Deck 2: Theory and Research

Question 1

Psychoanalytic theory was developed by

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Ivan Pavlov.
C)Albert Bandura.
D)Erik Erikson.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

If Bill's behavior is viewed as passive and reactive,he would be perceived as demonstrating the __________ model of behavior.

A)naturalistic
B)mechanistic
C)organismic
D)maturationistic

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to Freud,during early childhood boys develop sexual attachment to their mothers.Freud called this development ______________.

A)the Electra complex
B)the unconscious complex
C)the Oedipus complex
D)regressing

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Stacy's mother believes that most of Stacy's acting out lately has been caused by unconscious forces within her that motivate her behavior.Stacy's mother follows the ______ perspective.

A)humanistic.
B)ethological.
C)psychoanalytic.
D)learning.

Question 5

The proper order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development is

A)anal,phallic,oral,latency,genital.
B)oral,anal,phallic,latency,genital.
C)anal,oral,genital,latency,phallic.
D)oral,latency,genital,anal,phallic.

Question 6

The stage of psychosexual development that occurs during middle childhood and is characterized by relative calm is called the __________ stage.

A)oral
B)childhood
C)latency
D)anal

Question 7

Most of the early pioneers in psychology,such as Sigmund Freud,Erik Erikson,and Jean Piaget,favored the __________ perspective on human development,which views development as occurring in specific stages.

A)organismic
B)quantitative
C)mechanistic
D)behavioristic

Question 8

In the study of human development,a theory is a set of

A)logically related statements seeking to describe,explain,and predict development.
B)facts derived from research.
C)research results that can prove behaviors.
D)opinions of a well-known authority in a field.

Question 9

A good theory develops __________,which can then be tested by research.

A)data
B)hypotheses
C)findings
D) facts

Question 10

As an adult,Mary spends considerable time each day cleaning her apartment,arranging her socks in a drawer until they are just right,and making schedules on a calendar.According to Freud,Mary is probably fixated in the __________ stage.

A)oral
B)anal
C)genital
D)phallic

Question 11

A therapeutic approach aimed at giving patients insight into their unconscious conflicts is called

A)repression analysis.
B)psychoanalysis.
C)psychosexual analysis.
D)psychoconsciousness.

Question 12

Organismic theorists emphasize __________ change,while mechanistic theorists emphasize __________ change.

A)quantitative;qualitative
B)behavioral;developmental
C)qualitative;quantitative
D)mechanistic;organismic

Question 13

Freud's theory on human development states that people develop in an unvarying sequence of maturationally determined stages of __________ development.

A)psychosocial
B)psychoanalytic
C)psychoconscious
D)psychosexual

Question 14

Which of the following statements about theories is true?

A)Theories change to incorporate new findings.
B)Theories are based on certain assumptions.
C)Theories and research are interwoven.
D)All of these

Question 15

"If children learn aggression from models,then children who watch violent television shows should be more aggressive than children who watch nonviolent shows." This is an example of a

A)theory.
B)finding.
C)hypothesis.
D)conclusion.

Question 16

Which early philosopher described children as a tabula rasa on which society writes?

A)John Locke
B)Jean Piaget
C)Jean Jacques Rosseau
D)Erik Erikson

Question 17

The quantitative changes,such as documenting the number of words added to a child's vocabulary,support which theory?

A)Mechanistic
B)Developmental
C)Qualitative
D)Organismic

Question 18

If Troy's behavior is viewed as active and self-determining,he would be perceived as demonstrating the __________ model of behavior.

A)naturalistic
B)mechanistic
C)organismic
D)maturationistic

Question 19

According to psychosexual theory,4-year-old Austin would be in which stage?

A)Oral
B)Anal
C)Phallic
D)Latency

Question 20

Tentative explanations or predictions that can be scientifically tested are called

A)theories.
B)hypotheses.
C)research findings.
D)conclusions.

Question 21

Two important learning theories are____________ and_______________.

A)behaviorism;cognitive therapy
B)social learning theory;operant conditioning
C)social learning theory;psychoanalytic theory
D)psychoanalytic theory;cognitive theory

Question 22

In contrast with Freud,Erikson placed more emphasis on

A)physical development.
B)intellectual development.
C)the role of parents.
D)social and cultural influences.

Question 23

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory,a teenage girl would be facing the crisis of

A)intimacy versus isolation.
B)integrity versus despair.
C)industry versus inferiority.
D)identity versus identity confusion.

Question 24

According to Erikson,the resolution of the crisis at each stage of psychosocial development must include a _______ between positive and negative traits.

A)balance
B)skewing toward the positive
C)skewing toward the negative
D)synthesis

Question 25

Freud's research stressed the importance of

A)conscious behavior.
B)the role of heredity in parenting.
C)ways in which early relationships affect later ones.
D)the lack of use of recalling childhood experiences.

Question 26

Pauline is in her fourth stage of development according to the developmental stage theory that Erikson put forth.Under normal conditions,if Pauline lives into old age,in how many stages will she ultimately participate?

A)3
B)5
C)8
D)12

Question 27

According to Freud,the part of the personality that operates on the "reality principle," realistically finding ways to obtain gratification,is the

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)conscience.

Question 28

Each of Erikson's stages involved a major developmental issue that is particularly important at that time.Erikson referred to these issues as __________ in personality.

A)traumas
B)crises
C)stages
D)phases

Question 29

Which one of the following personality entities would be most similar to what is called "conscience"?

A)Id
B)Ego
C)Superego
D)Libido

Question 30

According to the _________ perspective,people's actions are reactions to aspects of their environment that they find pleasing,painful,or threatening.

A)organismic
B)behaviorism
C)psychoanalytic
D)humanistic

Question 31

Christa,a rather demonstrative 7-year-old,hits her brother for laughing at her,and feels guilty about it afterward.According to Freud,Christa's guilty feelings reflect the operation of the

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)defense mechanism.

Question 32

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory,the first stage of development,which occurs during infancy,is

A)trust versus mistrust.
B)autonomy versus state of doubt.
C)initiative versus guilt.
D)industry versus inferiority.

Question 33

An example of Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt would be

A)an infant learning that she can depend on being fed.
B)a 3-year-old trying to fill a cup with water and cheerfully wiping up the water when it spills.
C)a 10-year-old learning to read fluently.
D)a teenager conforming to peer pressure.

Question 34

Unlike Freud's theory,Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

A)sees society as a positive force.
B)focuses on biological instincts.
C)covers infancy and childhood but not adulthood.
D)has much in common with behaviorism.

Question 35

A long-lasting change in behavior as a result of experience or adaptation to its environment is called

A)modification.
B)cognition.
C)learning.
D)behaviorism.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT part of the personality as proposed by Freud?

A)Superego
B)Libido
C)Id
D)Ego

Question 37

According to Freud,the part of the personality that operates on the "pleasure principle," seeking the immediate gratification of desires,is the

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)ego ideal.

Question 38

The ________ perspective emphasizes the influence of the environment rather than thought processes or unconscious fantasies.

A)psychoanalytic
B)learning
C)organismic
D)humanistic

Question 39

One of the criticisms of Freud's work is that he _____________________.

A)did not make us aware of the importance of unconscious thoughts
B)focused too little on childhood feelings and experiences in motivation
C)did not scientifically test concepts of id and superego
D)used too large a subject pool.

Question 40

Learning theorists are most concerned with

A)measurable,observable behaviors.
B)unconscious determination of behaviors.
C)development of intelligence.
D)personality conflicts between parents and children.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT one of the cognitive stages through which a child progresses,as theorized by Jean Piaget?

A)Post-conceptual
B)Sensorimotor
C)Preoperational
D)Concrete operations

Question 42

A structure of organized patterns of behavior that a person uses to think about and act in a situation is that person's

A)scheme.
B)situation.
C)adaptation.
D)assimilation.

Question 43

Edwin is learning to ride his bike.Each time that he rides onto the gravel driveway,he loses control of the bike and falls.Eventually Edwin will no longer ride in the driveway.This example represents the learning process of

A)negative reinforcement.
B)intermittent reinforcement.
C)punishment.
D)conditioning.

Question 44

__________ is the principle that an organism will repeat behaviors when these behaviors are reinforced.

A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Pleasure principle
D)Reality principle

Question 45

Stacy feels confident in knowing she has what it takes to succeed.Stacy has developed

A)cognition.
B)behavioral analysis.
C)social learning.
D)self-efficacy.

Question 46

In classical conditioning,an association is learned between

A)an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus.
B)an operant response and a reinforcer.
C)a conditioned stimulus and an operant response.
D)an internal stimulus and an external stimulus.

Question 47

____________develops as children gradually learn to master challenges and achieve goals.

A)Social cognitive theory
B)Applied behavioral analysis
C)Social learning theory
D)Self-efficacy

Question 48

The two major points of Jean Piaget's cognitive perspective are that people are active in their environment and that behavior develops ______.

A)in specific stages regardless of culture.
B)randomly at any developmental stage
C)in a specific order that may vary based upon cultural variables.
D)randomly based upon the child's environment

Question 49

Ann's mother has stopped reinforcing Ann to make her bed.Ann's bed-making behavior is likely to be ___________.

A)increased B decreased
C)punished
D)learned permanently

Question 50

Punishment __________ a behavior by bringing on a(n)__________event.

A)increases;aversive or unpleasant
B)suppresses;aversive or unpleasant
C)suppresses;positive or pleasant
D)increases;negative or unpleasant

Question 51

A child learns to whine to get items at the store because when she whines,her parents get frustrated and give her the desired items.She is basically being rewarded for her whining even though her parents do not seem to realize this and are frustrated because the whining is increasing.This is an example of ______ conditioning.

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)behavior conditioning
D)unconscious conditioning

Question 52

The use of operant conditioning to modify or shape human behavior is called

A)classical conditioning.
B)punishment.
C)behavior modification.
D)reinforcement.

Question 53

Any consequence of a behavior that INCREASES the likelihood of that behavior being repeated is called

A)punishment.
B)reinforcement.
C)an aversive event.
D)classical conditioning.

Question 54

__________ is the researcher best known for his theory of cognitive development.

A)Abraham Maslow
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Erik Erikson
D)Jean Piaget

Question 55

According to social learning theory,the most important element in how children learn a language,deal with aggression,develop a sense of morality,and learn gender-appropriate behavior is

A)classical conditioning.
B)observation and imitation.
C)punishment of inappropriate behavior.
D)shaping of appropriate behavior.

Question 56

The perspective on human behavior that is concerned with thought processes and the behavior that reflects those processes is called the __________ perspective.

A)cognitive
B)thinking
C)behavioral
D)intellectual

Question 57

Reinforcement is most effective when it is __________ after the behavior it is designed to reinforce.

A)delayed
B)immediately
C)constant
D)aversive

Question 58

Piaget's use of questions and flexible exploration of a child's responses is known as the __________ method.

A)Socratic
B)clinical
C)field observation
D)interview

Question 59

The process of modeling,or observing and imitating others,is referred to as

A)classical conditioning.
B)observational learning.
C)efficacious learning
D)psychoanalytical learning.

Question 60

Behaviorists maintain that human behavior is determined by

A)defense mechanisms.
B)self-actualization.
C)unconscious conflicts.
D)conditioning.

Question 61

The leader of a mother and baby workshop tells new mothers that attachment between an infant and caregiver must occur during a critical period to ensure normal development.Which developmental perspective does this workshop leader support with this statement?

A)Behavioral
B)Ethological
C)Psychoanalytic
D)Informative-processing

Question 62

A teacher is helping to direct and organize Jay's learning with blocks to help him master and internalize his skills.This reflects Vygotsky's notion of

A)structured application.
B)zone of proximal development.
C)distal learning.
D)zone of distal development.

Question 63

When a child first sucks on a sippy cup the same way the child sucked from a bottle,the child is trying to learn to drink from the cup using the process of

A)assimilation.
B)modification.
C)acculturation.
D)adaptation.

Question 64

Which of the following best explains the neo-Piagetian perspective on cognitive development?

A)It emphasizes the efficiency with which information is processed.
B)It explains individual differences in cognitive ability.
C)It explains how qualitative changes in cognition take place.
D)All of these are part of the neo-Piagetian perspective.

Question 65

Piaget's term for the process of TAKING IN formation and incorporating it into existing ways of thinking is

A)schematization.
B)shaping.
C)accommodation.
D)assimilation.

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT one of the interrelated principles developed by Piaget to explain the gradual development of a child's mental processes?

A)organization
B)adaptation
C)equilibration
D)unconscious processing

Question 67

Which perspective emphasizes the idea that species-specific behaviors enhance the survival of that species?

A)Behavioral
B)Social cognitive
C)Contextual
D)Ethological

Question 68

Dr.Willard is studying the way in which infant siblings interact with one another in the home.According to the ecological approach,Dr.Willard is studying the children in their

A)microsystem.
B)mesosystem.
C)exosystem.
D)macrosystem.

Question 69

The information-processing approach to explaining cognitive development compares the brain to a __________;sensory impressions go in and behavior comes out.

A)calculator
B)computer
C)modem
D)telephone

Question 70

Psychologist Lev Vygotsky saw cognitive growth as a collaborative process in which children learn through social

A)cognition.
B)status.
C)learning.
D)interaction.

Question 71

Jean Piaget's formal operations stage does not account for the capacity to

A)develop practical problem-solving skills.
B)deal with ambiguous situations.
C)deal with competing truths.
D)All of these.

Question 72

According to Jean Piaget,what is the primary goal or need that leads children to change their ways of thinking to adapt to new experiences?

A)Satisfaction of id impulses
B)Equilibrium
C)Stable sense of identity
D)Approval from parents

Question 73

It is important for parents and teachers to understand how children think so they can more effectively _________ them.

A)discipline
B)teach
C)organize
D)manage

Question 74

From Jean Piaget's perspective,a child who alters her behavior to more effectively deal with a new situation is exhibiting

A)accommodation.
B)primary process thinking.
C)assimilation.
D)generalization.

Question 75

According to the __________ perspective,development can be understood only when individual behavior is observed in interaction with the environment.

A)environmental
B)contextual
C)interactive
D)behavioral

Question 76

Which American psychologist developed the bioecological perspective,which involves five interlocking contextual systems ranging from the most intimate to the most distant?

A)Lev Vygotsky
B)Ivan Pavlov
C)Urie Bronfenbrenner
D)Jean Piaget

Question 77

In the 1950s,the British psychologist __________ extended ethological principles to the study of human development,focusing attention on the mother-infant bond and the bonding process that produces attachment.

A)Mary Ainsworth
B)John Bowlby
C)Konrad Lorenz
D)Niko Tinbergen

Question 78

____________ refers to the temporary support that parents,teachers,and others give a child in doing a task until the child can do it alone.

A)Laddering
B)Constructing
C)Scaffolding
D)Supporting

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Piaget's theory of development?

A)It pays little attention to emotional development.
B)It pays little attention to the influence of education on intellectual development.
C)It overestimates the cognitive abilities of young children.
D)It does not say much about individual differences in ability.

Question 80

A major distinction between Piaget's developmental theory and the information-processing approach is that

A)Piaget sees development as continuous,whereas the information-processing approach views development as occurring in distinct stages.
B)Piaget sees development as an active process,whereas the information-processing view sees the organism as passive.
C)Piaget focused on perception,whereas the information-processing approach focuses on thinking and memory.
D)Piaget sees development as occurring in stages,whereas the information-processing approach sees development as continuous.