Deck 5: Cognitive Development During the First Three Years

Question 1

Lucy has no memories about her early life.Her first memories are of preschool when she was 3 years old.This inability to recall early events may be due to

A)repression according to Freud.
B)lack of brain development according to the neurological perspective.
C)lack of language.
D)all of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Classically conditioned learning will fade or become extinct if it is not

A)punished.
B)reinforced.
C)ignored.
D)dishabituated.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a concern of the HOME items assessment?

A)It may be less culturally relevant in non-Western homes.
B)It is correlational data and may not have a direct effect on intelligence.
C)There may be a genetic influence at work in the highly rated homes.
D)Examiners may bias the results by the way they ask the questions.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

HOME scores demonstrated that all of the following were positively related to high intelligence in children EXCEPT

A)mother's ability to create an environment that fostered learning.
B)responsiveness of parents to children.
C)access to stimulating play materials.
D)number of children in the family.

Question 5

Which approach looks at the quality of cognitive functioning at different stages of life?

A)Psychometric
B)Piagetian
C)Information-processing
D)Behaviorist

Question 6

Which approach attempts to measure intelligence quantitatively?

A)Psychometric
B)Piagetian
C)Information-processing
D)Cognitive

Question 7

A systematic process of providing therapeutic and educational services to families that need help in meeting young children's developmental needs is called

A)natural child-rearing.
B)infant support.
C)early intervention.
D)developmental priming.

Question 8

The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development produce a(n)

A)IQ score.
B)report of mental,motor,and behavioral development.
C)developmental assessment that correlates with adult abilities.
D)measure of reflex development.

Question 9

Which of the following children would be MOST likely to be assessed with the Bayley III Scales of Infant and Toddler Development?

A)A newborn who suffered anoxia during delivery
B)A 4 1/2-year-old who shows high intelligence
C)A 2-year-old who has not yet spoken any words
D)A 3-year-old who developed language at an early age

Question 10

HOME examiners rate parents on all of the following EXCEPT

A)expressions of affection.
B)number of books in the home.
C)parent's involvement in children's play.
D)feeding methods.

Question 11

When an infant is classically conditioned,he or she learns

A)a relationship between two stimulus events.
B)to stop responding to an unimportant,repetitive stimulus.
C)to associate a certain behavior with a reward.
D)to avoid punishment by crying.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT one of the Bayley III test scales of infant and toddler development?

A)Alertness
B)Motor
C)Mental
D)Behavior rating

Question 13

Developmental tests measure mostly sensory and motor abilities,whereas intelligence tests used for older children also measure __________ abilities.

A)behavioral
B)emotional
C)verbal
D)arousal

Question 14

When a child learns to behave in a specific way in order to obtain a specific result,what is occurring?

A)Habituation
B)Classical conditioning
C)Operant conditioning
D)Social learning

Question 15

Susie learned to sit on the floor and cry until she is given a piece of candy.This is an example of

A)habituation.
B)classical conditioning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)social learning.

Question 16

Developmental test scores obtained during infancy are

A)very reliable and should be administered to all infants when they visit their pediatrician.
B)strong predictors of adult IQ.
C)good predictors of childhood IQ.
D)useful to detect early sensory and neurological deficits.

Question 17

HOME is an instrument for evaluating the impact of a child's home environment for

A)socioeconomic status.
B)emotional health.
C)intellectual development.
D)future career success.

Question 18

Little Mark plays with a balloon that pops in his face and frightens him.The next time he sees a balloon,he starts to cry.The type of learning illustrated in this example is called

A)habituation.
B)operant conditioning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)latent learning.

Question 19

At Tiny Tots day care,the caregivers have found that if the infants in their care repeat an action over and over again they will

A)not repeat the action in several weeks.
B)always repeat the action several weeks later.
C)often repeat the action several weeks later.
D)repeat the action if it was practiced with their mother.

Question 20

Young infants' memory is specifically linked to a particular cue.At what age will children repeat a learned behavior without the original cue being available?

A)3 to 4 months
B)4 to 6 months
C)9 to 12 months
D)After the first year

Question 21

Meredith watches her mother pour water out of a glass into the sink.The next day,at the beach,Meredith pours water from a cup into a pail.Meredith is engaging in

A)invisible imitation.
B)visible imitation.
C)deferred imitation.
D)conservation.

Question 22

When Piaget's daughter,Lucienne,figured out how to remove a watch chain from a box by widening the opening and opened and closed her mouth to signify this,she had reached what substage?

A)Substage 2-primary circular
B)Substage 4-coordination of secondary schemes
C)Substage 5-tertiary circular
D)Substage 6-mental combinations

Question 23

The Piagetian approach focuses on

A)qualitative changes in cognition.
B)quantitative differences in intelligence.
C)establishing norms for intelligence tests.
D)the relationship of brain development to speed and function.

Question 24

Piaget called organized patterns of behavior

A)operations.
B)schemes.
C)gestalts.
D)circular reactions.

Question 25

At 21 months of age,Pierre has acquired a symbolic thinking system.Which substage of the sensorimotor stage is he in?

A)Substage 3-secondary circular
B)Substage 4-coordination of secondary schemes
C)Substage 5-tertiary circular
D)Substage 6-mental combinations

Question 26

The first stage in Piaget's cognitive theory is

A)sensorimotor.
B)preoperational .
C)concrete operational.
D)formal operational.

Question 27

Which of the following do infants NOT do during the first month of life according to Piaget?

A)Behave reflexively
B)Begin to initiate activity
C)Develop primary circular reactions
D)Make acquired adaptations with mental representations

Question 28

Which of the following defines Piaget's concept of circular reactions?

A)They are primitive reflexes in infants.
B)Circular reactions set up continuous cycles of waking and sleeping.
C)They are processes that an infant reproduces after learning by chance.
D)Circular reactions are another form of habituation.

Question 29

Tertiary circular reactions involve

A)doing three things at once.
B)varying an action to see what will happen.
C)repeating a behavior at least three times.
D)manipulating symbols,including words.

Question 30

Diane loves to play peek-a-boo.Peek-a-boo is played in many diverse cultures using similar routines.Which of the following is NOT an important purpose of the game?

A)It helps babies master anxiety when their mothers are not around.
B)The game helps babies develop object permanence.
C)It creates anxiety that makes babies stronger.
D)It provides a social skill-the ability to take turns.

Question 31

According to Piaget,infants who repeat actions in order to get results outside their own bodies are engaging in

A)primary circular reactions.
B)secondary circular reactions.
C)deferred imitation.
D)sensorimotor conditioning.

Question 32

Marla finds that rubbing her face against the satin edge of her blanket feels good.She learns to repeat this action to get a pleasurable sensation.According to Piaget,she has acquired a(n)

A)adaptation.
B)circular reaction.
C)unconditioned response.
D)symbolic representation.

Question 33

Cody is 3 months old and has been given a pacifier to suck on for the first time.Since he finds sucking on the pacifier to be pleasurable,Cody repeats this activity whenever possible.According to Piaget,Cody is in the __________ substage of the sensorimotor period.

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)tertiary

Question 34

Erica,who is 10 months old,is trying to solve the problem of obtaining a toy on a high shelf.According to Piaget,if she has reached the fourth substage of the sensorimotor stage,which of the following is most likely to occur?

A)She will quickly lose interest in the problem and forget the toy.
B)She will choose a strategy to attempt to get the toy and persist with that strategy even if it fails repeatedly.
C)She will become frustrated and simply cry until she falls asleep.
D)She will attempt a strategy that was successful in obtaining a book on a high shelf in the past.

Question 35

According to some research,a newborn who smiles at a smiling adult is engaging in

A)invisible imitation.
B)visible imitation.
C)deferred imitation.
D)circular reaction.

Question 36

Jake has developed the ability to put his actions into memory.This ability is called

A)permanence.
B)representational ability.
C)maturity.
D)imitation.

Question 37

According to research cited in the text,children become capable of deferred imitation

A) at an older age than Piaget suggested.
B)at a much younger age than Piaget suggested.
C)at the age Piaget suggested.
D)minutes after birth.

Question 38

A child hits a drum with different kinds of objects in order to make different sounds.According to Piaget,this child is exhibiting

A)a variability scheme.
B)classical conditioning.
C)a tertiary circular reaction.
D)object permanence.

Question 39

The ability to mentally represent and remember objects and events is

A)object permanence.
B)representational ability.
C)developed early in infancy.
D)not developed until Piaget's concrete operations stage.

Question 40

Sensorimotor Substage 6 is noted for the acquisition of

A)adaptations.
B)causality.
C)symbols.
D)schemes.

Question 41

Babies who habituate rapidly are

A)highly distractible.
B)likely to be more intelligent.
C)stronger in nonverbal than verbal abilities.
D)perceptually differentiated.

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in your textbook as one of the indicators of an infant's ability to process information?

A)Habituation/dishabituation
B)Visual preference
C)Cross-modal transfer
D)Auditory preferences

Question 43

An important function of habituation seems to be

A)to increase attention to repetitive stimuli.
B)the conservation of energy.
C)to prevent important stimuli from overstimulating a baby.
D)to increase the rate of sucking responses.

Question 44

Research on visual-tasks memory demonstrates that very young infants

A)pay more attention to familiar patterns than to new ones.
B)pay more attention to new patterns than to familiar ones.
C)cannot discriminate new patterns from familiar patterns.
D)show no consistency in the attention they give to new and familiar patterns.

Question 45

Lukas was shown two toys at the same time.He looked for a short time at one and then turned to look at the other.This quick shift in attention shows that Lucas has good

A)habituation.
B)visual-recognition memory.
C)cross-modal transfer.
D)attention recovery.

Question 46

The realization that a person or object continues to exist even when out of sight is called

A)representational ability.
B)primary circular reaction.
C)coordination of secondary schemes.
D)object permanence.

Question 47

Michelle is shown a new mobile,and the amount of time she spends studying it is measured.This is a technique of which approach to intellectual development?

A)Behaviorist
B)Information processing
C)Piagetian
D)Psychometric

Question 48

Which of the following describes the correct status of Piaget's theory?

A)It has continued to be accepted with modifications.
B)Later research has revealed this theory to be deeply flawed.
C)Piaget's theory has stimulated little research.
D)Piaget's theory was influential only in the early 1950s.

Question 49

Infants and toddlers seem to be __________ cognitively competent and to show signs of conceptual thought earlier than Piaget thought.

A)less
B)more
C)far more
D)far less

Question 50

Lenny searches for a toy that he saw his mother hide,first behind her back and then under a pillow.Lenny has acquired

A)object permanence.
B)sharp vision.
C)persistence.
D)symbolic thought.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT one of the newer approaches to studying cognitive development?

A)Information-processing approach
B)Psychometric approach
C)Cognitive neuroscience approach
D)Social-contextual approach

Question 52

Habituation studies provide information on all of the following EXCEPT

A)intelligence.
B)preference for complexity.
C)sophisticated play.
D)strength of sucking reflex.

Question 53

A child is asked to reach into a box while blindfolded and hold a small rubber duck.Later,the child is shown several pictures of different toys,including the duck,and asked to choose the one that was handled earlier.If the duck picture is chosen,this would suggest that the child is capable of

A)polymodal attention.
B)habituation.
C)cross-model transference.
D)novelty avoidance.

Question 54

Researchers study infants' information processing by considering all of the following EXCEPT

A)visual preferences.
B)habituation time.
C)cross-modal transference.
D)language development.

Question 55

A baby stops sucking to listen to a tone.Later,after the tone has been repeated frequently,the infant ignores it.This is an example of

A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)habituation.
D)boredom.

Question 56

The amount of time a baby spends looking at different sights is a measure of visual preference that is based on the ability to

A)make visual distinctions.
B)have vision loss.
C)visually habituate.
D)have visual distortions.

Question 57

In an experiment,an infant hears a particular sound.The next day,the infant is less likely to respond to that sound than is another infant who has never heard it before.The results of this experiment suggest that infants possess the capacity for

A)cross-modal transference.
B)tertiary circular reactions.
C)representational ability.
D)habituation.

Question 58

Length of time spent looking at a circular pattern,as compared with a square pattern,is called

A)habituation.
B)visual-recognition memory.
C)visual preference.
D)attention recovery.

Question 59

Which cognitive characteristic in infants seems to be generally associated with high intelligence in middle childhood?

A)Low polymodal attention levels
B)The ability to devote more attention to familiar stimuli
C)Early appearance of the sensorimotor stage
D)Rapid processing of perceptual information

Question 60

A baby,who has been given 100 presentations of a high-pitched tone,no longer reacts to the sound by stopping the sucking response.When a low-pitched tone is presented,the baby does stop sucking.This cessation of sucking caused by the new tone is called

A)dishabituation.
B)disinhibition.
C)nonadaptation.
D)a conditioned response.

Question 61

Infants first communicate their emotions by ______.

A) crying
B) babbling
C) imitating sounds
D) using words

Question 62

Symbolic gestures,such as blowing to mean hot,or sniffing to mean flower,emerge __________ babies say their first words.

A)before
B)about the same time
C)after
D)when

Question 63

A baby who says "da-da-da-da" is

A)babbling.
B)using telegraphic speech.
C)using a holophrase.
D)using a language acquisition device.

Question 64

The basic sounds of an infant's native language are called

A)graphemes.
B)phonemes.
C)phonetics.
D)morphemes.

Question 65

Implicit memory seems to develop ________ explicit memory.

A)later than
B)earlier than
C)about the same time as
D)None of these

Question 66

The concept of guided participation was inspired by the theory of the zone of proximal development,which was postulated by

A)Jean Piaget.
B)Lev Vygotsky.
C)Urie Bronfenbrenner.
D)Noam Chomsky.

Question 67

Prelinguistic speech communicates

A)ideas.
B)emotions.
C)symbols.
D)words.

Question 68

Rachel hears her father say "ouch!" when he accidentally hits his hand with a hammer.For the next several hours,Rachel deliberately tries to imitate the sound of the word ouch.According to the text,approximately how old is Rachel?

A)At least 24 to 28 months old
B)At least 16 to17 months old
C)At least 9 to10 months old
D)At least 4 to 6 months old

Question 69

Many aspects of cognition are believed to be under the control of or located in which area of the brain?

A)Cerebellum
B)Prefrontal cortex
C)Medial temporal lobe
D)Striatum

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT a long-term memory system mentioned in the textbook?

A)Episodic memory
B)Implicit memory
C)Explicit memory
D)None of these

Question 71

According to research cited in the text,when do babies become able to distinguish different speech sounds such as mother speaking two langauges?

A)Before birth
B)3 weeks after birth
C)6 weeks after birth
D)12 weeks after birth

Question 72

Predictions about an infant's intelligence appear to be related to how infants process information but this information does not take into account the

A)physical health of the infant.
B)parents' genetic background.
C)education of the infant's parents.
D)All of these

Question 73

Ten-month-old Nathan has just been told goodbye by his grandparents who are now leaving in their car.Nathan waves bye-bye to them with his left arm.Nathan's attempt to communicate with his grandparents is called a

A)conventional social gesture.
B)representational gesture.
C)symbolic gesture.
D)telegraphic gesture.

Question 74

Some researchers propose that infants may be born with or acquire very early reasoning abilities that help them make sense of the information they encounter.These abilities are called

A)innate learning mechanisms.
B)at-birth learning abilities.
C)preprogrammed learning skills.
D)information-processing abilities.

Question 75

Babbling,cooing,and crying are known as

A)motherese.
B)prelinguistic speech.
C)linguistic speech.
D)nonsymbolic speech.

Question 76

__________ is the principle "that allows people to predict and control their world."

A)Innate learning
B)Violation of expectations
C)Causality
D)Information-processing ability

Question 77

A communication system based on words and grammar is called

A)syntax.
B)linguistics.
C)language.
D)social referencing.

Question 78

Steven is 8 months old and has begun to produce repetitive strings of vowel and consonant sounds such as "pa-pa-pa-pa." According to the text,this stage of prespeech language development is called

A)cooing.
B)babbling.
C)intonation expression.
D)protolanguage.

Question 79

At about 3 months of age,infants

A)"try out" sounds from all human languages.
B)produce sounds that match the ones they hear.
C)babble strings of consonants.
D)deliberately imitate sounds with linguistic meaning.

Question 80

The study of the brain structures that govern thinking and memory is called

A)assessment of brain stimulus.
B)cognitive neuroscience.
C)mental stimulus evaluation.
D)neurological assessment.