Deck 17: B: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Question 1

Portrayal of aggression on television would be of particular theoretical concern to the

A) psychoanalytic theorists.
B) frustration-aggression theorists.
C) ethologists.
D) social learning theorists.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Disgusting scenes or odors,pain,and insults are aversive stimuli that can heighten hostility by

A) lowering arousal levels so one is more likely to aggress.
B) raising overall arousal levels so one is more sensitive to aggressive cues.
C) inhibiting innate patterns designed to lower aggression.
D) triggering innate patterns for aggression.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which theory predicts that people growing up in nonaggressive cultures will be nonaggressive,while those raised in cultures with aggressive heroes and other aggressive models will develop aggressive responses?

A) ethological theory
B) social learning theory
C) humanistic theory
D) psychoanalytical theory

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Regarding the relationship between aversive stimuli and aggression,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Personal discomfort caused by aversive stimuli can make aggressive behavior more likely.
B) Studies of crime rates show that the incidence of highly aggressive behavior, such as murder, rape, and assault, rises as the air temperature goes from warm to hot to sweltering.
C) There is a negative correlation between the temperature at major league baseball games and the number of batters hit by a pitch during those games.
D) Some cues for aggression are internal, while many of the cues are external.

Question 5

Researchers have found that the relationship between the temperature at major league baseball games and the number of batters hit by a pitch during those games is a __________ correlation.

A) strong positive
B) strong negative
C) zero
D) causal

Question 6

Regarding the aggressiveness of the culture in the United States,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Approximately 62 percent of the U.S.population own at least one firearm.
B) In 2008, a violent crime occurred every 23 seconds in the United States.
C) Nationally, about 70 percent of people agree that "When a boy is growing up, it is very important for him to have a few fistfights."
D) Victims of violence during childhood are more likely to become violent themselves as adults.

Question 7

Dr.Oren explains behaviors,such as aggression,by using a theory that combines learning principles with cognitive processes,socialization,and modeling.Dr.Oren is utilizing the __________ theory.

A) ethological learning
B) dissonance conditioning
C) social learning
D) humanistic

Question 8

Regarding the relationship between aversive stimuli and aggression,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Aversive stimuli produce discomfort or displeasure and can heighten hostility and aggression.
B) Aversive stimuli tend to activate ideas, memories, and expressions associated with anger and aggression.
C) Aversive stimuli tend to lower one's arousal levels, making one more likely to aggress.
D) Examples of aversive stimuli include insults, high temperature, pain, and disgusting scenes or odors.

Question 9

The importance of external cues for aggression is shown by the

A) ethological view of aggression.
B) biological view of aggression.
C) weapons effect.
D) empathic arousal effect.

Question 10

Frustration probably encourages aggression because it

A) triggers genetic mechanisms.
B) makes people uncomfortable.
C) triggers biological cues for aggression.
D) relieves tension.

Question 11

The fact that more murders occur in homes where guns are kept illustrates the importance of

A) the weapons effect.
B) a biological predisposition to aggress.
C) learned helplessness.
D) stereotyped responding.

Question 12

People who were the victims of violence during childhood are likely to become violent themselves.This is a testament to which theory of aggression?

A) ethological
B) social learning
C) humanistic
D) psychoanalytical

Question 13

The belief that we learn to be aggressive by observing aggression in others is held by

A) the ethological learning theorists.
B) the dissonance conditioning theorists.
C) the social learning theorists.
D) no serious theorists.

Question 14

Regarding cues for aggression,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Angry thoughts are considered internal cues for aggression.
B) External cues for aggression may include words, actions, and gestures.
C) Murders are much more likely to occur in homes where guns are kept.
D) Aversive stimuli, such as high temperatures, lower one's overall arousal levels making one less sensitive to aggressive cues.

Question 15

The observation that guns and knives can serve as strong cues for aggressive behavior is known as the

A) ethological perspective.
B) mean worldview.
C) weapons effect.
D) heightened arousal effect.

Question 16

Road rage and some freeway shootings are most likely the result of

A) the frustration of traffic congestion with automobiles providing anonymity, or a loss of personal identity.
B) urban societies being desensitized by the violence and apathetic to their fellow motorists.
C) instinctual drives for aggression being elicited by the honking horns and angry gestures.
D) the car serving as an aggressive weapons effect.

Question 17

Regarding social learning theory and aggression,which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A) The social learning theory states that instincts and the triggering of certain brain areas by environmental cues are responsible for one's aggressive responses.
B) According to the social learning theory, frustration leads to one becoming aggressive because aversive stimuli in the environment make one uncomfortable.
C) The social learning theory predicts that victims of violence during childhood are likely to become violent themselves.
D) All of these statements are true regarding the social learning theory.

Question 18

Which of the following is defined as stimuli or signals that are associated with violent actions and include words,gestures,and angry thoughts?

A) aggression cues
B) anger escalators
C) inhibition exemplars
D) disinhibition effects

Question 19

Aggression cues include all of the following EXCEPT

A) angry thoughts.
B) words and gestures.
C) the weapons effect.
D) instinctual drives.

Question 20

The social learning theory of aggression explains that

A) watching aggressive models reduces tension and lowers aggressiveness.
B) people learn to be aggressive by watching aggressive models.
C) the innate patterns of behavior are inhibited by watching aggressive models.
D) watching aggressive models leads to frustrated desires, which in turn, leads to aggressive acts.

Question 21

Albert Bandura demonstrated in his studies that

A) children learn new aggressive actions by watching violent or aggressive behavior or learn that violence is "okay."
B) aversive stimuli leads to heightened arousal making it much more likely that aggression will occur.
C) aggression is a biologically-rooted behavior found in all animal species.
D) frustration leads to aggression.

Question 22

Exposure to mass media images that have violent and sexual content increases all of the following EXCEPT

A) aggressive sexual fantasies.
B) aggressive behavior.
C) a belief in rape myths.
D) catharsis of aggressive impulses.

Question 23

Regarding research on media violence,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Children who watch a lot of violence on TV are much more likely to be aggressive as adults.
B) Violent song lyrics have been shown to increase aggressive tendencies.
C) The heroes on TV that children imitate are just as violent as the villains, and the heroes get praised for their violence.
D) Media violence tends to increase one's sensitivity to violent acts.

Question 24

Which of the following demonstrated in his studies that children may learn new aggressive actions by watching violent or aggressive behavior,or they may learn that violence is "okay"?

A) Elliot Aronson
B) Albert Bandura
C) David Buss
D) Stanley Schachter

Question 25

Erotic stimuli have been found to have adverse effects on viewers when which of the following are also present?

A) homosexual relationships
B) aggressive images
C) unusual sex acts
D) fantasy themes

Question 26

Research by Donnerstein and Linz suggests that which of the following is/are most responsible for people's attitudes about women and rape?

A) violent images
B) sexual images
C) the male tendency to be more narcissistic
D) the female tendency to be more dependent

Question 27

Rapists are sexually aroused by

A) sexual violence.
B) nonsexual violence.
C) by both sexual and nonsexual violence.
D) by neither of these stimuli.

Question 28

Jeremy is watching a TV program that portrays violence as leading to success and popularity.This message may

A) increase Jeremy's emotional sensitivity to violent acts.
B) lower Jeremy's inhibitions against acting out hostile feelings.
C) decrease aggressive urges by releasing pent-up frustrations.
D) do all of these.

Question 29

Normally,a violent behavior is restrained.If a person shows this violent behavior,the text suggests it may be a result of

A) desensitization.
B) disinhibition.
C) inhibition.
D) sensitization.

Question 30

The main finding of studies on aggressive-pornographic stimuli is that these images

A) increase aggression against females by men who are prone to sexual violence.
B) increase aggression against females by almost all men.
C) decrease aggression against females because they provide a release of tension through fantasy.
D) do not increase or decrease aggression against females.

Question 31

Research by Donnerstein and others suggests that the circumstances most likely to increase violent sexual acts against women (such as rape)involve

A) newspaper publicity given to rapists.
B) direct exposure to persons who have committed such acts.
C) media images of violence.
D) pornographic stimuli that generate sexual fantasies.

Question 32

Disinhibition to violence means

A) an individual is imitating an undesirable violent behavior.
B) the acting out of an undesirable violent behavior that would normally be restrained.
C) a reduction of emotional sensitivity to violence.
D) that a state of learned helplessness is occurring.

Question 33

According to social learning theory,TV violence tends to lead to children

A) learning new aggressive acts.
B) inhibiting aggressive impulses.
C) relieving their aggressive urges
D) being sensitized to violence.

Question 34

Cyberbullying or harassment of others over the Internet is referred to as

A) electronic aggression.
B) passive aggression.
C) the displacement effect regarding aggression.
D) the mean worldview.

Question 35

Media depictions of sexual violence or of forced participation in sexual activity make up a type of pornography known as

A) fantasy pornography.
B) aggressive pornography.
C) erotic stimuli.
D) all pornography.

Question 36

Regarding the relationship between pornography and aggression against women,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Even when aggressive images are not present, the viewing of pornography that is only erotic or sexual in content has still been shown to increase violence against women.
B) Aggressive pornography has been shown to increase aggression against females in men who are prone to sexual violence.
C) Exposure to mass media stimuli that have violent and sexual content increases the audience's aggressive sexual fantasies, beliefs in rape myths, and aggressive behavior.
D) Mainstream movies, magazines, music videos, and television programs are equally to blame for reinforcing the myth that women find force or aggression pleasurable.

Question 37

Regarding media violence,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Today's children and adolescents spend an average of 30 hours a week exploring various media, including television, video games, movies, the Internet, music, and print media.
B) By the time a child reaches adulthood, she or he will have viewed some 15,000 hours of TV, including some 18,000 murders.
C) Ninety percent of popular video games contain violent content, and many popular toys are also linked to violent media.
D) Heroes on TV are as violent as the villains, and they usually receive praise for their violence.

Question 38

A mother who is searching for an explanation for the increased aggression in her six-year-old child would be advised by social learning theorists that such aggression is

A) a part of human nature and therefore inevitable.
B) a well-known developmental stage according to psychosocial theory.
C) probably an imitation of a model to which her child has been exposed.
D) part of a general syndrome of pathological behavior that may have a biological cause.

Question 39

People's attitudes about women and rape primarily come from

A) sexual images in X-rated books.
B) sexual images in X-rated movies.
C) violent images in mainstream movies, television, music videos, and magazines.
D) sexual images in mainstream movies, television, music videos, and magazines.

Question 40

Jennifer and her friends have been harassing the new girl in class by sending her hateful and threatening e-mails and posting horrible comments about her on Facebook.Jennifer and her friends are engaging in

A) electronic aggression.
B) passive aggression.
C) the displacement effect regarding aggression.
D) the mean worldview.

Question 41

Prosocial behaviors are actions toward others that are

A) constructive or altruistic.
B) neutral or nonthreatening.
C) passive or only mildly aggressive.
D) nonassertive.

Question 42

The text suggests parents can minimize the negative impact of TV on children by all of the following EXCEPT

A) turning off programs that they feel are too violent and offering an alternative game.
B) watching TV with their child and pointing out distortions and fantasy.
C) allowing the child to learn responsibility by selecting shows he or she likes.
D) showing their disapproval of violent TV and computer game heroes.

Question 43

Because televised violence is portrayed in an unrealistic manner and because he is watching this televised violence in the relaxed and familiar setting of his home,Anton is likely to experience

A) desensitization to violence.
B) an inhibition to violence.
C) a catharsis of pent-up aggressive urges.
D) increased empathy for the victims of violence.

Question 44

If a father wanted to limit the effect of TV on his children,he should

A) discuss social conflicts and the violence used on TV with his children and help them come up with more mature solutions.
B) closely monitor what his children watch.
C) actively seek programs that model positive behavior.
D) do all of these

Question 45

Desensitization to violence means that

A) imitation of this undesirable violent behavior will occur.
B) the removal of an inhibition to be violent has occurred.
C) there was a reduction of emotional sensitivity to violence.
D) there was an increase in emotional sympathy for the victims.

Question 46

Shows,such as Mr.Roger's Neighborhood,Sesame Street and Barney and Friends demonstrate TV's ability to

A) teach prosocial behavior.
B) desensitize children to aggression.
C) disinhibit antisocial behavior.
D) reduce tension and frustration.

Question 47

According to the research on televised violence,which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A) Watching sporting events, such as a boxing match, drains off aggressive urges.
B) Viewers who watch violent videotapes have fewer aggressive thoughts.
C) Those who watch aggressive TV are more likely to aggress when faced with frustrating situations or cues.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 48

Regarding the effects of TV violence,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) TV violence raises inhibitions against acting out our hostile feelings.
B) TV can cause desensitization to violence.
C) Children can learn new aggressive actions by watching TV violence.
D) Children can learn that violence is acceptable.

Question 49

When Clive and his associates showed a bloody fight film to a group of boys,they found that

A) boys who watched little or no TV showed less emotion to the violent film.
B) boys who were heavy TV viewers showed less emotion to the violent film.
C) boys who were heavy TV viewers showed more emotion to the violent film.
D) both groups of boys showed little or no emotion to the violent film.

Question 50

One consequence of seeing aggression portrayed on TV or video games is a loss of one's emotional response to this violence,which is called

A) disinhibition.
B) disassociation.
C) deconditioning.
D) desensitization.

Question 51

According to Eron's research,one of the best predictors of how aggressive a young man would be at age 19 was

A) the violence of the television programs he preferred when he was eight years old.
B) his temperamental predisposition to violence.
C) his socioeconomic level and number of children in the family.
D) whether he was severely punished for engaging in aggressive behavior as a child.

Question 52

Regarding parents as media guides,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Children typically model parents' behavior, including their media viewing habits.
B) Children are guided by their parents' reactions to the media, such as a parent's disapproval of an aggressive model.
C) Children who identify with media characters are more likely to be influenced by media aggression.
D) Children who spend large amounts of time playing video games have not shown the increased aggressive tendencies shown by television viewers.

Question 53

Because children learn aggressive strategies and actions from TV violence,they are

A) more likely to aggress when they face frustrating situations or cues.
B) less likely to aggress when they face frustrating situations or cues.
C) less likely to have aggressive thoughts.
D) more likely to experience a catharsis of pent-up aggressive urges.

Question 54

Which theory of aggression is illustrated by the fact that children who are physically abused at home,those who suffer severe physical punishment,and those who merely witness violence in the community are more likely to be involved in fighting,aggressive play,and antisocial behavior at school?

A) psychoanalytical theory
B) instinctual theory
C) social learning theory
D) humanistic theory.

Question 55

Regarding televised violence,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) TV violence is sanitized.
B) TV violence is portrayed as acceptable.
C) TV portrays violence as leading to success.
D) TV violence is realistic.

Question 56

Which of the following suggestions would NOT be helpful in lowering children's aggression due to TV violence?

A) Limit total viewing time and closely monitor what your child does view.
B) Encourage the child to propose more mature and positive responses to TV situations showing conflict.
C) Encourage the child to identify with media characters, especially TV and video game heroes.
D) Create a safe, warm environment at home and school and model positive ways of getting along in the world.

Question 57

A mother who wants to buffer the effect of television on her children should

A) let her children show maturity by selecting their own TV programs.
B) limit total viewing time for her children and schedule what is viewed.
C) not draw attention to violent acts on television by commenting on them.
D) show her disapproval to the violence committed by TV villains, while praising the aggressive responses of the TV heroes.

Question 58

Social learning theory implies that watching a violent show or boxing match on TV

A) reduces aggressive urges.
B) encourages aggression.
C) releases tensions.
D) allows us to displace our aggression.

Question 59

Regarding studies on media violence,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Viewers who experience violent media have more aggressive thoughts, and violent thoughts often precede violent actions.
B) Viewing violent media tends to drain off one's aggressive urges.
C) Reducing exposure to violent media has not been shown to lower aggression.
D) Viewers of violent media tend to become sensitized to the violence and show more empathy for the victims.

Question 60

Robinson's study found that elementary school children became less aggressive when

A) they decreased the amount of time they spent watching TV and playing video games.
B) their parents received assertive parenting training.
C) their school required all the students to take character-building classes at school.
D) children predisposed to aggression underwent anger control treatment.

Question 61

Which of the following tests involves classifying words into the categories,such as "male or career," "female or family," "male or family," and "female or career"?

A) implicit association test
B) social readjustment rating scale
C) prejudice-discrimination test
D) F-scale

Question 62

According to anger control strategies,the key to remaining calm involves

A) learning progressive relaxation and controlled breathing.
B) distracting yourself by counting to ten before speaking.
C) utilizing mutual interdependence in your interactions with others.
D) defining upsetting situations as problems to be solved.

Question 63

Which of the following is a type of test that can be used to determine if one is prejudiced regarding gender,race,age,religion,disability,sexual orientation,or weight and involves classifying words into various categories?

A) social readjustment rating scale
B) implicit association test
C) F-scale
D) personality type indicator

Question 64

Responding calmly to upsetting situations by seeing them as "problems to be solved" is the key to

A) altruistic cueing.
B) prosocial modeling.
C) status equality.
D) anger control.

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT a step used in anger control?

A) Trust your intuition regarding the other person's motives.
B) Make a list of possible solutions.
C) Rank the likely success of each solution.
D) Define the problem as precisely as possible.

Question 66

Personal strategies for reducing or curbing anger are referred to as

A) altruism.
B) prosocial modeling.
C) progressive relaxation.
D) anger control.

Question 67

Damon's therapist is helping him to deal with upsetting situations by defining these situations as problems to be solved.He is also learning to avoid problematic situations or think differently about them in the first place.Damon is learning

A) anger control.
B) prosocial modeling.
C) altruistic cueing.
D) nonassertive techniques.

Question 68

Prosocial behavior on TV has been shown to have what effect on the behavior of its viewers?

A) decreases their prosocial behavior
B) has no effect on their prosocial behavior
C) increases their prosocial behavior
D) causes a catharsis of pent-up aggressive impulses

Question 69

Which is a step in anger control?

A) Assess how successful the solution was, and make adjustments, if necessary to the solution.
B) Generate opinions by asking your adversary specific questions regarding the conflict.
C) Define the problem as broadly as possible so your options are not limited.
D) Smile and take one prolonged deep breath.

Question 70

On a test,if people who claimed not to be prejudiced against males staying home with their kids were slower and less accurate in classifying words into the categories of Male or Family as opposed to Male or Career, this would indicate that they

A) may harbor implicit prejudices.
B) developed group prejudices in childhood.
C) unlearned their initial prejudices.
D) have an evolutionary predisposition to view men as the "breadwinners" of the family.

Question 71

Jason has always maintained that he holds no prejudice towards women working outside the home.However,after taking a test in which he was asked to classify words into categories,such as "Female or Family" and "Female or Career," Jason realized that he does appear to have some prejudices toward women having careers.On this test,Jason exhibited

A) authoritarianism.
B) explicit prejudices.
C) implicit prejudices.
D) discrimination.

Question 72

Which of the following is a negative emotional attitude tinged with fear,hatred,or suspicion that is held against members of a particular social group?

A) prejudice
B) stereotype
C) discrimination
D) displaced aggression

Question 73

On a test,if people who claimed not to be prejudiced against women working outside the home were slower and less accurate in classifying words into the categories of Female or Career as opposed to Female or Family, this would indicate that they

A) may harbor implicit prejudices.
B) developed group prejudices in childhood.
C) unlearned their initial prejudices.
D) have an evolutionary predisposition to view women in a nurturing role.

Question 74

Which is a step in anger control?

A) Trust your intuition regarding the other person's motives.
B) Make a list of possible solutions.
C) Define the problem as broadly as possible, so your options are not limited.
D) Make careful note of the other person's body language.

Question 75

In therapy,Fiona is learning to deal with upsetting situations by defining the problem as precisely as possible,then making a list of possible solutions and ranking each solution's likelihood of success.After choosing a solution,she will assess how successful the solution was and then make adjustments,if necessary.Fiona is learning

A) altruistic cueing.
B) prosocial modeling.
C) anger control.
D) nonassertive techniques.

Question 76

Over 200 studies have shown that prosocial behavior on TV

A) has no effect on the prosocial behavior of the viewers.
B) increases the prosocial behavior of the viewers.
C) cannot hold the attention of children long enough to teach prosocial behaviors.
D) cannot be used to promote helping, charity, or brotherhood, only direct reinforcement can.

Question 77

Jared conducts an experiment in which children watch an animated show that emphasizes prosocial behaviors.Based on the results of similar experiments,the results of Jared's experiment will most likely demonstrate that

A) TV can be used to promote helping and cooperation.
B) TV cannot teach children complex social skills while holding their interest and attention.
C) watching TV has a minimal transfer to real life situations.
D) brotherhood and charity cannot be taught through the medium of television, but only through direct interaction and reinforcement.

Question 78

Learning to use the steps in anger control has been shown to do all of the following EXCEPT

A) make a person too conforming and passive.
B) lessen tendencies toward child abuse.
C) lessen tendencies toward family violence.
D) decrease destructive outbursts.

Question 79

Regarding anger control,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) In anger control, people are taught to think differently about problematic situations in the first place.
B) In anger control, the key to remaining calm is to learn how to repress one's angry thoughts and aggressive tendencies.
C) Anger control has helped many people to lessen tendencies toward child abuse, family violence, and other destructive outbursts.
D) In anger control therapy, a person learns how to let go of their anger as well as to avoid problematic situations.

Question 80

When people are asked to classify words into categories on an implicit association test,they took longer and made more mistakes in classifying words into which of the following categories?

A) male or career
B) female or family
C) male or family
D) in-laws or family