C) eight.
D) eleven.

Question 56

According to Karen Horney,each of us can move toward others,away from others,or against others as a means of controlling

A) moral anxiety.
B) an existential crisis.
C) an identity crisis.
D) basic anxiety.

Question 57

Jada would be described as a strong,independent woman,although somewhat of a loner.According to Karen Horney,when Jada experiences conflict at work,she will be most likely to exhibit which mode of interacting?

A) moving toward
B) moving away
C) moving against
D) moving alone

Question 58

When Armad becomes stressed because others at the investment fund were being promoted over him,he began to point out their errors in meetings and to withhold information from them in order to gain an advantage over his rivals.Armad would be described by Karen Horney as using which mode of interacting?

A) moving toward
B) moving away
C) moving against
D) moving upward

Question 59

Karen Horney believed that trouble occurs when an individual tries to control which of the following by exaggerating a single mode of interacting with others?

A) basic anxiety
B) an existential crisis
C) an identity crisis
D) moral anxiety

Question 60

When Emily becomes stressed by her job as an elementary teacher,she always heads to the teachers' lounge to talk her problems over with her fellow teachers.Emily would be described by Karen Horney as using which mode of interacting?

A) moving toward others
B) moving away others
C) moving against others
D) moving with others toward interdependence

Question 61

According to Jung,the mental storehouse for a single individual's experiences,feelings,and memories is the

A) personal unconscious.
B) persona.
C) archetype.
D) collective unconscious.

Question 62

According to Jung,symbols of which of the following are found in the art,religion,myths,and dreams of every culture and age?

A) personas
B) archetypes
C) fixations
D) latent sexuality

Question 63

According to Jung,all humans in every culture have had experiences with birth,death,power,god figures,mother and father figures,animals,the earth,energy,evil,and rebirth.Such universal experiences create

A) personas.
B) archetypes.
C) fixations.
D) sane hallucinations.

Question 64

In women,the unconscious,idealized image of men based,in part,on real experiences with men and the experiences women have had with men throughout history is called the

A) ego.
B) superego.
C) anima.
D) animus.

Question 65

Which of the following was a student of Freud's but developed his own ideas,which included such concepts as the persona,introversion and extroversion,the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious,and archetypes?

A) Alfred Adler
B) Karen Horney
C) Carl Jung
D) Otto Rank

Question 66

When a person's energy is mainly directed outward,Jung said that the actions of the ego are reflecting attitudes of

A) the anima.
B) the animus.
C) introversion.
D) extroversion.

Question 67

The Jungian term for Freud's concept of the unconscious is the

A) persona.
B) personal unconscious.
C) collective unconscious.
D) preconscious.

Question 68

According to Jung,the archetype that represents the female principle is called the

A) ego ideal.
B) persona.
C) anima.
D) animus.

Question 69

Like Freud,Jung called the conscious part of the personality the

A) ego.
B) persona.
C) archetype.
D) libido.

Question 70

Jung believed that actions of the ego may reflect attitudes of

A) introversion or extroversion.
B) one's modes of interacting.
C) inferiority or superiority.
D) neurotic anxiety or moral anxiety.

Question 71

Jung called the "mask" or "public self," which we present to others when we adopt particular roles,the

A) ego.
B) persona.
C) archetype.
D) libido.

Question 72

According to Jung,archetypes are found in people's

A) persona.
B) collective unconscious.
C) personal unconscious.
D) mandalas.

Question 73

A man dreams of dancing with his sister.To Jung,the image of his sister might represent

A) the man's latent homosexuality.
B) a sign of man's hidden incestuous feelings.
C) an unexpressed feminine side of the man's personality.
D) the man's anxiety over the sibling rivalry he has with his sister.

Question 74

Which of the following are the universal ideas,images,or patterns that are found in the collective unconscious of all people regardless of their culture,according to Jung?

A) personas
B) possible selves
C) archetypes
D) mandalas

Question 75

According to Jung,the archetype that represents the male principle is called the

A) ego ideal.
B) persona.
C) anima.
D) animus.

Question 76

In order to make the workplace more pleasant,Elena has to hide her true feelings about some of her co-workers and treat them all as "friends." According to Jung,this hiding of her true feelings illustrates Elena's

A) ego.
B) persona.
C) archetype.
D) libido.

Question 77

In men,the unconscious,idealized image of women based,in part,on real experiences with women and the experiences men have had with women throughout history is called the

A) ego.
B) ego ideal.
C) anima.
D) animus.

Question 78

When a person's energy is mainly directed inward,Jung said that the actions of the ego are reflecting attitudes of

A) the anima.
B) the animus.
C) introversion.
D) extroversion.

Question 79

According to Jung,which of the following is the "mask" that exists between the ego and the outside world?

A) mode of interacting
B) creative self
C) archetype
D) persona

Question 80

According to Jung,a mental storehouse for unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans is the

A) persona.
B) personal unconscious.
C) collective unconscious.
D) anima.