Deck 12: D: Personality

Question 1

According to Jung,a universal idea,image,or pattern,found in the collective unconscious is called an archetype.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

According to studies of the influence of heredity and environment on personality traits,heredity appears to be responsible for less than ten percent of the variation in most personality traits.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The dimensions of personality stressed by Eysenck include whether one is mainly introverted or extroverted and whether one tends to be emotionally stable or unstable.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Andrea likes punk rock,has dyed her blonde hair black,and wears a lot of dark eyeliner and white lipstick; thus,according to Allport,these traits would be considered central traits for Andrea.

Question 5

Personality starts to stabilize at around age three and continues to "harden" through age 50.

Question 6

According to Freud,the ego is the part of the personality that is made up of innate biological instincts and urges,and is self-serving,impulsive,and irrational.

Question 7

Classifying people into two or three types is more informative than rating people on a list of traits.

Question 8

Markus and Nurius believe that each of us harbors images of people we would most like to become and images of people we do not want to become,which they called possible selves.

Question 9

Concerning the cultural differences in self-esteem,Americans tend to emphasize individual accomplishments,while the Chinese tend to emphasize group accomplishments.

Question 10

According to Rogers,if a person fails to allow new information to gradually change his or her self-image,the person is likely to become androgynous.

Question 11

According to Dollard and Miller,a passive or active orientation toward the world may develop as a result of a child's toilet training experiences.

Question 12

According to Freud,children from age six to puberty experience a quiet,settled time called the latency period when psychosexual development is dormant.

Question 13

Raymond Cattell measured the visible features of personality,which he called surface traits,and found that these traits clustered together to form more basic traits,which he called source traits.

Question 14

Regarding his college work,Toby tends to be disorganized,is frequently late to class,and often fails to turn in his assignments; and,thus,would most likely score low on the Big Five trait of conscientiousness.

Question 15

A self-actualizer refers to anyone who is making full use of his or her potentials.

Question 16

If Mitzi is a very passive individual,who is overly trusting and needs lots of attention,then Freud would have said that Mitzi has an anal retentive personality.

Question 17

In planning to get your nursing degree,if you truly believe that you will be able to make the sacrifices and study the long hours,then Albert Bandura would say that you have a high degree of self-efficacy.

Question 18

If Sakita finds a lost wallet and returns it,money intact,to its rightful owner,then behaviorists would say that Sakita has a cardinal trait of honesty.

Question 19

When desirable or undesirable characteristics of personality are evaluated,we refer to this as assessing a person's temperament.

Question 20

A recent study found that the traits of hope,vitality,gratitude,love,and curiosity are strongly associated with life satisfaction.

Question 21

Shyness is often maintained by unrealistic or self-defeating beliefs.

Question 22

Melancholic,choleric,phlegmatic,and sanguine were the four types of temperament recognized by the ancient __________.

Question 23

A person's unique and enduring behavior patterns define his or her __________.

Question 24

Historians tell us that all of Abraham Lincoln's activities could be traced to his trait of honesty.Thus,according to Gordon Allport,Lincoln's dominant trait of honesty would be considered a(n)__________ trait.

Question 25

Besides the basic ten clinical subscales,the MMPI-2 also has additional scales to identify substance abuse,eating disorders,Type A behavior,and the inability to function in a job.

Question 26

Of the major perspectives,the humanists have made the best effort to rigorously test and verify their ideas.

Question 27

Brian,who is intelligent and creative,would most likely score high on the dimension of the Big Five trait model known as __________.

Question 28

Shy persons often lack social skills,that is,they have never learned how to meet people or how to start a conversation and keep it going.

Question 29

Tony would be described as a shy,reserved person who focuses most of the time on his own thoughts rather than the outside world.Tony would be referred to as a(n)__________.

Question 30

Because of the halo effect,a person who is likable or physically attractive may be rated more mature,intelligent,or mentally healthy than she or he actually is.

Question 31

If a psychologist is recording the frequency of a child's inattention and out-of-seat behavior,he or she is using a technique known as situational testing.

Question 32

The validity and reliability of projective tests,such as the TAT and the Rorschach,is higher than that of objective tests,such as the MMPI-2.

Question 33

To group a person's numerous surface traits into 16 source traits,Raymond Cattell used a statistical procedure called __________.

Question 34

Shy persons tend to show a high degree of private self-consciousness,being completely wrapped up in their own feelings and thoughts.

Question 35

Jeffery has a "mental picture" of his own personality,which he creatively builds out of his daily experiences.This "mental picture" is Jeffery's __________

Question 36

In Freudian theory,the force that energizes the personality and underlies our efforts to survive,our sexual desires,and our pleasure-seeking is known as the __________.

Question 37

Sudden murderers tend to be overcontrolled,kill in frenzied attacks,and often have amnesia after the incident.

Question 38

For humanistic theorists,the ego ideal forms the structure of the personality,while in the behaviorist theories,self-concept forms the structure of the personality.

Question 39

Modern scientists have found that the area of the brain that does seem to trigger unconscious emotions and memories,as theorized by Freud,is the __________ system.

Question 40

According to Freud,the rational,problem-solving executive part of one's personality is called the __________.

Question 41

Our personalities can be shaped by the stories we tell ourselves,according to the __________ approach.

Question 42

In social learning theory,a moral conscience would be represented by the concept of __________.

Question 43

According to behavioral personality theorists,the external conditions that strongly influence behavior are known as __________ determinants.

Question 44

The "cognitive behaviorism" of social learning theory can be illustrated by three concepts proposed by Julian Rotter,which are the psychological situation,expectancy,and __________.

Question 45

The psychological theory that has paid the most attention to the positive dimensions of personality and has been very useful in counseling and psychotherapy,but has been criticized for using "fuzzy" concepts that are difficult to measure and study objectively is the __________ theory.

Question 46

In Freudian theory,a preschool boy's attraction for his mother and feelings of rivalry with his father are referred to as the __________ conflict.

Question 47

Madie is interviewing several job candidates and will use a pre-planned set of questions that she will ask all the job candidates.In choosing a new employee,Madie is using a(n)__________ interview.

Question 48

According to social learning theory,a child's feeling of being emotionally connected to another person is referred to as __________.

Question 49

On the MMPI-2,test takers' attempts to "fake good" or "fake bad" on this personality test are detected using the __________ scales.

Question 50

According to Dollard and Miller,drive,cue,response,and reward are the four elements of learning that govern our learned behavior patterns known as __________.

Question 51

In Alfred Adler's view,the main driving force in personality is a striving for __________.

Question 52

The hereditary aspects of one's emotional nature,including sensitivity,prevailing mood,and distractibility,are referred to as one's __________.

Question 53

Extreme shyness is often associated with depression,loneliness,fearfulness,inhibition,and low self-esteem and may be diagnosed as a(n)__________ disorder.

Question 54

In order to uncover his client's deeply hidden or unconscious wishes,thoughts,and needs,Dr.Ables is administering a personality test in which his client will describe ambiguous stimuli.This category of personality tests is called a(n)__________ test.

Question 55

Temporary moments of self-actualization,in which a person has feelings of ecstasy,harmony,and deep meaning,are called __________.

Question 56

Rogers described mismatches between one's self-image and one's ideal self as a state of __________.

Question 57

Shyness is linked to one's acute awareness of oneself as a social object,which is called __________ self-consciousness.

Question 58

In her direct observations of her hospitalized mental patients,a psychologist records the frequency of each patient's aggression,self-care,speech,and unusual behaviors.This psychologist is using the technique known as __________.

Question 59

Although Joan would be described as very extroverted,she will be more extroverted at a party than when she is attending church.This observation supports the concept of __________ interaction.

Question 60

According to Carl Rogers,when parents label some of their children's feelings as bad or wrong,such as a young boy being told that "big boys don't cry," the children develop internal standards of evaluation called __________.

Question 61

Using the behavioristic view of development,explain how and why feeding,toilet training,sex training,and learning to express anger or aggression are particularly important to personality formation.

Question 62

Differentiate between the terms self-concept and self-esteem,and describe how they are
related; and then explain the differences in the basis of self-esteem in Eastern and Western
cultures.

Question 63

Describe the characteristics of persons fixated at the oral,anal,and phallic stages; and what situations cause them to develop,according to Freud.

Question 64

Explain how each of the four personality theories view (a)the role of genetics; (b)the role of the environment; (c)human nature; (d)whether behavior is free or determined; (e)principal motives; (f)the structure of the personality; (g)the role of the unconscious; (h)the concept of a conscience; (i)the developmental emphasis; and (j)the barriers to personal growth.

Question 65

Use the complete list of characteristics of self-actualizers to evaluate yourself and explain
what may be helping or hindering your self-actualization and what you can do to promote your
journey in self-actualization.

Question 66

Describe a friend using Allport's trait theory,including common traits and the three types of
individual traits; then describe this friend's personality using the five dimensions of the Big
Five Personality Model.

Question 67

Discuss the three elements of shyness,and describe ways that a person can reduce his or her
shyness.

Question 68

Suppose you are a carefree "party animal" who would like to study more or a "bookworm"
that would like to socialize more.Explain how stable these personality traits are and then,
using the narrative approach,describe how you could make changes to your "type" and either
study more or socialize more.

Question 69

Explain the differences in personality questionnaires and projective techniques,provide examples of each,and then discuss the advantages and limitations of each type of assessment tool.

Question 70

In the Minnesota study on reunited twins,many of the twins had similarities in political beliefs,job histories,hobbies,and favorite foods.Explain whether heredity or environment account for these similarities.