Deck 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Brittany,at age 5,is thinner than she was a year ago;she has gained only 4 pounds even though she has grown 2 inches.Which of the following statements is probably TRUE?

A)Her growth pattern is normal for her age.
B)Her diet is probably lacking essential nutrients.
C)Her growth will probably slow down when she reaches puberty.
D)She was probably a low-birth-weight baby.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Five-year-old Mike has had an exciting evening opening birthday presents.He has just gone to bed 2 hours later than normal and has recently eaten a lot of cake and ice cream.Which of the following problems is Mike at risk for during the night?

A)Night terrors
B)Nightmares
C)Sleepwalking
D)Sleeptalking

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Seth used to go to sleep in a dark room,but now,at age 3,he cries unless his parents leave a night-light on.This behavior may be

A)a way of putting off sleep.
B)a risk factor for sleepwalking.
C)a precursor to bouts of nightmares.
D)a sign of neurological damage.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Joey is able to button his shirt and cut his food alone.Joey has developed

A)fine motor skills.
B)gross motor skills.
C)handedness.
D)None of these

Question 5

Children who cannot recognize the sensation that their bladder is full often suffer from enuresis,which is commonly know as

A)sleepwalking.
B)sleeptalking.
C)a neurological disturbance.
D)bedwetting.

Question 6

Ricardo sleeps VERY soundly at night,but he will still need a daytime nap or a quiet rest until about the age of

A)3.
B)4.
C)5.
D)6.

Question 7

Juan can hop,go down a staircase with alternating feet without assistance,and can start and stop quickly when he is running.Juan is probably how old?

A)2 years
B)3 years
C)4 years
D)5 years

Question 8

Meagan is learning to jump rope.This involves her learning to use her leg muscles to jump in a rhythmic fashion.In learning to jump properly,Meagan is acquiring a

A)gross motor skill.
B)fine motor skill.
C)proximal motor skill.
D)reflexive motor skill.

Question 9

Cognitive effects from ______ may be long lasting.

A)obesity
B)eating dessert
C)malnutrition
D)enlarged fatty cells

Question 10

Shelly is 4 years old.With regard to sleep patterns,she can be expected to

A)sleep lightly at night.
B)fall asleep more quickly than she did when she was younger.
C)need fewer bedtime rituals and routines.
D)fight going to sleep and find excuses to get up.

Question 11

During early childhood,physical development involves

A)more rapid growth and muscular development than during any other phase of the life span.
B)more rapid growth,but slower muscular development than during the first three years.
C)slower growth,but more rapid muscular development than during the first three years.
D)slower growth and slower muscular development than during the first three years.

Question 12

Phillip's brain has slowed in overall development but has experienced the most rapid development in the areas of the brain associated with language,thinking,and spatial relationships.We can assume that Phillip is in what age range?

A)Infancy
B)Early childhood
C)Middle childhood
D)Adolescence

Question 13

Physical development during early childhood includes which of the following?

A)Cartilage turns to bone,and bones become harder.
B)Girls become taller and heavier than boys during this period.
C)Children gain weight rapidly,but gain height slowly.
D)Boys develop more fatty tissue than girls.

Question 14

On occasion,Marcus,a 7-year-old,awakens abruptly from a deep sleep in a state of panic within an hour after falling asleep.His parents get him quieted down quickly,and he has no memory of the incident in the morning.Martin is probably experiencing

A)nightmares.
B)poor sleep patterns that need modification.
C)sleep or night terrors.
D)sleepwalking

Question 15

According to the text,children are usually not physically ready to participate in organized sports until they are

A)about 4 years old.
B)about 5 years old.
C)about 6 years old.
D)adolescents,because organized sports are harmful to young children.

Question 16

Which of the following does NOT describe how children develop in the preschool years of early childhood,compared to their development as toddlers?

A)Their bodies become slimmer.
B)Their motor and mental abilities become sharper.
C)Their verbal development slows down.
D)Their personalities and relationships become more complex.

Question 17

Nightmares during early childhood

A)are rare in children younger than 7 years.
B)should be treated by a child psychologist.
C)generally indicate abuse.
D)are serious only if they occur frequently.

Question 18

A key to preventing obesity in children is to

A)have individual servings of appropriate portions.
B)increase the numbers of calories per pound of body weight.
C)vary the amount of calories children consume from day to day.
D)insist that children eat everything on their plates.

Question 19

Gross motor coordination allows a child to

A)scribble on paper.
B)stack blocks.
C)jump and hop.
D)use scissors.

Question 20

Repeated urination in clothing or in bed is called

A)encopresis.
B)enuresis.
C)nightmares.
D)night terrors.

Question 21

The chief factor associated with ill health in childhood is

A)size of family.
B)lack of health insurance and access to health care.
C)lack of daycare.
D)stress that helps to boost the immune system's responsiveness

Question 22

Parental smoking increases the likelihood that young children may contract a number of medical problems,including which of the following?

A)Pneumonia
B)Delayed fine motor skills
C)Vision impairment
D)Delayed gross motor skills

Question 23

The risk of illness,injury,and death in childhood is most strongly related to the family's

A)socioeconomic status.
B)race.
C)physical size.
D)ethnicity.

Question 24

Currently,which of the following causes the most deaths in childhood?

A)Cancer
B)Measles
C)Accidents
D)AIDS

Question 25

The proportion of children living in poverty in the United States is

A)1 in 5.
B)2 in 5.
C)3 in 5.
D)4 in 5.

Question 26

Natasha is 5 years old.She is probably in which of Piaget's stages?

A)Sensorimotor
B)Preoperational
C)Concrete operations
D)Formal operations

Question 27

What percent of children and adults are right-handed?

A)42 percent
B)52 percent
C)62 percent
D)82 percent

Question 28

The reason many of the major diseases of childhood,such as measles,whooping cough,and tuberculosis,are now fairly rare in Western industrialized countries is because of

A)widespread immunizations.
B)death by accidents.
C)death by other diseases.
D)sudden infant death syndrome.

Question 29

Which of the following foods is least likely to cause an allergic reaction in a child?

A)Eggs
B)Peanuts
C)Rice
D)Wheat

Question 30

Injuries in childhood

A)are likely to be frequent but minor.
B)are extremely rare,because executive functions are fully developed.
C)cannot be prevented by parents' supervision.
D)seldom involve swallowing items including medications and vitamins.

Question 31

What is true regarding children and food allergies?

A)About 50% of children show severe food allergies.
B)Children typically outgrow many food allergies.
C)The best way to prevent allergies is to feed the child large quantities of the food.
D)All of the above are true regarding allergies.

Question 32

The pictorial stage in young children's drawings typically begins between the ages of ____ and ____.

A)2;3
B)3;4
C)4;5
D)5;6

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the textbook as something that has been done legally to make young childhood safer?

A)Require childproof caps on medicine bottles
B)Require mandatory helmets for bicycle riders
C)Require safe storage of firearms
D)Require mandatory immunizations

Question 34

One theory about the increase in food allergies among children is

A)the environment is too dirty and kids react to it.
B)there are more fresh and organic foods available.
C)the foods tend to be less processed than in the past.
D)the environment might be too clean,and children's immune systems do not develop.

Question 35

Three things that would assist with reduction of childhood obesity include

A)eating meals together.
B)getting adequate sleep. C limiting television watching to two hours or less per day.
D)all of the above.

Question 36

Many poor children do not get adequate medical care because

A)they don't need it.
B)their parents don't care.
C)their families don't have medical insurance.
D)their families move so often.

Question 37

Tanya has recently developed the ability to draw shapes such as circles and squares.She can also button large buttons.What skills has she developed?

A)Gross motor
B)Handedness
C)Fine motor
D)Lateralization

Question 38

Environmental health steps to prevent lead poisoning include all of the following EXCEPT

A)removal of lead from paints and gasoline.
B)screening of residents in areas where the majority of the houses were built before 1950.
C)closing school buildings.
D)encouraging parents to remove chipping or peeling paints in their homes.

Question 39

Some government programs that help to obtain health care for children include all of the following EXCEPT

A)Medicaid
B)Medicare
C)CHIP
D)WIC

Question 40

Handedness,the preference for using one hand over the other,usually becomes evident in children when they are about _________ of age.

A)9 months
B)18 months
C)2 years
D)3 years

Question 41

Piaget concluded that young children come to illogical conclusions because they cannot _____________ and think about several aspects of a situation at the same time.

A)mentally focus
B)reason logically
C)decenter
D)remember

Question 42

Nick was feeling angry at his little brother,and at about the same time,Nick's little brother came down with a bad case of the stomach flu.Nick was worried that his anger caused his brother to get sick.According to Piaget,Nick is demonstrating _____________ reasoning.

A)intuitive
B)centrated
C)transductive
D)irreversible

Question 43

Kelly broke a lamp and was told that she had been bad.Later that evening,she was told that her parents were getting a divorce.She thought that her breaking the lamp had caused the divorce.This is an example of what kind of reasoning?

A)deductive
B)inductive
C)transductive
D)reductive

Question 44

Focusing on only one aspect of a situation and neglecting others is called

A)centration.
B)decentering.
C)conservation.
D)irreversibility.

Question 45

At about the age of ___,children are able to understand the relationship between pictures,maps,and scale models and the objects are spaces they represent.

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 46

Margaret,who is 4,is upset because her older sister,Leslie,"has more candy." Actually,each girl has one caramel,but Leslie has stretched hers into a long string while Margaret's is still a small cube.This shows Margaret's inability to use

A)reversal.
B)decentration.
C)conservation.
D)transduction.

Question 47

According to the text,children become able to classify objects according to two dimensions,such as color and shape,around the age of

A)18 months.
B)2 years.
C)3 years.
D)4 years.

Question 48

When children make an object stand for or represent something else,they are using

A)deferred imitation.
B)pretend play.
C)recall memory.
D)recognition memory.

Question 49

Inability to understand that a ball of clay that has been molded into a "snake" can be formed into a ball again is an example of

A)irreversibility.
B)centration.
C)conservation.
D)egocentrism.

Question 50

When children repeat an action that they saw someone else perform at an earlier time,they are demonstrating

A)deferred imitation.
B)symbolic play.
C)evidence of the sensorimotor stage.
D)recognition memory.

Question 51

Marsha watches her mother bathe the new baby.The next morning she gets her doll and a pail of water and bathes her "baby." Marsha is showing

A)deferred imitation.
B)maternal instinct.
C)centration.
D)conservation.

Question 52

Miranda and her uncle see an interesting new car drive by.Later,after the car has gone,her uncle asks if she remembers the neat thing they saw minutes before.Miranda says,"Yes,we saw a car." Miranda is demonstrating

A)deferred imitation.
B)symbolic function.
C)recognition memory.
D)conservation.

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT one of the principles of counting that children begin to recognize during the preoperational stage?

A)The ascending-series principle
B)The stable-order principle
C)The cardinality principle
D)The abstraction principle

Question 54

Four-year-old Sarah tells her mother,"I told the wind to blow,so it made my kite fly." This is an example of

A)animism.
B)inductive reasoning.
C)deductive reasoning.
D)decentration.

Question 55

Anne's father is going to a Halloween party.He comes into her room dressed in a gorilla suit and says,"Hi,sweetheart!" Anne says,"Oh,Daddy,it's you!" Anne's behavior reflects her understanding of

A)identities.
B)centration.
C)symbolic play.
D)imagery.

Question 56

Three-year-old Ben is pretending to build a birdhouse with some pieces of wood lying in the yard.Suddenly,Ben says,"I need a hammer to fix this," even when there is no hammer present.According to Piaget,Ben has entered the

A)sensorimotor stage.
B)concrete operations stage.
C)formal operations stage.
D)preoperational stage.

Question 57

Some children playing in the yard are pretending to bake cookies.One child gathers up some disk-shaped rocks and says,"Here are the cookies I made!" This child is engaged in

A)sensorimotor play.
B)deferred recognition.
C)pretend play.
D)conservational play.

Question 58

The symbolic function allows young children to

A)think about things they can see.
B)refer to mental representations of objects they have seen before.
C)think abstractly.
D)think logically.

Question 59

Young children involved in pretend play are demonstrating

A)object permanence.
B)association.
C)centration.
D)symbolic function.

Question 60

By age ___,most children can count to 20 or more and know the relative sizes of numbers 1 through 10;some can do simple single-digit addition and subtraction.

A)3
B)4
C)5
D)6

Question 61

Billy has two imaginary friends,named Joe and Buckus.In which of the following ways is having Joe and Buckus similar to having peer relationships?

A)They may make Billy less sociable.
B)They are good company for an only child.
C)They provide mechanisms of avoidance.
D)They help him avoid difficult situations.

Question 62

The child who would develop theory-of-mind best would be

A)autistic
B)one with excellent language skills.
C)one with a single language rather than bilingual.
D)an only child.

Question 63

Four-year-old Ramona has just returned from a trip to a children's museum.While at the museum,she viewed some antique cars,listened to some music from 1930,and built a house out of clay.Generalizing from the text,which activity will she be able to recall the best?

A)Viewing the cars
B)Listening to the music
C)Building the house
D)All will be recalled equally well.

Question 64

A child who cannot see something from another person's perspective or point of view is showing

A)centration.
B)egocentrism.
C)conservation.
D)irreversibility.

Question 65

Which form of memory seems to rely most on the development of language?

A)Script
B)Implicit
C)Episodic
D)Autobiographical

Question 66

Kelly,age 3,frequently goes to the beach with her mother.One night,when her father comes home from work,he asks Kelly what she did that day at the beach.Which of the following is Kelly most likely to talk about?

A)Seeing a helicopter fly overhead
B)Eating an ice cream cone
C)Filling her pail with sand
D)Putting her head underwater for the first time

Question 67

Which child is likely to have some difficulty with formation of executive functioning?

A)One that is impulsive.
B)One with attention problems.
C)One with memory impairment.
D)All of the above

Question 68

A young child may have difficulty answering questions accurately about a specific instance of abuse,even though the child accurately remembers a(n)_________ of abuse.

A)episode
B)pattern
C)experience
D)situation

Question 69

Which form of memory produces a script or outline of familiar things?

A)Procedural
B)Generic
C)Episodic
D)Autobiographical

Question 70

Alex is listening to some music through headphones so no one else can hear it.When his mother walks into the room,he says,"Mommy,do you like this song?" although she cannot hear the music.Alex's question indicates that Alex is

A)presymbolic.
B)egocentric.
C)decentered.
D)transformational.

Question 71

The children who have the most difficulty in recognizing false beliefs are those who

A)are rated high in social skills.
B)have limited language development.
C)participate in family discussions.
D)are from non-Western cultures.

Question 72

John is shown a group of objects.The objects are then covered,and he is asked to list all that he remembers.This is a test of

A)mastery motivation.
B)recognition.
C)recall.
D)symbolic function.

Question 73

According to Piaget,a limitation in the thinking of children in the preoperational stage is that they have difficulty

A)showing empathy.
B)classifying objects according to more than one stimulus dimension.
C)distinguishing reality from fantasy.
D)thinking animistically.

Question 74

Dorisa is able to talk about many of the events that have occurred in her young life.This autobiographical memory seems to occur due to

A)the lack of development of language.
B)the degree of interest that Dorisa showed in particular events.
C)the uniqueness of the event.
D)Dorisa's active participation.

Question 75

Piaget designed the "three mountain task" to study _____________ of young children.

A)centration
B)egocentrism
C)conservation
D)irreversibility

Question 76

Recognition memory is

A)better developed than recall memory in early childhood.
B)the ability to reproduce knowledge from memory.
C)more efficient in early childhood than in middle childhood,when recall memory takes over.
D)fully developed by the age of 2.

Question 77

Piaget proposed that children begin to develop a theory of mind when they are around

A)18 months old.
B)6 years old.
C)3 years old.
D)9 years old.

Question 78

With regard to egocentrism,researchers other than Piaget have found that

A)Piaget was apparently correct in his view of young children's egocentrism.
B)children do better with familiar tasks compared with the three-mountain or abstract tasks.
C)egocentrism continues at the same level well into middle childhood.
D)young children do not show empathy because they cannot take another person's perspective.

Question 79

Jessica cannot bring out the information that was placed in memory.She is having trouble with

A)encoding.
B)storage.
C)retrieval.
D)retention.

Question 80

What form of memory provides a storehouse of unlimited amounts of information for long periods of time?

A)Recognition
B)Recall
C)Generic
D)Long-term